Measurements of jet substructure in Pb+Pb collisions provide key insights into the mechanism of jet quenching in the hot and dense QCD medium created in these collisions.This Letter presents a measurement of the suppression of large-radius jets with a radius parameter of R=1.0 and its dependence on the jet substructure. The measurement uses 1.72 nb−1 of Pb+Pb data and 255 pb−1 of pp data, both at sNN=5.02 TeV, recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Large-radius jets are reconstructed by reclustering R=0.2 calorimetric jets and are measured for transverse momentum above 200 GeV. Jet substructure is evaluated using charged-particle tracks, and the overall level of jet suppression is quantified using the jet nuclear modification factor (RAA). The jet RAA is measured as a function of jet pT, the charged kt splitting scale (d12), and the angular separation (ΔR12) of two leading sub-jets. The jet RAA gradually decreases with increasing d12, implying significantly stronger suppression of large-radius jets with larger kt splitting scale. The jet RAA gradually decreases for ΔR12 in the range 0.01−0.2 and then remains consistent with a constant for ΔR12 ≳ 0.2. The observed significant dependence of jet suppression on the jet substructure will provide new insights into its role in the quenching process.
Although taxonomic research on zodariid spiders has a long history, the identification of many species has remained challenging due to insufficient documentation. In this study, we revisit 50 zodariid species from the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean. For each taxon examined, we provide detailed photographic documentation of somatic and copulatory structures to facilitate future taxonomic investigations. Seven new species from three different genera are described: Lachesana gavishae Shafaie & Pekár sp. nov. (♂♀, Israel), L. lubinae Shafaie & Pekár sp. nov. (♂♀, Israel), Pax akilae Shafaie & Pekár sp. nov. (♂♀, Syria), Zodarion jakubi Shafaie & Pekár sp. nov. (♂♀, Oman), Z. levyi Shafaie & Pekár sp. nov. (♂♀, Israel and Syria), Z. milani Shafaie & Pekár sp. nov. (♂, Syria), and Z. zonsteini Shafaie & Pekár sp. nov. (♂, Cyprus and Israel). Re-examination of the Z. nicki type specimen confirms its distinction from Z. nitidum, and we provide redescriptions of both sexes of Z. nitidum. Additionally, the male of Z. nicki and the female of Z. namrun are described here for the first time. We revalidate Z. tunetiacum and designate a neotype based on newly examined material. Two new synonymies are also proposed: Acanthinozodium crateriferum syn. nov. is synonymized with A. tibesti, and Z. kunti syn. nov. is synonymized with A. odem. Furthermore, we report ten new country records: A. odem (Syria), A. tibesti (Egypt), Z. abantense (Greece), Z. granulatum (Syria), Z. karpathos (Turkey), Z. morosum (Syria), Z. reticulatum (Turkey), Z. rhodiense (Cyprus, Syria), Z. thoni (Iran, Greece), and Z. tunetiacum (Egypt).
Solal Rapaport, Laurent Pautet, Samuel Tardieu
et al.
Version Control Systems (VCS) like Git allow developers to locally rewrite recorded history, e.g., to reorder and suppress commits or specific data in them. These alterations have legitimate use cases, but become problematic when performed on public branches that have downstream users: they break push/pull workflows, challenge the integrity and reproducibility of repositories, and create opportunities for supply chain attackers to sneak into them nefarious changes. We conduct the first large-scale investigation of Git history alterations in public code repositories. We analyze 111 M (millions) repositories archived by Software Heritage, which preserves VCS histories even across alterations. We find history alterations in 1.22 M repositories, for a total of 8.7 M rewritten histories. We categorize changes by where they happen (which repositories, which branches) and what is changed in them (files or commit metadata). Conducting two targeted case studies we show that altered histories recurrently change licenses retroactively, or are used to remove ''secrets'' (e.g., private keys) committed by mistake. As these behaviors correspond to bad practices-in terms of project governance or security management, respectively-that software recipients might want to avoid, we introduce GitHistorian, an automated tool, that developers can use to spot and describe history alterations in public Git repositories.
This is a point of view of the work of Herbert Busemann (1905-1994), seen as a return to the geometry of Ancient Greece. The importance of this work, its recognition and its relation with other works are discussed. The final version of this paper will appear in the Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Mathematical Practice, ed. Bharath Sriraman, Springer, 2024.
Ismini Mpalatsouka, Myria Zachariou, Maria Kyprianidou
et al.
Pregnancy complications, such as hypertensive disorders, present a substantial global public health challenge, with significant long-term implications for maternal and offspring health. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the level of awareness regarding long-term health risks among women who experienced preeclampsia during pregnancy in Cyprus and Greece. The study participants included adult women with a history of preeclampsia, while women with normal pregnancies were used as the comparison group. Data collection took place between June 2021 and February 2022, utilizing an online, self-administered questionnaire. The study included 355 women, with 139 (39.2%) in the preeclampsia group and 216 (60.8%) in the comparison group. Findings revealed that more than half of the women with prior preeclampsia (55.4%) were not aware of hypertensive disorders that can occur during pregnancy before their diagnosis, and a similar percentage (45.2%) had not received information about the long-term health risks following their diagnosis. Remarkably, only 3 participants (4.7%) with a history of preeclampsia were aware of the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. There were no statistically significant differences between the preeclampsia and the comparison group regarding their concerns about long-term health risks, frequency of health checks, perceptions of factors influencing cardiovascular disease development, and doctor communication about different health topics, except from hypertension or high blood pressure. The study underscores the low level of awareness of long-term health risks among women with prior preeclampsia in Cyprus and Greece. This emphasizes the importance of implementing public health programs aimed at promoting cardiovascular risk assessment and effective management, both for clinicians and women with have experienced preeclampsia.
Georgia Saridaki, Alexandros G. Paspatis, Panos Kotsampopoulos
et al.
Massive integration of power electronic devices with multiple control schemes in a wide frequency range pose new challenges regarding systems stability and reliability. Interactions between the fast control loops or between the fast control loops and passive elements of the grid, have been reported in literature and have led to introducing a new type of stability: the Fast-Interaction Converter-driven Stability (FICDS). In this paper, factors affecting the FICDS, such as tuning controller parameters, line parameters, number of interconnected inverters, are explored in four microgrid topologies, operating in grid connected and islanded mode. With the use of an impedance based model which tracks the poles of the CDS transfer functions of each system, their stability has been assessed. The obtained results have been verified via time-domain simulations. Simulations from the islanded microgrid of Gaidouromantra in Greece showcase the impact of the control parameters on the operation of the system and indicate the need for further investigation.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases involving carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. It is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia which results from defects in insulin secretion, or action or both. Diabetes mellitus has been known since antiquity. Descriptions have been found in the Egyptian papyri, in ancient Indian and Chinese medical literature, as well as, in the work of ancient Greek and Arab physicians. In the 2(nd) century AD Aretaeus of Cappadocia provided the first accurate description of diabetes, coining the term diabetes, while in 17(th) century Thomas Willis added the term mellitus to the disease, in an attempt to describe the extremely sweet taste of the urine. The important work of the 19(th) century French physiologist Claude Bernard, on the glycogenic action of the liver, paved the way for further progress in the study of the disease. In 1889, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering performed their famous experiment of removing the pancreas from a dog and producing severe and fatal diabetes. In 1921, Frederick Banting and Charles Best extended Minkowski's and Mering's experiment. They isolated insulin from pancreatic islets and administrated to patients suffering from type 1 diabetes, saving thus the lives of millions and inaugurating a new era in diabetes treatment.
The history of the relationship between plant growth and water consumption is retraced by following the progression of scientific thought through the centuries: from a purely philosophical question, to conceptual and methodological developments, towards a research interest in plant functioning and the interaction with the environment. The relationship between plant growth and water consumption has for a long time occupied the minds of philosophers and natural scientists. The ratio between biomass accumulation and water consumption is known as water use efficiency and is widely relevant today in fields as diverse as plant improvement, forest ecology and climate change. Defined at scales varying from single leaf physiology to whole plants, it shows how botanical investigations changed through time, generally in tandem with developing disciplines and improving methods. The history started as a purely philosophical question by Greek philosophers of how plants grow, progressed through thought and actual experiments, towards an interest in the functioning of plants and the relationship to the environment. This article retraces this history by following the progression of scientific questions posed through the centuries, and presents not only the main methodological and conceptual developments on biomass growth and transpiration but also the development of the carbon isotopic method of estimation. The history of research on photosynthesis is only touched briefly, but the development of research on transpiration and stomatal conductance is presented with more detail. Research on water use efficiency, following a path from the whole plant to leaf-level functioning, was strongly involved in the historical development of the discipline of plant ecophysiology and is still a very active research field across nearly all levels of botanical research.
G. Stefanou, Stamatis Gregoriou, S. Kontodimas
et al.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder. In Greece, there is a lack of data on AD epidemiology. The objective of the present study was to estimate the self-reported prevalence of AD and the prevalence of moderate/severe AD in the adult population in Greece. A nationwide cross-sectional survey with a structured questionnaire was conducted, between June 17th, 2021 and July 12th, 2021, using Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) and Computer Assisted web Interviewing (CAWI) data collection methods. Several different self-reported AD definitions, as extracted from the literature, were used. Self-reported moderate/severe atopic dermatitis was estimated using the Patient Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM). More than 30,500 persons were invited to participate; among them, 3,001 were recruited for the survey. The 12-month self-reported AD prevalence in Greece ranged from 1.7% to 6.4%, while lifetime prevalence reached 11.4%. At least half of the responders who identified with AD during the last 12 months had moderate to very severe eczema. The multivariate analysis confirmed that age, atopy-related comorbidities (asthma, allergies, and rhinitis), a family history of AD, rhinitis, and asthma were factors that are independently associated with AD, irrespective of the definition used. The 12-month and lifetime prevalence of AD in adults in Greece ranges from 1.7% to 6.4% and 3.7% to 11.4%, respectively. At least half of the adults with AD suffer from moderate-to-severe disease. Our study is a first step in understanding AD epidemiology in Greece and may provide useful insights for healthcare decision makers.
George Kaviris, Vasilis Kapetanidis, Ioannis Spingos
et al.
We investigate an earthquake sequence involving an <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> = 4.6 mainshock on 2 December 2020, followed by a seismic swarm in July–October 2021 near Thiva, Central Greece, to identify the activated structures and understand its triggering mechanisms. For this purpose, we employ double-difference relocation to construct a high-resolution earthquake catalogue and examine in detail the distribution of hypocenters and the spatiotemporal evolution of the sequence. Furthermore, we apply instrumental and imaging geodesy to map the local deformation and identify long-term trends or anomalies that could have contributed to stress loading. The 2021 seismic swarm was hosted on a system of conjugate normal faults, including the eastward extension of the Yliki fault, with the main activated structures trending WNW–ESE and dipping south. No pre- or coseismic deformation could be associated with the 2021 swarm, while Coulomb stress transfer due to the <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> = 4.6 mainshock of December 2020 was found to be insufficient to trigger its nucleation. However, the evolution of the swarm is related to stress triggering by its major events and facilitated by pore-fluid pressure diffusion. The re-evaluated seismic history of the area reveals its potential to generate destructive <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> = 6.0 earthquakes; therefore, the continued monitoring of its microseismicity is considered important.
Machine learning (ML) is the science of credit assignment. It seeks to find patterns in observations that explain and predict the consequences of events and actions. This then helps to improve future performance. Minsky's so-called "fundamental credit assignment problem" (1963) surfaces in all sciences including physics (why is the world the way it is?) and history (which persons/ideas/actions have shaped society and civilisation?). Here I focus on the history of ML itself. Modern artificial intelligence (AI) is dominated by artificial neural networks (NNs) and deep learning, both of which are conceptually closer to the old field of cybernetics than what was traditionally called AI (e.g., expert systems and logic programming). A modern history of AI & ML must emphasize breakthroughs outside the scope of shallow AI text books. In particular, it must cover the mathematical foundations of today's NNs such as the chain rule (1676), the first NNs (circa 1800), the first practical AI (1914), the theory of AI and its limitations (1931-34), and the first working deep learning algorithms (1965-). From the perspective of 2025, I provide a timeline of the most significant events in the history of NNs, ML, deep learning, AI, computer science, and mathematics in general, crediting the individuals who laid the field's foundations. The text contains numerous hyperlinks to relevant overview sites. With a ten-year delay, it supplements my 2015 award-winning deep learning survey which provides hundreds of additional references. Finally, I will put things in a broader historical context, spanning from the Big Bang to when the universe will be many times older than it is now.
Do we really understand how machine classifies art styles? Historically, art is perceived and interpreted by human eyes and there are always controversial discussions over how people identify and understand art. Historians and general public tend to interpret the subject matter of art through the context of history and social factors. Style, however, is different from subject matter. Given the fact that Style does not correspond to the existence of certain objects in the painting and is mainly related to the form and can be correlated with features at different levels.(Ahmed Elgammal et al. 2018), which makes the identification and classification of the characteristics artwork's style and the "transition" - how it flows and evolves - remains as a challenge for both human and machine. In this work, a series of state-of-art neural networks and manifold learning algorithms are explored to unveil this intriguing topic: How does machine capture and interpret the flow of Art History?
Shizhe Chen, Pierre-Louis Guhur, Cordelia Schmid
et al.
Vision-and-language navigation (VLN) aims to build autonomous visual agents that follow instructions and navigate in real scenes. To remember previously visited locations and actions taken, most approaches to VLN implement memory using recurrent states. Instead, we introduce a History Aware Multimodal Transformer (HAMT) to incorporate a long-horizon history into multimodal decision making. HAMT efficiently encodes all the past panoramic observations via a hierarchical vision transformer (ViT), which first encodes individual images with ViT, then models spatial relation between images in a panoramic observation and finally takes into account temporal relation between panoramas in the history. It, then, jointly combines text, history and current observation to predict the next action. We first train HAMT end-to-end using several proxy tasks including single step action prediction and spatial relation prediction, and then use reinforcement learning to further improve the navigation policy. HAMT achieves new state of the art on a broad range of VLN tasks, including VLN with fine-grained instructions (R2R, RxR), high-level instructions (R2R-Last, REVERIE), dialogs (CVDN) as well as long-horizon VLN (R4R, R2R-Back). We demonstrate HAMT to be particularly effective for navigation tasks with longer trajectories.
Users' detailed browsing activity - such as what sites they are spending time on and for how long, and what tabs they have open and which one is focused at any given time - is useful for a number of research and practical applications. Gathering such data, however, requires that users install and use a monitoring tool over long periods of time. In contrast, browser extensions can gain instantaneous access months of browser history data. However, the browser history is incomplete: it records only navigation events, missing important information such as time spent or tab focused. In this work, we aim to reconstruct time spent on sites with only users' browsing histories. We gathered three months of browsing history and two weeks of ground-truth detailed browsing activity from 185 participants. We developed a machine learning algorithm that predicts whether the browser window is focused and active at one second-level granularity with an F1-score of 0.84. During periods when the browser is active, the algorithm can predict which the domain the user was looking at with 76.2% accuracy. We can use these results to reconstruct the total time spent online for each user with an R^2 value of 0.96, and the total time each user spent on each domain with an R^2 value of 0.92.
<p>Palynological investigations aimed at reconstructing the vegetation history of the Grevena Province, northwestern Greece were conducted in association with an archaeological research project. Fossil pollen, spores, microscopic charcoal particles, and sediment stratigraphies of radiocarbon-dated sediment cores from three sites in pine, beech, and oak woodland zones provide evidence of climatic changes, land use, and erosion during the last 3500 years. Identification of pollen and spores was aided by an extensive reference collection of local species and construction of a pollen key modelled on that of Faegri & Iversen (1989). Extant vegetation units are characterized by their contemporary pollen assemblages. Surface samples collected along an elevational transect show that a fairly direct relationship exists between the major vegetation zones and pollen deposition: pine, beech, and oak pollen predominate in their respective zones. Over-representation of pine pollen is notable. The sequence from Gomara site in the pine wood-pasture zone at 1750 m asl covers the time span c. 1340 BC to 700 AD. A local open pine wood was gradually replaced by beech after c. 890 BC, perhaps through reduced disturbance and/or increased precipitation. A herbaceous pollen spike at c. 80 BC resulted from deposition of volcanic ash. Pine wood replaced beech at c. 330 AD. Two periods of accelerated erosion coincide with the pine wood phases and with anthropogenic burning and grazing. These periods are separated by a period of abandonment when the climate was probably wetter. The sequence from Anelia site in the beech wood zone at 1440 m asl spans c. 1560-1989 AD. The site was surrounded by beech wood for the duration of the sequence. Regional and local burning of vegetation is indicated by an abundance of microscopic charcoal particles from c. 1560 until c. 1730 AD, when it ceased. Periods of erosion occurred during this period. After c. 1730 AD a homogeneous peat formed on the wetland, suggesting a period of greater landscape stability. From pollen evidence, a variety of land-use practices such as cereal cultivation, grazing, coppicing, and lumbering were carried out in the vicinity of the site especially before c. 1730 AD, but these diminished after 1920 AD. The lower part of the sequence from Kellia site in the oak wood-steppe zone at 580 m asl is insecurely dated, but the upper part spans c. 1230-1989 AD. The lowlands were covered with deciduous/semi-evergreen oak woods for the duration of the sequence. Since c. 1230 AD land close to the site was intensively cultivated with a variety of cereals. Burning occurred frequently throughout the period. The ratio of deciduous to semi-evergreen oak pollen is correlated with temperature and indicates a decline from c. 1230-1680 AD, after which temperature increased, a pattern similar to that of the Little Ice Age. Frontispiece The cultural landscape of Grevena Province looking NE towards the Vourinos Mountains on the eastern border of Grevena, from a prominent hill about 1 1/4 km NW of the modern village of Itea. In the foreground is the stubble of a wheat field. Beyond is an 18th century church dedicated to Aghia Panaghia. The middle ground is the steppe oak wood pasture of Grevena plains. Recent erosion on the sides of gullies can be seen here, even though they appear to be well vegetated. Frescoes in the church are shown in the enlargement. It stands on a registered archaeological site, Grevena Project 108 (21 degrees 36.18' E, 40 degrees 04.29' N, 640 m asl) that covers more than 10,000 m2. Archaeological evidence dating to Early Iron Age, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman, Early Medieval and Ottoman periods has been recorded.</p>
Maria Stampouloglou, Olympia Toska, Sevi Tapinaki
et al.
Archaeological restoration of monuments is a practice requiring extreme caution and thorough study. Archaeologists and conservation experts are very reluctant to proceed to restoration and indeed to reconstruction actions without detailed consultation and thought. Nowadays, anastylosis executed on the real object is practically prohibited. Contemporary technologies have provided archaeologists and other conservation experts with the tools to embark on virtual restorations or anastyloses, thus testing various alternatives without physical intervention on the monument itself. In this way, the values of the monuments are respected according to international conventions. In this paper, two such examples of virtual archaeological anastyloses of two important Macedonian tombs in northern Greece are presented. The anastyloses were performed on three-dimensional (3D) models which have been produced using modern digital 3D documentation techniques, such as image-based modelling and terrestrial laser scanning. The reader is introduced to the history and importance –as well as the peculiarities– of the Macedonian tombs. In addition, the two tombs are described in detail mainly from an archaeological point of view The process of field data acquisition and processing to produce the 3D models are described. Simple and more or less standard methods were employed in acquiring the raw data. Processing was carried out using commercial software. The resulting 3D models and other documentation products are assessed for their accuracy and completeness. The decisions for the virtual anastylosis are explained in detail and the actual process is also described. The restored monuments are presented and evaluated by the conservation experts. Thus, it is shown how important virtual anastylosis of monuments is to archaeological researchers, as it enables them to conduct in-depth studies, without actually tampering with the monuments themselves. Digital 3D models are contributing to many disciplines, especially in archaeology, as they enable a wider audience to easily access both archaeological and geometric information as well as offering a high degree of interaction possibilities.
Mark Campbell, Konstantinos Chaidas, Ketan A. Shah
et al.
Background: Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by an intracellular parasite transmitted to humans by the bite of sandflies. Traditionally, it is regarded as causing cutaneous, muco-cutaneous or visceral disease, depending on the species or parasite and geographic region of infection. Isolated laryngeal leishmaniasis represents a rare diagnosis, especially in patients who have not travelled outside of Europe. Case Report: We outline a case of a 71-year-old British male who presented with a four-year history of progressive dysphonia. He had a past medical history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, treated with inhaled corticosteroids, and was an ex-smoker. He had travelled to Greece and Spain, but never outside of Europe. Examination with microlaryngoscopy demonstrated diffuse oedema and erythema of the post-cricoid area and an oedematous and erythematous right vocal cord. Histology demonstrated chronic inflammation and the presence of Leishman-Donovan bodies. Leishmania serology was positive. There was no evidence of cutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis and an HIV antigen/antibody test was negative. He was treated with a 1-week course of intravenous liposomal amphotericin B followed by 28 days of oral fluconazole, resulting in complete resolution of his symptoms on follow-up 6 months later. Conclusion: Muscosal leishmaniasis is a rare but treatable cause of dysphonia in travellers to the Mediterranean region, particularly in those who have a history of smoking or corticosteroid use. Mucosal leishmaniasis is rare in countries with endemic “Old World” Leishmania species, being much commoner in regions with “New World” species, but all have the potential to cause mucosal disease. Therefore, an awareness of the condition is of importance to physicians across all regions of the world, enabling treatment of an otherwise disabling and potentially fatal disease.