Hasil untuk "History of scholarship and learning. The humanities"

Nathan Hopson

This is a case study of Japan’s school lunch program (kyūshoku) in the long 1960s. Using previously unexamined archival materials, I present concrete evidence for the ideological and practical transformation of kyūshoku during those years. I argue that with basic nutrition essentially assured after 1958, hygiene, discipline, mutual responsibility, and other aspects of social learning were increasingly prioritized over the original goal of improving school attendance and performance. Put differently, kyūshoku’s functions shifted―in line with Maslow’s needs hierarchy―from physiological and safety needs to social needs, a development common among successful social programs. As codified since the mid-1950s, the program is a cornerstone of Japanese compulsory education with a dual mandate to nurture healthy, responsible citizens. Schools therefore emphasize “proper” dietary habits on the one hand and sociability, cooperation, gratitude, etc., on the other. Through structured, unified, participatory daily rituals including serving and cleanup, children learn hygiene, teamwork, responsibility, and more. Embodied knowledge from collective experiences of discipline become part of children’s habitus and values. These aspects of kyūshoku suggest the need for a nuanced vision of the role of discipline and technologies of the self in educational and childrearing spaces.

Jialan Zhang, Ludan Zhang, Kuan Zhang et al.

Abstract Agricultural non-point source pollution significantly threatens global ecosystems and sustainable agricultural development. Adopting diversified green production technologies is recognized as a key approach to mitigating agricultural pollution and promoting sustainability. Internet use (IU) has become essential for promoting farmers’ diversity in green production technology adoption (DIGPTA) and mitigating agricultural non-point source pollution. Although many studies have analyzed the impact of IU on agricultural green production technologies, the relationship between IU and farmers’ DIGPTA remains poorly understood. In particular, the mechanism by which IU influences farmers’ DIGPTA remains unclear. Based on the micro-survey data from the China Land Economy Survey (CLES) conducted between 2020 and 2022, this study employs the IV-Tobit model to investigate how IU affects farmers’ DIGPTA and its underlying mechanisms. The findings indicate that: (1) IU is significantly correlated with farmers’ DIGPTA. Farmers’ DIGPTA increases by 53.10% as IU increases by one unit. (2) When grouped by generational differences, IU substantially influences the DIGPTA of new-generation farmers. (3) IU enhances farmers’ DIGPTA by influencing their decision-making preferences, environmental awareness, and diversification risk perception. The mediating effects of decision-making preferences, environmental awareness, and diversification risk perception on farmers’ DIGPTA are 11.90%, 6.79%, and 16.84%, respectively. These findings have important implications for addressing agricultural non-point source pollution and promoting sustainable agricultural development.

Cory A. Munroe, Jennifer Leckey, Shannon A. Johnson et al.

The Learning, Executive, and Attention Functioning (LEAF) scale is a resource-friendly means of assessing executive functions (EFs) and related constructs (e.g., academic abilities) in children and adolescents that has been adapted for use with adults. However, no study in any population has investigated the factor structure of all LEAF EF items to determine whether items factor in a manner consistent with the originally proposed scale structure. Therefore, we examined LEAF scale responses of 546 young adults ( M age = 20.05, SD = 2.17). Upon removing academic items following a preliminary factor analysis, we performed principal axis factoring on the remaining 39 EF items. The final model accounted for 61.75% of the total variance in LEAF EF items and suggested that these items assess six moderately correlated EF constructs in young adults. We constructed six updated subscales to help researchers measure these EFs in young adults using the LEAF scale, each of which uniquely and differentially predicted measures of self-reported impulsivity, academic difficulties, and learning-related disorder history. Overall, the LEAF promises to be an accessible means of assessing a range of EF constructs in young adults, particularly when updated subscale structures based on factor analysis are used.

A. R. Gilmullin

This article theoretically examines some contradictions and major milestones in the development of the doctrines of just laws as laid out by prominent Russian scholars during the 19th century. It analyzes the problems surrounding different theoretical approaches and conceptions regarding the connection between justice and law through the works of M.M. Speransky, N.M. Karamzin, P.I. Pestel, N.M. Muravyov, K.A. Nevolin, B.N. Chicherin, V.S. Solovyov, and S.A. Muromtsev. The results obtained show that the period under study was marked by the elaboration of a conceptual framework and basic criteria of positive law from the perspectives of liberal (natural law) and ethical beliefs, which align with spiritual (Christian) principles. This strengthened the humanistic and moral foundations of Russian legal understanding. Additionally, a continuing and stable connection is revealed between the philosophical and legal doctrines of the 18th and 19th centuries, indicating the common (abstract, not fully comprehended) motivational grounds and logic in the establishment of legal freedoms.

Xingrong Guo, Siyu Chen, Yiming Guo

Abstract This study explores the development and global landscape of multimodal teaching research from 1995 to 2023, focusing on influential contributors, thematic trends, and emerging research directions. Aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the field’s evolution and future potential, this study addresses three core research questions: (1) How has research in multimodal teaching progressed over time? (2) What are the primary topics and current concerns in multimodal teaching research? (3) What theoretical and practical implications arise from these findings, and what opportunities exist for future exploration? Employing a mixed-methods approach with bibliometric and content analysis, 689 articles were analyzed, revealing significant growth in research output, particularly since 2016. Analysis using CiteSpace identified major contributors, including Nanyang Technological University and the State University System of Florida, with the United States, China, and Australia leading in publication volume. Prominent research themes include augmented reality, cognitive load, early childhood education, and multimedia human-computer interaction, reflecting an increasing focus on technology-enhanced learning environments. This study not only highlights the current trends in multimodal teaching but also proposes a conceptual framework and future research directions, offering valuable insights for the adaptation of educational practices in increasingly digital and multimodal contexts.

Yijun Liu, Xiaokun Jin, Yunrui Zhang

Abstract Complex systems pose risks characterized by factors such as uncertainty, nonlinearity, and diversity, making traditional risk measurement methods based on a probabilistic framework inadequate. Supernetworks can effectively model complex systems, and temporal supernetworks can capture the dynamic evolution of these systems. From the perspective of network stability, supernetworks can aid in risk identification for complex systems. In this paper, an IO-SuperPageRank algorithm is proposed based on the supernetwork topological structure. This algorithm reveals network instability by calculating changes in node importance, thereby helping to identify risks in complex systems. To validate the effectiveness of this algorithm, a four-layer supernetwork composed of scale-free networks is constructed. Simulated experiments are conducted to assess the impact of changes in intralayer edge numbers, intralayer node numbers, and interlayer superedge numbers on the risk indicator IO value. Linear regression and multiple tests were used to validate these relationships. The experiments show that changes in the three network topological indicators all bring about risks, with changes in intralayer node numbers having the most significant correlation with the risk indicator IO value. Compared to traditional measures of network node centrality and connectivity, this algorithm can more accurately predict the impact of node updates on network stability. Additionally, this paper collected trade data for crude oil, chemical light oil, man-made filaments and man-made staple fibers from the UN Comtrade Database. We constructed a man-made filaments and fibers supply chain temporal supernetwork, utilizing the algorithm to identify supply chain risks from December 2020 to October 2023. The study revealed that the algorithm effectively identified risks brought about by changes in international situations such as the Russia-Ukraine war, Israel–Hamas conflict, and the COVID-19 pandemic. This demonstrated the algorithm’s effectiveness in empirical analysis. In the future, we plan to further expand its application based on different scenarios, assess risks by analyzing changes in specific system elements, and implement effective risk intervention measures.

Akintayo Eyitayo

The 2015 African Union Agenda 2063 promises “an integrated, prosperous, and peaceful Africa, driven by its own citizens.” Within its seven ambitions and several flagship projects, digital transformation and data governance are becoming key drivers of socio-economic success. Data is an economic resource and a human rights problem in the digital age, therefore adequate data protection is crucial for trust, privacy, and Africa's involvement in the global digital economy. This article investigates how Agenda 2063 prioritises data protection and cybersecurity. The African Union Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection (Malabo Convention), regional frameworks from ECOWAS, EAC, and SADC, and global regimes like the GDPR and APEC Privacy Framework are highlighted. While 39 African countries have data protection legislation and 34 have Data Protection Authorities, enforcement is patchy, with fewer than half of AU member states ratifying the Malabo Convention. Weak institutional capability, digital illiteracy, cybercrime expansion, and fragmented policy approaches are major issues. Opportunities exist: the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) facilitates harmonised digital trade, Africa's young are a source of digital innovation, and alignment with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) boosts global relevance. To improve cyber resilience, the report advises expediting legislative framework harmonisation, boosting institutions and public awareness, and encouraging multi-stakeholder collaboration. Agenda 2063 needs strong data protection measures to protect privacy and rights and enable inclusive, secure, and sustainable development across the continent.

Dian Nur Antika Eky Hastuti

This research is motivated by the fact that history education still employs lecture methods, causing students to be passive in learning history, which in turn affects their history learning outcomes negatively. The aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of the Accelerated Learning model assisted by audiovisual media on the history learning outcomes of students at SMA Negeri 2 Ponorogo. The method used in this research is quantitative research with a True Experimental Design, specifically a Posttest Only Control Design. The population in this study consists of all 148 tenth-grade students at SMA Negeri 2 Ponorogo, and the sampling technique used is Simple Random Sampling, with class X.A as the experimental class and class X.C as the control class. Data collection was conducted through learning outcome tests or posttests with multiple-choice variants. Data analysis utilized the t-test statistical method, with normality and homogeneity tests conducted on the posttest data as prerequisites. The research showed that the calculated t-value (9.37) is greater than the table t-value (1.686), leading to the rejection of H0 and acceptance of H1, thus indicating an influence on student learning achievement. The observation sheet of student activity results scored 82, indicating good interaction between teachers and students with the Accelerated Learning model. This means that learning using the Accelerated Learning model assisted by audiovisual media is more effective than the Accelerated Learning model without audiovisual media in improving the history learning outcomes of students at SMA Negeri 2 Ponorogo.

Rosaline Sebolao

The role of a university education is to transform and develop communities through the production of academically competent graduates and research, as well as through knowledge creation. However, research has shown that the level of unemployment in South Africa remains high despite the increasing number of graduates. The Faculty of the Humanities at a South African university has been intentional in impacting communities by inculcating a culture of entrepreneurship among students. In this article, I reflect on a case study of students from various disciplines, at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels, who have been mentored in entrepreneurship, have registered a business, and interacted with communities to provide identified services. I follow a participatory research approach to engage the students in a reflection on their relationships with the community members and on the impact of their interventions on these communities. I also analysed the data collected through a focus group discussion and semi-structured interviews to identify common themes and determine the attributes developed by students as they engaged in entrepreneurship. The findings from the reflections demonstrate the humanities students’ perceived value of entrepreneurship on communities’ development and graduates’ employability.

Hommyyev Toyly Babageldyevich

Among the Turkmen villagers, there have been stories about the making of ancient models of traps and snares used in hunting. The origins of various traps used in hunting go back thousands of years. The Turkmens hunting tools were made of wood, bone, yarn, pieces of cloth and similar simple things. The presence of unique types of traps means the perfection of folk practices. One of the Turkmens hunting tools are snares and various kinds of traps, which are rarely made today. Catching birds with the help of “surge”, “chara” and “hepbik” are stored in people’s memory. The tradition of hunting with traps has also become a thing of past. Simple hunting tools and cages indicate that the ancient Turkmens had accumulated a wealth of experience and had a whole arsenal of various tools used in hunting.

Brendan Jacobs

Abstract While the field of digital humanities continues to evolve and expand, the affordances of the digital medium are becoming increasingly applicable to research in the field of education. This article provides an overview of some of the issues involved with publishing educational research as a digital web-based thesis. It also introduces the term multimodal theses and dissertations (MTDs) and reports on a Ph.D. research project which is an early example of an MTD in the field of education. The purpose of this article is three-fold: (1) to stand on the shoulders of those in the digital humanities to expand the growing field of digital scholarship to include education; (2) to report on a range of unanticipated affordances arising from the MTD format in addition to the obvious benefits of ease of use, embedded media, and functionality; (3) to propose a transdisciplinary protocol for digital scholarship to assist researchers, librarians, and graduate school administrators in various disciplines.

Gladys Ayaya, Tsediso Michael Makoelle, Martyn van der Merwe

Previous studies conducted on the implementation of inclusive education in South African full-service schools showed that teachers lacked knowledge and expertise in inclusive teaching practices. Furthermore, in some international studies, it is recommended that, to enhance inclusive teaching, it was necessary to involve the teaching communities concerned, using their in-depth understanding of the problem at hand, to come up with emancipatory solutions that could assist in the design of effective teaching strategies to enhance inclusive teaching. Therefore, this study investigated the role of participatory action research (PAR) in enhancing teachers’ inclusive teaching practices in full-service schools. This qualitative PAR study was conducted for 6 months by a research team comprising 12 teachers in a full-service school in the Johannesburg East District of South Africa. Data were collected through PAR stages of planning, observation, action, and reflection. To analyze data, during PAR, group interpretative meetings were held with coresearchers and, after PAR process, an inductive qualitative thematic content data analysis was done by the researcher. Among the findings from the study was that teachers’ understandings of inclusive education were varied. Their conceptions about what it meant to be an inclusive teacher in a full-service school context were also vague. However, the study has found that through PAR participation teachers were able to share and develop own understandings of these concepts. Furthermore, the study identified a need for teachers in a full-service school to be reflective, critical, and innovative about their teaching practices to cater for diverse learner needs in the classroom, which are skills necessary for enhancing inclusive teaching and learning. The study has confirmed PAR as a viable change strategy of teaching toward inclusion.

Adriane Elisa Glasser, Joni Márcio Dorneles Fontella, Maria Elena Pires Santos et al.

A contemporaneidade tem sido marcada por mudanças constantes nas sociedades, em sua maioria decorrentes da globalização e acompanhar esses acontecimentos tem sido tarefa árdua em diversos setores, em especial no meio escolar. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é refletir sobre a importância da etnografia na escola, buscando expor algumas de suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento das pesquisas na área da educação. Para tanto, apresentamos uma parte de uma pesquisa de doutorado realizada em uma escola estadual na cidade de Foz do Iguaçu, no estado do Paraná. Trata-se de um estudo que toma como fatos etnográficos a convergência entre transletramentos, saberes locais e era digital durante as aulas de Língua Portuguesa na terceira série do Ensino Médio. Para tal, buscamos embasamento nos principais conceitos que norteiam os estudos etnográficos, trazendo para o rol das discussões os autores  Mattos (2011); Silva (2015); Street (2014); Peirano (2014); Pires-Santos et al (2015), entre outros.  

Grzegorz Godawa

Parents involved in their child’s distance education process during the COVID-19 pandemic situation reflected on their acquired experiences and described them for this study. A qualitative analysis of 169 statements of respondents showed their critical attitude towards the way distance teaching is being implemented. Parents point out the inconveniences they face during their everyday help in their children’s learning process and organising family life. They assess the quality of remote teaching, highlighting its advantages and shortcomings. Respondents assess the teachers’ work thoroughly, appreciating their efforts but also pointing out deficiencies in their commitment and didactic skills. They emphasise the advantages of online teaching.

Thomas Lansdall-Welfare, Nello Cristianini

AbstractRecent studies have shown that macroscopic patterns of continuity and change over the course of centuries can be detected through the analysis of time series extracted from massive textual corpora. Similar data-driven approaches have already revolutionized the natural sciences and are widely believed to hold similar potential for the humanities and social sciences, driven by the mass-digitization projects that are currently under way, and coupled with the ever-increasing number of documents which are ‘born digital’. As such, new interactive tools are required to discover and extract macroscopic patterns from these vast quantities of textual data. Here we present History Playground, an interactive web-based tool for discovering trends in massive textual corpora. The tool makes use of scalable algorithms to first extract trends from textual corpora, before making them available for real-time search and discovery, presenting users with an interface to explore the data. Included in the tool are algorithms for standardization, regression, change-point detection in the relative frequencies of n-grams, multi-term indices, and comparison of trends across different corpora.

Sri Margana

This article examines the social realities of literary works and the colonial perceptions of socio-political movement inspired by the ideologies of Islam, communism, and the Just King (Ratu Adil). The main sources for this study are four propaganda literatures published by the Resident of Yogyakarta, Louis Frederik Dingemans (1924-1927). It employs post-colonial literary theory to analyse the colonial authority’s perceptions of Islam, communism, and Ratu Adil, and examines how colonial rulers (as colonizers) positioned themselves as above indigenous society (the colonized) as the guardians of moral, social, and political order.

Mary Arseneau, Emery Terrell

Victorian poet Christina Rossetti (1830–1894) was frequently troubled by poor health, and her mid-life episode of life-threatening illness (1870–1872) when she suffered from Graves’ disease provides an illuminating case study of the ways that illness can be reflected in poetry and prose. Rossetti, her family, and her doctors understood Graves’ disease as a heart condition; however, Rossetti’s writing reflects a different paradigm, presenting themes of self-attack and a divided self that uncannily parallel the modern understanding of Graves’ disease as autoimmune in nature. Interestingly, these creative representations reflect an understanding of this disease process that Rossetti family documents and the history of Victorian medicine demonstrate Rossetti could not have been aware of. When the crisis had passed, Rossetti’s writing began to include new rhetoric and imagery of self-acceptance and of suffering as a means of spiritual improvement. This essay explores the parallels between literary and somatic metaphors: Rossetti’s body and art are often simultaneously “saying„ the same thing, the physical symptoms expressing somatically the same dynamic that is expressed in metaphor and narrative in Rossetti’s creative writing. Such a well-documented case history raises questions about how writing may be shaped by paradigms of illness that are not accessible to the conscious mind.

Ion GUMENÂI

<p>Articolul de faţă se referă la istoria urbanistică a Chişinăului, iar dacă e să fim mai precişi – la construcţia Bisericii armene „Învierea Domnului” ridicate în cimitirul armenesc din această urbe. O atenţie aparte se acordă unor documente ce au fost colectatela Arhivele Naţionaleale Armeniei.</p><p align="center"> </p><p><strong>SOME DATA WITH REFERENCE TO THE ARMENIAN CHURCH THE</strong></p><p><strong>RESURRECTION OF CHRIST IN CHISINAU</strong></p><p>The present article refers to the urban history of Chisinau, and if it is to be more precise in the construction of the Armenian Church the Resurrection of the Lord built in the Armenian cemetery of this city. Particular attention is drawn to documents that were collected at the National Archives of Armenia.</p>