Hasil untuk "History of Great Britain"

Fedosov A.V.

The article is devoted to the development of ideological constructions of the Conservative Party of Great Britain in one of the most important periods of world history - the period between the two world wars (1919 - 1939). It was in these years that ideology had a tremendous influence on the life of various states, and ideological models of building ideal societies were actively implemented. The Great October Socialist Revolution in Russia in 1917, followed by the rise to power of the Fascists in Italy and the Nazis in Germany in 1922 and 1933 respectively, caused fear among traditional British elites. The rise of socialist sentiments in society and the rapid growth of the Labor Party's popularity were particularly alarming. In these conditions, as well as in the conditions of economic difficulties of the mid-1920s-1930s, the Conservative Party increasingly turned to social issues, and also created an image of a kind of “party of peace”, advocating inter-class peace and cooperation as opposed to socialist class antagonism. At the same time, the Conservatives do not abandon their “eternal” values, such as respect for British customs and traditions, preservation of private property, patriotism, etc.

V. P. Rumyantsev

In the history of rivalry between regional and extra-regional players in South Arabia, the relationship between the United Kingdom and Egypt holds a special place. In the 1960s, the Anglo-Egyptian struggle acquired a qualitatively new dimension against the backdrop of the Yemeni civil war, providing one of the first examples of the socalled proxy wars in the Middle East. The first section of the article considers the origins of the Anglo-Egyptian rivalry in the region and identifies its immediate participants, namely, the Kingdom of Yemen, independent from Great Britain, the British protectorates of the Arabian Peninsula, and the Crown Colony of Aden. The author notes that after G.A. Nasser, a major proponent of the pan-Arabism ideology, came to power in Egypt, it became particularly challenging for Britain to maintain its position in the region. The second section examines the British elites’ conflicting attitudes and approaches to responding to the rise of Arab nationalism in South Arabia after the failure of the Suez operation. On the one hand, the United Kingdom was unprepared to engage in full-scale military operations in the region, which was fraught with the risk of a complete loss of its authority in the Arab world. On the other hand, British politicians were obsessed with suspicions regarding Nasser’s expansionist plans and sought to demonstrate him and the world their readiness to protect their interests. The author shows that between 1956 and 1958 the United Kingdom confined itself to organizing raids by tribes loyal to the British Crown, into the Kingdom of Yemen and delivering surgical strikes in areas controlled by its protectorates. The third section traces the evolution of the British approach to military engagement in South Arabia: from localized ‘retaliatory strikes’ to a sort of hybrid warfare with Egypt in the territory of the Yemeni Republic, proclaimed in 1962. The author notes that Harold Macmillan’s cabinet was pushed toward stronger support for Yemeni royalists not only by rapidly unfolding regional developments and the growing fervor of Arab nationalists but also by mounting criticism of the Conservative Party’s policies from within–namely, the ‘Aden Group’ and the opposition. The article concludes that the shift to proxy warfare tactics was a deliberate step by the British leadership, shaped by both the lessons of the Suez debacle and the inertia of imperial thinking. Although this tactic did not allow the United Kingdom to retain access to Aden or resolve the Yemeni conflict in its favor, the experience of proxy warfare in South Arabia remains relevant even in the 21st century.

Alexandra Sippel

In the second half of the nineteenth century, British socialism was diverse. New movements emerged to demand a more democratic representation for workers. Socialist groups agreed on the need to nationalise the land and means of production in order to achieve a fair distribution of wealth for those who produced it. Yet there were marked divergences regarding the role of the workers and the strategies most likely to achieve that fair distribution. Marxist socialism, Fabian socialism, trade unionism and new syndicalism provided different and complementary answers, and attempted to merge into the Labour Representation Committee that gave birth in 1906 to the Labour party.

Fahriye Begüm Yıldızeli

With the implementation of cultural imperialist policies during the reign of Queen Victoria, which is described as the most glorious era in the history of Great Britain, one of the main targets of the British aristocrats was the Christian minorities in the Ottoman Empire. Irish academician, diplomat, and politician James Bryce is one of the important propagandists who helped to create public opinion on the Armenian Question and Turkish hostility. In addition to his efforts to ensure that England was active in the Armenian Question since the 1870s, he founded the Anglo-Armenian Association in 1893. Bryce, who aimed to strengthen the so-called Armenian massacre allegations at the request of the British Government in 1915, is an important actor who contributed to the systematic advancement of propaganda activities by publishing the work called Blue Book with the historian Arnold J. Toynbee. James Bryce’s versatile political identity, who has been interested in history, law, and diplomacy throughout his 84 years of life, has made him one of the leading authorities of the Liberal Party. In addition to his political career, Bryce tried to keep the psychological dynamics of the British policy on the Armenian Question on the agenda. This study will analyse Bryce’s thoughts on bringing the Armenian Question to the international level and evaluate the effects of his political communication activities on the British and American public.

Thierry Di Costanzo

Patricia Crouan-Véron

As opposed to the accounts of the first European travellers (the Boers) who landed in Southern Africa in 1652, most travel writings of the second part of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century were aimed at a wide audience as large extracts from their diaries and travel accounts were published in the press. These written descriptions have become precious sources for the contemporary readers and scholars as they produce knowledge on local ethnic groups living in distant places at that period and they also inform on the people who met them for the first time. Should we consider these representations (most of them were accompanied by sketches and pictures) as truthful and reliable? We will analyse them focusing on the representation of Zulu people. We will try to determine if the representations took different forms whether they were produced by missionaries, traveller-artists or scientists. To what extent does the individual experience become a collective experience? What was the impact of these representations on the Victorian and Edwardian people?

Seulki Chung

This paper uses standard and penalized logistic regression models to predict the Great Recession and the Covid-19 recession in the US in real time. It examines the predictability of various macroeconomic and financial indicators with respect to the NBER recession indicator. The findings strongly support the use of penalized logistic regression models in recession forecasting. These models, particularly the ridge logistic regression model, outperform the standard logistic regression model in predicting the Great Recession in the US across different forecast horizons. The study also confirms the traditional significance of the term spread as an important recession indicator. However, it acknowledges that the Covid-19 recession remains unpredictable due to the unprecedented nature of the pandemic. The results are validated by creating a recession indicator through principal component analysis (PCA) on selected variables, which strongly correlates with the NBER recession indicator and is less affected by publication lags.

Danielle de Brito Silva, Paula Jofré, Patricia B. Tissera et al.

Phylogenetic methods have long been used in biology, and more recently have been extended to other fields - for example, linguistics and technology - to study evolutionary histories. Galaxies also have an evolutionary history, and fall within this broad phylogenetic framework. Under the hypothesis that chemical abundances can be used as a proxy for interstellar medium's DNA, phylogenetic methods allow us to reconstruct hierarchical similarities and differences among stars - essentially a tree of evolutionary relationships and thus history. In this work, we apply phylogenetic methods to a simulated disc galaxy obtained with a chemo-dynamical code to test the approach. We found that at least 100 stellar particles are required to reliably portray the evolutionary history of a selected stellar population in this simulation, and that the overall evolutionary history is reliably preserved when the typical uncertainties in the chemical abundances are smaller than 0.08 dex. The results show that the shape of the trees are strongly affected by the age-metallicity relation, as well as the star formation history of the galaxy. We found that regions with low star formation rates produce shorter trees than regions with high star formation rates. Our analysis demonstrates that phylogenetic methods can shed light on the process of galaxy evolution.

Vishal Sunder, Samuel Thomas, Hong-Kwang J. Kuo et al.

Dialog history plays an important role in spoken language understanding (SLU) performance in a dialog system. For end-to-end (E2E) SLU, previous work has used dialog history in text form, which makes the model dependent on a cascaded automatic speech recognizer (ASR). This rescinds the benefits of an E2E system which is intended to be compact and robust to ASR errors. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical conversation model that is capable of directly using dialog history in speech form, making it fully E2E. We also distill semantic knowledge from the available gold conversation transcripts by jointly training a similar text-based conversation model with an explicit tying of acoustic and semantic embeddings. We also propose a novel technique that we call DropFrame to deal with the long training time incurred by adding dialog history in an E2E manner. On the HarperValleyBank dialog dataset, our E2E history integration outperforms a history independent baseline by 7.7% absolute F1 score on the task of dialog action recognition. Our model performs competitively with the state-of-the-art history based cascaded baseline, but uses 48% fewer parameters. In the absence of gold transcripts to fine-tune an ASR model, our model outperforms this baseline by a significant margin of 10% absolute F1 score.

S. Aly, Y. Assran, A. Bonneville et al.

Muography is an imaging technique that can be used to examine the interior structure of large-size objects. The technique is based on measurements of the absorption of cosmic-ray muons passing through the object under study. Muographic imaging was already successfully applied to the discovery of a new void inside the Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza, Egypt. With the aim of studying the Pyramid of Khafre, the second largest pyramid at Giza, a new muography detector is currently being constructed. In this paper we report on the development of a corresponding new simulation framework of the Great Pyramids and the detector setup. This simulation will serve as a basis to develop the data and image reconstruction algorithms to be used during our future muography campaign in the Pyramid of Khafre, and will allow us to study the relevant experimental conditions at the site.

Nguyen Phong Hoang, Arian Akhavan Niaki, Jakub Dalek et al.

The DNS filtering apparatus of China's Great Firewall (GFW) has evolved considerably over the past two decades. However, most prior studies of China's DNS filtering were performed over short time periods, leading to unnoticed changes in the GFW's behavior. In this study, we introduce GFWatch, a large-scale, longitudinal measurement platform capable of testing hundreds of millions of domains daily, enabling continuous monitoring of the GFW's DNS filtering behavior. We present the results of running GFWatch over a nine-month period, during which we tested an average of 411M domains per day and detected a total of 311K domains censored by GFW's DNS filter. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest number of domains tested and censored domains discovered in the literature. We further reverse engineer regular expressions used by the GFW and find 41K innocuous domains that match these filters, resulting in overblocking of their content. We also observe bogus IPv6 and globally routable IPv4 addresses injected by the GFW, including addresses owned by US companies, such as Facebook, Dropbox, and Twitter. Using data from GFWatch, we studied the impact of GFW blocking on the global DNS system. We found 77K censored domains with DNS resource records polluted in popular public DNS resolvers, such as Google and Cloudflare. Finally, we propose strategies to detect poisoned responses that can (1) sanitize poisoned DNS records from the cache of public DNS resolvers, and (2) assist in the development of circumvention tools to bypass the GFW's DNS censorship.

Vilasnee Tampoe-Hautin

While research on material culture has focused abundantly on objects of everyday life as a way of observing societies and understanding our past, only in recent times has it concerned itself with the study of those related to cinema, one of the ‘more readily consumable forms of entertainment’ (MacKenzie 2), which came out of the late 19th century workshops of the geniuses of the day, Edison, Urban or Lumière. And yet, nowhere is it more relevant to include conventional cinema hardware in scientific research given that in the first instance, cinema as an art, but also an industry with a massive following, came accompanied by a vast array of optical, audio and mechanical devices. Further, it was the Victorians and the Edwardians who bequeathed us the first objects, edifices and spaces of cinema, adding to the iconic and material wealth characteristic of the age. The scope widens further for research when one contemplates the way technical innovations in Europe, first in photography, then in picture animation as well as in printing and reproducing fixed or moving images, contributed eminently to the promotion of Empire within Empire, in what Michel Foucault qualified as a fin de siècle ‘frénésie neuve des images’ (Exhibition catalogue of Gérard Fromanger’s ‘Le désir est partout’, 1975, Leutrat). I will venture down this less beaten track in what will also be a reverse perspective. I will consider the way the inhabitants, both indigenous and expatriate, of the British colonies in the Indian Ocean (in particular Sri Lanka and India) engaged with cinema objects but also its sites and edifices (auditoriums and studios) which, from their architecture to their interior, also paid tribute to the splendour of Empire. How did objects, equipment and sites manage to secure bioscope a massive and captive market in every nook and cranny of the British Empire and either enhance or bear on the perception of Empire amongst the colonized? I will linger on those cross-cultural encounters of the most serendipitous kind between objects, ideas and individuals converging to bring reels on wheels to the edge of Empire: a WW1 British Army tent, a projector, a rifle and a gramophone hoisted onto a bullock cart, travelling through the jungles of colonial Ceylon, reminiscent of Leonard Woolf’s uncelebrated novels… Finally, although beyond the scope of this volume, the question has at least to be raised of the restoration of these devices, capable of producing images whose rich nuances remain to date unequalled by digital technology. The well-established film industry in South Asia with its high rate of cinema attendance, largely, though not exclusively in view of the gigantic Indian film industry, justifies that these issues be addressed and resolved urgently, both at the level of research as well as relevant authorities.

Klaus M. Pontoppidan, Joel D. Green, Tyler A. Pauly et al.

We present multi-epoch Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the Great Disk Shadow in the Serpens star-forming region. The near-infrared images show strong variability of the disk shadow, revealing dynamics of the inner disk on time scales of months. The Great Shadow is projected onto the Serpens reflection nebula by an unresolved protoplanetary disk surrounding the young intermediate-mass star SVS2/CK3/EC82. Since the shadow extends out to a distance of at least 17,000 au, corresponding to a light travel time of 0.24 years, the images may reveal detailed changes in the disk scale height and position angle on time scales as short as a day, corresponding to the angular resolution of the images, and up to the 1.11 year span between two observing epochs. We present a basic retrieval of temporal changes in the disk density structure, based on the images. We find that the inner disk changes position angle on time scales of months, and that the change is not axisymmetric, suggesting the presence of a non-axisymmetric dynamical forcing on $\sim$1\,au size scales. We consider two different scenarios, one in which a quadrupolar disk warp orbits the central star, and one in which an unequal-mass binary orbiting out of the disk plane displaces the photo-center relative to the shadowing disk. Continued space-based monitoring of the Serpens Disk Shadow is required to distinguish between these scenarios, and could provide unique, and detailed, insight into the dynamics of inner protoplanetary disks not available through other means.

Derek Ruths, Caitrin Armstrong

The use of online user traces for studies of human mobility has received significant attention in recent years. This growing body of work, and the more general importance of human migration patterns to government and industry, motivates the need for a formalized approach to the computational modeling of human mobility - in particular how and when individuals change their place of residence - from online traces. Prior work on this topic has skirted the underlying computational modeling of residence inference, focusing on migration patterns themselves. As a result, to our knowledge, all prior work has employed heuristics to compute something like residence histories. Here, we formalize the residence assignment problem, which seeks, under constraints associated with the minimum length-of-stay at a residence, the most parsimonious sequence of residence periods and places that explains the movement history of an individual. Here we provide an exact solution for this problem and establish its algorithmic complexity. Because the calculation of optimal residence histories (under the assumptions of the model) is tractable, we believe that this method will be a valuable tool for future work on this topic.

Kaiyi Ji, Zhe Wang, Bowen Weng et al.

Variance-reduced algorithms, although achieve great theoretical performance, can run slowly in practice due to the periodic gradient estimation with a large batch of data. Batch-size adaptation thus arises as a promising approach to accelerate such algorithms. However, existing schemes either apply prescribed batch-size adaption rule or exploit the information along optimization path via additional backtracking and condition verification steps. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme, which eliminates backtracking line search but still exploits the information along optimization path by adapting the batch size via history stochastic gradients. We further theoretically show that such a scheme substantially reduces the overall complexity for popular variance-reduced algorithms SVRG and SARAH/SPIDER for both conventional nonconvex optimization and reinforcement learning problems. To this end, we develop a new convergence analysis framework to handle the dependence of the batch size on history stochastic gradients. Extensive experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed batch-size adaptation scheme.

Sam Coombes

Unlike in France where a separation between established disciplines is often favoured, in the United Kingdom a more interdisciplinary approach has been more widely employed (Mass Observation after the Second World War, cultural studies, to cite only two examples). For a number of years now, research financing bodies have been actively encouraging transdisciplinary projects. This article seeks firstly to offer a comparative analysis of interdisciplinary approaches in Great Britain and France in order better to pinpoint the undeniable advantages of interdisciplinarity whilst nevertheless highlighting some of its more problematic aspects. I will then approach the question of interdisciplinarity in the field of British civilisation studies via discussion of concrete examples.In reality, interdisciplinarity has always existed and the fact that British universities often present it as an objective to be realised suggest that it has been badly understood. Being a specialist of for example John Ruskin or Charles Baudelaire necessarily implied an interdisciplinary approach as each author was both a literary writer and an art critic. Nowadays interdisciplinarity and multimedia approaches are often confused with each other because of the growing importance accorded in our society to the visual image. Interdisciplinarity has become intertwined to some extent also with the commercialisation of higher education. As our educational institutions are ranked in part according to the sums of money that they succeed in attracting for their research projects, interdisciplinarity has become a stake in a logic of survival of our institutions in so far as it is favoured in relation to specialisation.If interdisciplinarity is hence not intrinsically new, why and how can it be employed to useful effect in the human sciences, and more specifically to enrich the field of British civilisation studies? In this article we will examine this question from a number of angles with reference to my areas of specialism, and in particular the study of minoritarian and diasporic communities in a comparative perspective.

Stefan Dohr, Michal Merta, Günther Of et al.

We describe a parallel solver for the discretized weakly singular space-time boundary integral equation of the spatially two-dimensional heat equation. The global space-time nature of the system matrices leads to improved parallel scalability in distributed memory systems in contrast to time-stepping methods where the parallelization is usually limited to spatial dimensions. We present a parallelization technique which is based on a decomposition of the input mesh into submeshes and a distribution of the corresponding blocks of the system matrices among processors. To ensure load balancing, the distribution is based on a cylic decomposition of complete graphs. In addition, the solution of the global linear system requires the use of an efficient preconditioner. We present a robust preconditioning strategy which is based on boundary integral operators of opposite order, and extend the introduced parallel solver to the preconditioned system.

Martin P. Rey, Andrew Pontzen, Amélie Saintonge

We apply our recently proposed "quadratic genetic modification" approach to generating and testing the effects of alternative mass accretion histories for a single $Λ$CDM halo. The goal of the technique is to construct different formation histories, varying the overall contribution of mergers to the fixed final mass. This enables targeted studies of galaxy and dark matter halo formation's sensitivity to the smoothness of mass accretion. Here, we focus on two dark matter haloes, each with four different mass accretion histories. We find that the concentration of both haloes systematically decreases as their merger history becomes smoother. This causal trend tracks the known correlation between formation time and concentration parameters in the overall halo population. At fixed formation time, we further establish that halo concentrations are sensitive to the order in which mergers happen. This ability to study an individual halo's response to variations in its history is highly complementary to traditional methods based on emergent correlations from an extended halo population.

Richard W. Hayes

Victorian architecture was riven with contradictions. Technophilia and technophobia commingled in British architectural culture of the second half of the nineteenth century. On the one hand, architects and engineers gave shape to buildings that employed the most up-to-date materials and processes made available by modern technology such as iron and glass, prefabrication, and machine-made goods. On the other hand, some of the strongest condemnations of industrialism were voiced from within architectural culture. Both Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin and John Ruskin saw architecture as the optimal site from which to mount vigorous critiques of the modern world as they idealized the Middle Ages in order to denounce the social ills concomitant with industrialism. How did individual Victorian architects square such critiques with the need to build for real-world clients in the here and now of the nineteenth century? This essay unpacks the contradictions in Victorian architecture by focusing on the ways in which George Gilbert Scott and E. W. Godwin navigated the competing demands of modern technology and an idealized historical past in their practices. Scott’s design for the Midland Grand Hotel at St. Pancras embodies the contradiction between up-to-date engineering and an architecture predicated on revivalism. Godwin, by contrast, adopted an ambivalent attitude toward revivalism as he speculated on the possibility of a simple, style-less way of building that accepted the realities of contemporary life. Taken together, Scott and Godwin’s careers exemplify complex and unresolved responses to the advantages and disadvantages of their technological moment.

Piotr Gas

The term hyperthermia is a combination of two Greek words: HYPER (rise) and THERME (heat) and refers to the increasing of body temperature or selected tissues in order to achieve a precise therapeutic effect. This paper reviews the development of thermotherapy by describing the most important moments in its history. For decades, the development of hyperthermia ran parallel with the development of cancer treatment and had numerous connections with electromedicine. Throughout its history, hyperthermia evoked a number of hopes, brought spectacular successes, but also was the subject of many disappointments.