Hasil untuk "History of Civilization"

H. Lasswell

Prashant Sharma

Current digital government literature focuses on professional in-house IT teams, specialized digital service teams, vendor-developed systems, or proprietary low-code/no-code tools. Almost no scholarship addresses a growing middle ground: technically skilled civil servants outside formal IT roles who can write real code but lack a sanctioned, secure path to deploy their work. This paper introduces a limits-aware, open-source and replicable platform that enables such public servants to develop, peer review, and deploy small-scale, domain-specific applications within government networks via a sandboxed, auditable workflow. By combining Jupyter Notebooks, preapproved open-source libraries, and lightweight governance, the platform works within institutional constraints such as procurement rules and IT security policies while avoiding vendor lock-in. Unlike low/no-code approaches, it preserves and enhances civil servants' programming skills, keeping them technically competitive with their private-sector peers. This contribution fills a critical gap, offering a replicable model for public-sector skill retention, resilience, and bottom-up digital transformation.

Carmelo Nicolò Benvenuto

Este volumen colectivo, editado por Maria-Lucia Goiana y Krystina Kubina, ofrece una contribución fundamental al estudio de la poesía bizantina tardía (siglos XI–XV), analizando su intersección entre liturgia, devoción privada y estética.

Wojciech Ryba

This paper demonstrates the symbiotic, real bond between the existence of the state, culture and religion, through which a person living in a national community can strive to achieve Aristotelian eudaimonia. The expression of this bond can be found, among other things, in the solemn Preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of April 2, 1997, in which the Constituent Assembly, establishing the very foundation of the state’s order, referred to God, emphasizing the importance of Poland’s Christian heritage. This heritage draws its identity not from a cultural vacuum, but from the achievements of Latin civilization, which served as the building blocks that formed the long history of the Piast State, beginning in the tenth century. This paper is therefore intended to answer the question of whether the Third Republic, in the twenty-first century, is also a continuation of the great cultural heritage of Latin civilization.

Anna Kawakami, Daricia Wilkinson, Alexandra Chouldechova

The responsible AI (RAI) community has introduced numerous processes and artifacts (e.g., Model Cards, Transparency Notes, Data Cards) to facilitate transparency and support the governance of AI systems. While originally designed to scaffold and document AI development processes in technology companies, these artifacts are becoming central components of regulatory compliance under recent regulations such as the EU AI Act. Much prior work has explored the design of new RAI artifacts or their use by practitioners within technology companies. However, as RAI artifacts begin to play key roles in enabling external oversight, it becomes critical to understand how stakeholders--particularly those situated outside of technology companies who govern and audit industry AI deployments--perceive the efficacy of RAI artifacts. In this study, we conduct semi-structured interviews and design activities with 19 government, legal, and civil society stakeholders who inform policy and advocacy around responsible AI efforts. While participants believe that RAI artifacts are a valuable contribution to the broader AI governance ecosystem, many are concerned about their potential unintended, longer-term impacts on actors outside of technology companies (e.g., downstream end-users, policymakers, civil society stakeholders). We organize these beliefs into four barriers that help explain how RAI artifacts may (inadvertently) reconfigure power relations across civil society, government, and industry, impeding civil society and legal stakeholders' ability to protect downstream end-users from potential AI harms. Participants envision how structural changes, along with changes in how RAI artifacts are designed, used, and governed, could help redirect the role of artifacts to support more collaborative and proactive external oversight of AI systems. We discuss research and policy implications for RAI artifacts.

Somonnoy Banerjee, Sujan Dutta, Soumyajit Datta et al.

This paper makes three key contributions. First, via a substantial corpus of 51,278 interview questions sourced from 888 YouTube videos of mock interviews of Indian civil service candidates, we demonstrate stark gender bias in the broad nature of questions asked to male and female candidates. Second, our experiments with large language models show a strong presence of gender bias in explanations provided by the LLMs on the gender inference task. Finally, we present a novel dataset of 51,278 interview questions that can inform future social science studies.

Irina P. Zasetskay

This article is the second part of a critical review of the works from no. 2 (volume 18) of the Lower Volga Archaeological Bulletin, published in 2019 and dedicated to the anniversary of Prof. I.P. Zasetskaya. This research considers articles whose subjects are connected with the Migration Period.

Zhilwan Tahir, Abdul Wahed Jalal Nori

The article examines and discusses temporal and geographical forces shaping Ibn Khaldun's theory's relevance and application in modern societal dynamics. The report provides the critical biographies of Ibn Khaldun to understand better the thinker’s philosophical perspectives on history and civilization. The study explains how historical context shapes Ibn Khaldun’s thought. Moreover, the study argues that Ibn Khaldun had a theory on the development and collapse of states and civilizations relevant to modern societal dynamics. Besides, it evaluates Ibn Khaldun’s concepts and relates them to the present day. This study claims that Ibn Khaldun's perspectives on history, society, and civilization are less subjective and more rational. Further, this study examines the impact of leadership qualities and the influence of ‘asabiyyah and cycle patterns and Ibn Khaldun’s reflections on the socio-economic complexity of the modern world. Ibn Khaldun’s interpretations and definitions of history and civilization resulted in significant innovation in human science. The study adopts qualitative research techniques to achieve its objectives. Ibn Khaldun had a multi-dimensional outlook on civilization and history and the way history develops. This study argues that his multidimensional approach to history deserves a new analytical study.

Tong Zhang, Yong Liu, Boyang Li et al.

With the evolution of pre-trained language models, current open-domain dialogue systems have achieved great progress in conducting one-session conversations. In contrast, Multi-Session Conversation (MSC), which consists of multiple sessions over a long term with the same user, is under-investigated. In this paper, we propose History-Aware Hierarchical Transformer (HAHT) for multi-session open-domain dialogue. HAHT maintains a long-term memory of history conversations and utilizes history information to understand current conversation context and generate well-informed and context-relevant responses. Specifically, HAHT first encodes history conversation sessions hierarchically into a history memory. Then, HAHT leverages historical information to facilitate the understanding of the current conversation context by encoding the history memory together with the current context with attention-based mechanisms. Finally, to explicitly utilize historical information, HAHT uses a history-aware response generator that switches between a generic vocabulary and a history-aware vocabulary. Experimental results on a large-scale MSC dataset suggest that the proposed HAHT model consistently outperforms baseline models. Human evaluation results support that HAHT generates more human-like, context-relevant and history-relevant responses than baseline models.

Danielle de Brito Silva, Paula Jofré, Patricia B. Tissera et al.

Phylogenetic methods have long been used in biology, and more recently have been extended to other fields - for example, linguistics and technology - to study evolutionary histories. Galaxies also have an evolutionary history, and fall within this broad phylogenetic framework. Under the hypothesis that chemical abundances can be used as a proxy for interstellar medium's DNA, phylogenetic methods allow us to reconstruct hierarchical similarities and differences among stars - essentially a tree of evolutionary relationships and thus history. In this work, we apply phylogenetic methods to a simulated disc galaxy obtained with a chemo-dynamical code to test the approach. We found that at least 100 stellar particles are required to reliably portray the evolutionary history of a selected stellar population in this simulation, and that the overall evolutionary history is reliably preserved when the typical uncertainties in the chemical abundances are smaller than 0.08 dex. The results show that the shape of the trees are strongly affected by the age-metallicity relation, as well as the star formation history of the galaxy. We found that regions with low star formation rates produce shorter trees than regions with high star formation rates. Our analysis demonstrates that phylogenetic methods can shed light on the process of galaxy evolution.

ريهام كاظم رضا جاسم الحسناوي, صباح خابط عزيز سعيد

لا يخفى على الدارسين للتاريخ العسكري انه بعد استشهاد الامام علي u لم تشهد الجزيرة العربية  اي نوع من الاستقرار سواء على المستوى العسكري او السياسي فأخذ الامويين بالتعاون مع اهل الشام للهيمنة على الخلافة الاسلامية بعد انتقالها للأمام الحسن  uبذريعة اخذ ثأر الخليفة عثمان بن عفان t  وبعد تنازل الامام عن الخلافة حقناً لدماء المسلمين والصلح الذي تم بين الطرفين  ادرك الامويين ان بقائهم مرهون ببقاء دولتهم قوية عزيزة الجانب، ورأوا ضرورة توسيع رقعة نفوذهم من خلال الفتوحات، طالما انهم يمتلكون القوة الكافية،  فلذلك سعوا لإخماد كل المعارضين والخارجين على دولتهم ومهما يكن من امر فقد بالغ الامويون في الفتك بمعارضيهم من اولاد الصحابة، حتى وصل الامر الى قتل العديد منهم، وبعد ذلك رأوا ضرورة توسع رقعة نفوذهم من خلال العمليات العسكرية بغرض الدفاع عن حدودهم ،وتحسين حصونهم والمتمثلة ببيزنطة، وسعوا ايضاً الى انتقاء ولاة يحكمون باسمهم ومدركون ومؤمنون بسلطة حكامهم  وقد نتج عن هذه السلطة احتكار الحكم وتفصيل القوانين حسب رغباتهم مبتعدين عن مبدأ الشورى وما تخللها من مساواة.

Vishal Sunder, Samuel Thomas, Hong-Kwang J. Kuo et al.

Dialog history plays an important role in spoken language understanding (SLU) performance in a dialog system. For end-to-end (E2E) SLU, previous work has used dialog history in text form, which makes the model dependent on a cascaded automatic speech recognizer (ASR). This rescinds the benefits of an E2E system which is intended to be compact and robust to ASR errors. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical conversation model that is capable of directly using dialog history in speech form, making it fully E2E. We also distill semantic knowledge from the available gold conversation transcripts by jointly training a similar text-based conversation model with an explicit tying of acoustic and semantic embeddings. We also propose a novel technique that we call DropFrame to deal with the long training time incurred by adding dialog history in an E2E manner. On the HarperValleyBank dialog dataset, our E2E history integration outperforms a history independent baseline by 7.7% absolute F1 score on the task of dialog action recognition. Our model performs competitively with the state-of-the-art history based cascaded baseline, but uses 48% fewer parameters. In the absence of gold transcripts to fine-tune an ASR model, our model outperforms this baseline by a significant margin of 10% absolute F1 score.

Karpov S.P.

The purpose of the study is to consider the problem of the existence of the Venetian and Genoese trading stations in Tana within the territory of the Golden Horde city of Azak during the internecine war in the Golden Horde between the sons of Toktamysh and Idegei. Through an analysis of sources, an effort is made to determine the circumstances of the attacks of the Golden Horde khans and the level of damage that arose from them. Research materials: Unpublished documents of the State Archives of Venice (Italy), as well as Venetian chronicles and historical works of the 15th–16th centuries. Results and scientific uniqueness: The study of Venetian sources showed that during the second period of turmoil in the Golden Horde which erupted after the defeat of Toktamysh by Tamerlane, Tana trading stations underwent extremely difficult times during the period of the domination of beklerbek Idegei. The point of disagreement between the Tatar khans and the Venetians was the non-payment of a tax for renting land, called terraticum, by the Venetian merchants who traded at the mouth of the Don. The Venetians tried to maneuver between the sons of Toktamysh and the henchmen of Idegei, but since power in the Horde often changed hands at the time, Tana became a hostage in this internecine struggle. In 1410, Tana suffered from an unexpected night raid by Timur Khan and was captured. The damage amounted to between 100,000 and 120,000 ducats. Many Venetian sources tell us about these events, but with great discrepancies in details. Thanks to the inclusion of an important commerce-related source – the protocol of the Venetian judges on petitions – we can determine the exact date of the attack, the name of the khan, and the amount of damage. In 1418, there was an even more devastating second attack on Tana by Khan Kerim-birdi. After that, the Venetian Senate, having comprehensively studied the situation, decided to surround Tana with stone walls and repair its fortifications. Thanks to the erection of strong fortifications at Tana, it was possible for the town to hold out until the Ottoman Turkish conquest in 1475.

H. Blamires

The Victorian novel reflects social changes, such as the Industrial Revolution, the struggle for democracy and the growth of towns. It became obvious during the 1840s that the first industrial civilization in the history of the world had reached a state of acute, generalized crisis that was recorded and analyzed in all the institutions of the new urban culture. It is not surprising therefore that the novel widely-read although not considered "great" art, should have found a new vitality and thanks to an important generation of writers, began to have a real impact on legislators, opinion-formers and those who could vote to change the world. This happened through the novelistic mixing of documentary and romance, sensationalism and prophecy. The novel allied itself to parliamentary reports on industry, agriculture, health, prison conditions and criminality.

Radin Dardashti

No-go theorems have played an important role in the development and assessment of scientific theories. They have stopped whole research programs and have given rise to strong ontological commitments. Given the importance they obviously have had in physics and philosophy of physics and the huge amount of literature on the consequences of specific no-go theorems, there has been relatively little attention to the more abstract assessment of no-go theorems as a tool in theory development. We will here provide this abstract assessment of no-go theorems and conclude that the methodological implications one may draw from no-go theorems are in disagreement with the implications that have often been drawn from them in the history of science.

محمد عبدالله حسين محرم

Samuel Huntington's The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order is a seminal text in postcolonial theory and contemporary wartime cultural studies. The Washington Post has recently described him as "a prophet for the Trump era". This paper is a response to the dangers of two practices in politics and the academy worldwide: (1) adopting such a view by high rank policy makers; and (2) the Library of Congress' classification of Huntington's book as textbook of "history” that is being taught to students of history, postcolonialism, and cultural studies around the world. Drawing from some postcolonial and literary theorists, including Depish Chakrabarty and Gayatri Spivak, the paper deconstructs Huntington's notion of "history" which has been found to be based on secondary sources, selective, ignorant, and marginalizing non-Western histories, including five hundred years of philosophical and scientific contribution of Islamic civilization to the sleeping Europe and the West. The paper calls for the combat of such a dangerous theory and its abolition from the syllabus of the departments of English and history as well as from the usage by high rank political decision makers. After establishing the similarities between Huntington and the nihilist philosopher, Frederick Nietzsche, the researcher concludes with a possible solution to the problem of adopting Huntington's view of the inevitable future clash between civilizations: the belief of the contemporary philosopher of phenomenology and hermeneutics, Paul Ricouer that the reality of the existence of the Self cannot be attained without embracing the Other into the Self, becoming one with it, which ultimately eliminates any conflict or violence between individuals, communities and civilizations. This principle is one of theprinciples of Islam which calls a Muslim Self to be one with the other.

Nagamine H.

This study, titled A Collection of Documents from the Kazakh Sultans to the Qing Dynasty, deals with 16 documents addressed from Kazakh sultans to the Qing Dynasty (and the Russian Empire/Governor-General of Siberia). These were written in the Oyirad (Mongol) language with Tod script or in the Turkic language with Arabic script from the eighteenth to nineteenth century, and come complete with text, transcription, and translation. In addition, this study includes two essays written by the authors who made use of these documents. The majority of Qing documents are preserved in a collection of the First Historical Archives (第一歴史襠案館) in Beijing. Many of these documents related to the Kazakhs have started to be published as The Collection of the Archival Documents Concerning Sino-Kazakh Relations at the Time of the Qing Dynasty (清代中哈関係襠案彙編) and so on, and to be used for historical research. Of the documents dealt with in this study, 14 are from the Manchu Language Reference Copy of Grand Council Palace Memorial (軍機処満文副奏摺) of the First Historical Archives, one is from Tsentral’nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Respubliki Kazakhstan, and one is from Vneshnyaya politika Rossii XIX i nachala XX veka (Moskva: Izd-vo Nauka, t. 11–12, 1979–1980). However, most of these documents are not included in the published collection mentioned above. Therefore, this study, together with the above-mentioned collection, represents another major step in the study of these documentss. In addition, by utilizing these documents, Takahiro Onuma clarifies that the international world order between the Qing dynasty and Kazakh nomads in Central Asia was not based on the “suzerain-dependency (Ch. zong-fan 宗藩) relationship”, which was heavily influenced by Confucianism, but rather, on the “master-slave (Mon. ejen-albatu) relationship”, which originated in Mongol nomadic society. Jin Noda, who also utilized these documents, states that the title of Kazakh sultans, which has been regarded as a product of the Qing benefit policy, was in fact a result of both the Kazakh sultans and Qing requiring the ‘title-bestowal system’ in the process of the establishment of relations. This system was gradually becoming a mere formality, partly because of the influence of Russia. These findings suggest that the Kazakh khanates were independently developing a “bilateral diplomatic policy” while mediating between the Qing and Russian empires, and they highlight the policy differences of both empires toward the Kazakh khanates. We hope that the fin­dings from this study will further advance the study of the history of the mutual relations between the Kazakh khanates and the Qing and Russian empires.

Tauseef Ahmad Parray

Writing on Islamand things Islamic has a long history in the West, but has seen a growth in 20thcentury and an unprecedented surgeafter the events of 9/11 (2001)—both because of Islam’s ‘global’ spread and ‘growing global impact’ as well as its diverse interpretations and explanations. Among this plethora of literature, a major portion is devoted to the Islamic historyand its inter-related aspects, in the form of ‘introductory’ reference books.These are primarily targeted for (under) graduate student community as well as for the general people interested in knowing about the faith and beliefs of 1.6 billion Muslims, living globally. This study, in this context, attempts to present an evaluation and brief content-analysis of four (4) latest works by the Western academics (mostly ‘Islamicists’) on Islamic history, published in between 2009 and 2016 (and referring to their latest editions as well). Theoretical in nature, following both descriptive and comparative methodological approaches, this study attempts to (i) get clues of the recent trends, tendencies and tenors in the English (predominantly  American) scholarship on Islamic history; and (ii) identify the main topics, themes and issues covered under the broader rubric ofIslamic history/ civilization in these works. The study agrues that such mins of appraisal and evaluation helps in understanding the main themes/ topics discussed under the broader rubric ofIslamic historyas well as helps in knowing and understanding the diverse scholarly approaches adopted in studying different aspects of Islamic history—from classical to contemporary eras.