Se presenta aquí la primera traducción al castellano del prefacio al Shi jizhuan 詩集傳 (Comentarios escogidos a la poesía), del pensador neoconfuciano Zhu Xi, en el que se ofrece una explicación condensada del papel menor y un tanto controversial que Zhu atribuye a la poesía lírica —y más globalmente, a los Cinco cánones chinos— respecto del estudio de la Vía; como tal, ofrece una mirada panorámica de la visión de Zhu sobre la canonicidad del Shijing 詩經 (Canon de la poesía), sus dimensiones tropológicas e históricas y los principios morales y epistemológicos que le subyacen. Así, esta traducción apunta no sólo a hacer el pensamiento poético de Zhu Xi accesible al mundo hispanohablante, sino también a ofrecer un punto de acceso a su epistemología y a su estética.
This study argues that the Banyamulenge—a Tutsi-descended minority in South Kivu, DRC—have had their ethnic identity historically shaped by migration, contested citizenship, and regional wars. Based on fieldwork in Rwanda, Burundi, and the DRC, as well as secondary sources, the article shows how nationality laws, the 1964 Simba Rebellion, the 1994 Vangu Report, and the creation of the Minembwe Commune framed them alternately as insiders and outsiders. While Banyamulenge leaders emphasized territorial belonging to claim Congolese identity, elites and neighboring states politicized it for their own purposes. Interviews reveal that community members, including younger generations, now stress civic belonging and interethnic cooperation, countering depictions of them as outsiders. The study argues that lasting peace in the Great Lakes Region requires inclusive citizenship and accountable institutions rather than ethnic exclusion.
History of Africa, African languages and literature
Iyonu J Onaghinor, Izuchukwu B Achusi, Olumuyiwa E Ariyo
Introduction: Breast tuberculosis (TB) is a rare extra-pulmonary presentation of tuberculosis. In the western world, this accounts for less than 0.1% of breast conditions (all breast conditions, not limited to TB or extra-pulmonary TB), but can be up to 3-4% in regions endemic for TB such as in Africa and Asia.
Case presentation: We report a case of a 54-year- old human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive lady who presented with six months history of multiple masses on the left breast which were initially suspected to be cancer of the breast. However, histology report of the mass confirmed TB of the breast.
Conclusions: Presentation of TB can be non-specific and atypical in patients with HIV infection, especially when it presents in extra-pulmonary forms.
Introduction. The period from 1957 to 1963 is an important period in the history of the city of Elista. In 1957 the autonomy of the Kalmyk people was restored, the statute of the capital city of the republic was returned to Elista, and the city itself received a powerful impetus for its further development. Since the city did not have its own resources for reconstruction, financial and other types of material assistance played the main role in this process from the state and population migrations organized by it. The great importance that population migrations had for Elista, the largest city in Kalmykia, makes it necessary to study this aspect in the past life of the city, which, moreover, was not specifically studied. The study aims to highlight the migration policy of the state during the years of the restoration of the republic and the most massive migrations in the history of the city, to show their impact on the development of the city. The article was prepared on the basis of documents of the state authorities of the Kalmyk ASSR, stored in the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. The research was carried out based on historical-comparative and historical-genetic research methods. Results. In 1957–1963, there was a sharp surge in population migrations in Elista, caused by the restoration of Kalmykia as an administrative-territorial entity in 1957 and the granting of the city the legal status of its capital. The state allocated large funds for the restoration and further development of the socio-economic structure of the city, but there was a shortage of personnel and labor resources in general for the development of capital investments. To solve this problem, the authorities attracted Kalmyks returning from places of deportation to the city, conducted recruitment among workers from other subjects, invited military personnel demobilized by their army, and sent graduates of vocational schools to the city. As a result, the shortage of workers was largely overcome, which made it possible in 1964 to abandon new mass organized relocations to the city. Conclusions. The massive influx of population in 1957–1963 had a great impact on the demographic, social and national structure of the population. The population of Elista has increased dramatically, especially among young people, which has improved the demographic indicators of citizens, their social composition has changed, which has transformed into an urban one, the city has turned from a mono-national into a multi-national one.
History of Asia, Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)
This research embarks on an archaeological investigation of the sixty-eight fresh documented unexcavated Neolithic and Megalithic sites scattered throughout Kashmir Valley, India. Focused on three key aspects - landscape, settlement patterns, and material culture, the study aims to unveil the hidden historical treasures of this region. By employing advanced archaeological techniques and methodologies, the research seeks to shed light on the enigmatic past of Neolithic and Megalithic cultures that once thrived in this diverse geographical area. Through the analysis of artifacts, and geographical data, the study endeavours to reconstruct the ancient lifestyle, social and technological dynamics, and cultural exchanges that shaped the valley as a significant cultural crossroads between South and Central Asia. The findings of this investigation have the potential to deepen our understanding of the historical interconnections from prehistoric times of the region and contribute to the broader knowledge of human history and cultural evolution in the Indian subcontinent. In essence, this study analyses the archaeological material culture related to the designation of locations as human habitations during Neolithic and Megalithic cultures, their distribution over the Kashmir Valley topography, and the contextualisation of this knowledge within Kashmir and neighbouring archaeology. The main goal of the current study is to offer first-hand information of the sites reported during the new survey to get a general understanding of site types and to document their physical characteristics based on the comparison of material culture. This study has tried to use the knowledge to gain a deeper understanding of how people settled in the Valley throughout history, with particular reference to the Neolithic and Megalithic Periods. Only three out of sixty-eight Neolithic sites are excavated, and this study is a comparative analysis of the material culture, Landscape and Settlement pattern documented from these unexplored and unexcavated Neolithic sites across the Valley of Kashmir.
This contribution aims to use social history and social theory to investigate political power and compliance with authority in ancient Western Asia, through the case study of Neo-Assyrian imperial building projects. Our first aim is to discuss the realities of construction work in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, focusing on the building process both through literary sources and archaeological data. Our second goal is to understand the role played by these building sites in the strengthening of local and supra-local political orders, in the consolidation of social group boundaries, and in the construction of political subjectivities of the ancient social actors involved. Our reflection sheds light on the new interpretative possibilities – and challenges – that integrating social theories, archaeological work, and language technology may create.
History of Asia, Oriental languages and literatures
Background and objective An increasing trend of asthma prevalence was observed in Asia; however, contributions of environmental and host-related risk factors to the development of this disease remain uncertain. This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis for asthma-associated risk factors reported in Asia. Methods We systematically searched three public databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus) in Feb 2021. We only included articles that reported environmental and host-related risk factors associated with asthma in the Asian population. Random-effect meta-analyses were conducted for frequently reported asthma-associated risk factors to provide an overall risk estimate of asthma development. Results Of 4030 records obtained from public databases, 289 articles were selected for review. The most frequently reported asthma-associated risk factor was the family history of allergy-related conditions. The random-effect asthma risk estimates (pooled odds ratio, OR ) were 4.66 (95% confidence interval ( CI ): 3.73–5.82) for the family history of asthma, 3.50 (95% CI : 2.62–4.67) for the family history of atopy, 3.57 (95% CI : 3.03–4.22) for the family history of any allergic diseases, 1.96 (95% CI : 1.47–2.61) for the family history of allergic rhinitis, and 2.75 (95% CI : 1.12–6.76) for the family history of atopic dermatitis. For housing-related factors, including the presence of mold, mold spots, mold odor, cockroach, water damage, and incense burning, the random-effect pooled OR ranged from 1.43 to 1.73. Other risk factors with significant pooled OR for asthma development included male gender (1.30, 95% CI : 1.23–1.38), cigarette smoke exposure (1.44, 95% CI : 1.30–1.60), cigarette smoking (1.66, 95% CI : 1.44–1.90), body mass index ( BMI )–related parameters (pooled OR ranged from 1.06 to 2.02), various types of air pollution (NO 2 , PM10, and O 3 ; pooled OR ranged from 1.03 to 1.22), and pre- and perinatal factors (low birth weight, preterm birth, and cesarean section; pooled OR ranged from 1.14 to 1.32). Conclusions The family history of asthma was the most frequently reported risk factor for asthma development in Asia with the highest risk estimate for asthma development. This suggests a major role of the genetic component in asthma pathogenesis. Further study on asthma genetics is required to improve the current understanding of asthma etiology.
Цель статьи — введение в научный оборот сведений по истории этнографического изучения монгольских народов. В 2019 г. в журнале «Монголоведение» были опубликованы страницы дневника этнографического отряда Советско-монгольской комплексной историко-культурной экспедиции, относившиеся к 1969 г. — первому сезону ее работы в Монголии. Данная публикация продолжает дневниковые записи этнографического отряда, теперь это полевой сезон следующего, 1970-го, года, в них идет речь о встречах с учеными разных стран в Улан-Баторе, о работе в центральных аймаках Монголии.
History of Asia, Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)
Summaira Riaz, Gabriella De Lorenzis, Dianne Velasco
et al.
Abstract Background The mountainous region between the Caucasus and China is considered to be the center of domestication for grapevine. Despite the importance of Central Asia in the history of grape growing, information about the extent and distribution of grape genetic variation in this region is limited in comparison to wild and cultivated grapevines from around the Mediterranean basin. The principal goal of this work was to survey the genetic diversity and relationships among wild and cultivated grape germplasm from the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean basin collectively to understand gene flow, possible domestication events and adaptive introgression. Results A total of 1378 wild and cultivated grapevines collected around the Mediterranean basin and from Central Asia were tested with a set of 20 nuclear SSR markers. Genetic data were analyzed (Cluster analysis, Principal Coordinate Analysis and STRUCTURE) to identify groups, and the results were validated by Nei’s genetic distance, pairwise FST analysis and assignment tests. All of these analyses identified three genetic groups: G1, wild accessions from Croatia, France, Italy and Spain; G2, wild accessions from Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia; and G3, cultivars from Spain, France, Italy, Georgia, Iran, Pakistan and Turkmenistan, which included a small group of wild accessions from Georgia and Croatia. Wild accessions from Georgia clustered with cultivated grape from the same area (proles pontica), but also with Western Europe (proles occidentalis), supporting Georgia as the ancient center of grapevine domestication. In addition, cluster analysis indicated that Western European wild grapes grouped with cultivated grapes from the same area, suggesting that the cultivated proles occidentalis contributed more to the early development of wine grapes than the wild vines from Eastern Europe. Conclusions The analysis of genetic relationships among the tested genotypes provided evidence of genetic relationships between wild and cultivated accessions in the Mediterranean basin and Central Asia. The genetic structure indicated a considerable amount of gene flow, which limited the differentiation between the two subspecies. The results also indicated that grapes with mixed ancestry occur in the regions where wild grapevines were domesticated.