This research paper analysis the homosexual marriages in the Indian context as an invisible conflict which is successfully kept under cover. It also attempts to describe and explain various aspects of Homosexuality including the evolution, the reasons, the societal attitude and reactions towards such relations. The author also draws insight from the countries where homosexual marriages are legalized and also highlights their outcome out of legalising Homosexual relations. At the end taking fair and strong arguments both in favour and in against the author concludes about the possibility of legalizing homosexual marriages in India based on empirical and theoretical facts and evidences. Homosexuality In India – The Invisible Conflict The institution of marriage in society is generally regarded as extending only to male-female relationships, although most marriage statutes use gender-neutral language. Where as, many examples of acceptance of homosexual marriages has only been recently forthcoming as society is gradually becoming more permissive. This change is reflected in the increasing number of jurisdictions, which have decriminalised such acts. However, many jurisdictions have retained their statutory prohibitions on homosexual marriages despite much criticism from groups and individuals who believe that the sodomy law is obsolete and should be repealed. Hence same-sex relationships, regardless of their duration, are not legally recognized in most countries and as a result, homosexual partners are denied many of the legal and economic privileges automatically bestowed by marital status. These include employment benefits, the ability to file joint tax returns and perhaps most importantly since the advent of AIDS -health benefits and rights arising on the death of a partner, including interstate inheritance etc. In society at large many of these benefits are available to heterosexual de facto partners, but continue to be unavailable to homosexual partners. Definition The word homosexuals literally means as ‘of the same sex, being a hybrid of the Greek prefix homomeaning ‘same’ and Latin root meaning ‘sex’. Homosexuality is a sexual orientation characterized by sexual attraction or romantic love exclusively for people who are identified as being of the same sex. People who are homosexual, particularly males are known as ‘gay’, gay females are known as ‘lesbians’. That is homosexual marriages, sometimes referred to as gay marriage, indicates a marriage between two persons of the same sex. History The earliest western document concerning homosexual relationship come from Ancient Greece, where same sex relationship were the societal norm. Even homosexual marriages have occurred with relative frequency in the past, both within Christian and non-Christian communities. Researches suggest that the Catholic Church, which has been extremely vociferous in its opposition to homosexuality in general, approved of same-sex marriages for over 1 500 years, only ceasing to perform them in the nineteenth century. In preindustrial societies also homosexuality was generally accepted by the lower classes while some members of upper classes considered it immoral. However with the rise of urbanization and the nuclear family, homosexuality became much less tolerated and even outlawed in some cases. The sexual orientation in pre modern era as depicted in love poetry and paintings and even in historic figures such as Alexander the great, Plato, Hadrian, Virgil, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Christopher Marlowe included or were centered upon relationship with people of their own gender. 1 A relationship not based on blood or marriage is not entitled for Social Security benefits under Employee Provident Fund Act, Pension Act, Workmen Compensation Act, Insurance Act, Housing Act etc. 2 Older words for homosexuality, such as homophilia and inversion have fallen into disuse. Less frequently used terms are queer, homo, fag or faggot and dyke. 3 Homosexual marriages are also known as gender-neutral marriage, equal marriage, and gay marriage. 4 http://www.ilga.info/index.html 5 findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2065/is_n1_v50/ai_20344099/pg_4 28k 6 http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/users/sawweb/sawnet/news/news337.txtg However the term homosexuality appears in print for the first time in 1869 in an anonymous German pamphlet paragraph 142 of the Prussian penal Code and Its maintenance paragraph 152 of the Draft of a Penal Code for North German Confederation written by Karl Maria Kertbeny. This pamphlet advocated the repeal of Prussia’s sodomy laws. Thus homosexuality is not a new phenomenon. Even instances of homosexuality are available in Hindu Mythology. The literature drawn from Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim, and modern fiction also testifies the presence of same-sex love in various forms. Ancient texts such as the Manu Smriti, Arthashastra, Kamasutra, Upanishads and Puranas refer to homosexuality. Also there are reports that same-sex activities are common among sannyasins, who cannot marry. Thus instances of homosexuality are available in historical and mythological texts world over and India is not an exception to this. The Cultural residues of homosexuality can be seen even today in a small village Angaar in Gujarat where amongst the Kutchi community a ritualistic transgender marriage is performed during the time of Holi festival. This wedding which is being celebrated every year, for the past 150 years is unusual because Ishaak, the bridegroom and Ishakali the bride are both men. Thus the history is filled with evidences proving the existence of homosexuality in past. Whereas in the past 10 years world over, for the lesbian and gay rights, we find that the legal initiatives have shifted from the right to be privately sexual, that is the right to have same-sex relationships at all, to the right to be individual civic subjects, protected from discrimination in the work place and in the provision of services, toward the right to have relationships given status by the law. This shift in rights-focus, from decriminalization, to civil protection, to civil recognition is, not entirely a linear one. Thus in recent years a number of jurisdictions had relaxed or eliminated laws curbing homosexual behavior. Homosexual Marriages: The Global Scenario 7 Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai (Eds.) Same Same Sex Love In India : Readings From Literature And History (St. Martin Press, 2000). 8 http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/Organizations/healthnet/SAsia/suchana/0909/rh374.html 9 Sandeep Roy Chowdhury, ‘The best of both worlds? South Asian bisexuals speak out,’ India Currents, February issue, 1996. 10 Arvind Kala, Invisible Minority: the unknown world of the Indian homosexual (Dynamic Books, New Delhi, 1994). Faced with the fact of homosexual unions, civil authorities adopt different positions. At times they simply tolerate the phenomenon, at other times they advocate legal recognition of such unions, under the pretext of avoiding, with regard to certain rights, discrimination against persons who live with someone of the same sex. In other cases, they favour giving homosexual unions legal equivalence to marriage properly so-called, along with the legal possibility of adopting children. Thus an increasing number of jurisdictions have de-criminalised homosexual acts. However, many jurisdictions have retained their statutory prohibitions on homosexual acts despite much criticism from groups and individuals who believe that the laws are obsolete and should be removed. Anyhow the last century witnessed major changes in the conception of homosexuality. Since 1974, homosexuality ceased to be considered an abnormal behaviour and was removed from the classification of mental disorder. Since then homosexuality has been de-criminalized in different countries. There are various states across the globe that enacted anti-discriminatory or equal opportunity laws and policies to protect the rights of gays and lesbians. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, progress towards and bans of same-sex marriage created a topic of debate all over the world. Currently, same-sex marriages are recognized nationwide in six countries: Netherland (2001) , Belgium (2003), Canada (2005), Spain (2005) and South Africa (2006). The state of Massachusetts in the United States also recognizes same-sex unions (although these marriages have no legal recognition at the federal level in the US). With this an estimated 155 million people worldwide, or approximately 2.5% of the world's total population, will live in places where same-sex marriage exists. Following map gives the global scenario about legalisation of Homosexual marriages. 11 http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/lgd/2001_2/narrain/ 12 http://www.fsw.ucalgary.ca/ramsay/gay-lesbian-bisexual/3ta-south-asia-homosexuality.htm 13 www.wikipaedia.com That is civil unions and other forms of legal recognition for same-sex couples, which offer most if not all the rights accorded in a civil marriage, exist in Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Israel, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Regions of Australia, and additional territories in the United States offer some rights and responsibilities as civil Unions. Even events such as Mardi Gras in Sydney, Midsumma in Melbourne, Gay and Lesbian Pride in Johannesburg, Women’s Celebration Week in Greece, and the Gay and the Lesbian Film Festival in Lisbon express the essence of being homosexual. So, world over many countries has given social and legal recognition to homosexual marriages. Where as more than 70 countries, including India, consider 14 Ibid 15 http://www.fsw.ucalgary.ca/ramsay/gay-lesbian-bisexual/3ta-south-asia-homosexuality.htm#India%20Films 16 Countries Where Homosexuality Is Legalised Greece, Green land, Guadeloupe, Gautemala, Guinea, Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Hongkong, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Isreal, Italy, Ivory Coast, M
Procopius of Caesarea traveled with the household of the general Belisarius for many years. If his Secret History is any indication, the historian gained a rich acquaintance with Belisarius’s formidable wife, Antonina. It is possible that the negative treatment of Antonina in the Secret History reflects a rivalry between her and Procopius. This competition becomes most clear when examining the moments in which Procopius becomes a participant in his own narrative of the History of the Wars, and especially in the attempt to resupply Rome (under siege by the Goths) from Naples in 537 AD. Although the historian portrays this moment, when Belisarius entrusted him with fetching reinforcements and supplies for the beleaguered Roman army, as his time to shine, Procopius was upstaged by Antonina. If there was a competition for influence with Belisarius, it seems to have been one that Antonina won handily. It is worth therefore examining the outrageous critiques of Antonina in the Secret History through the lens of a disappointed or even revengeful Procopius.
Ancient history, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
This article focuses on the 9th century accounts of Constantine I’s baptism. Sources from this period strongly reject Eusebius of Caesarea’s account of Constantine’s baptism on his deathbed and promote the tradition of the emperor’s baptism at the hands of Pope Sylvester in Rome in the early years of the emperor’s reign. The acceptance of the legend of Pope Sylvester seems to be connected with the idea of Emperor Constantine’s personal holiness in opposition to the emperors’ promotion of the emperor-priest ideal in the 8th century. However, the acceptance of the legend concerning Pope Sylvester may also be related to the perception – during the iconoclasm period – of the papacy as a bastion of orthodoxy.
Ancient history, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
In Euripides’ fragmentary Hypsipyle (frag. 752‑69 K.) the seer Amphiaraus plays many and crucial roles: he first unwittingly causes Hypsipyle’s troubles, then becomes her saviour and prevents her execution; he also acts as a messenger of Opheltes’ death; finally, he is responsible for the recognition between Hypsipyle and her two sons. In Greek tragedy there is not another character who plays so many and so important roles in the same drama: Hypsipyle’s Amphiaraus is absolutely one of a kind, a product of Euripides’ late and experimental period of activity as a dramatist. This paper aims to analyse each of the roles played by the seer in this tragedy to evaluate the uniqueness and complexity of his dramaturgical function.
Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature, History of the Greco-Roman World
The scientific linguistic understanding of adequate communication is important for implementing business projects on different aspects of economic partnership and collaboration. The article studies comparative lexical borrowings in differently structured languages: Russian, Arabic and English. Using economic vocabulary, we examine allomorphic and isomorphic features in unrelated languages based on the comparative method. The purpose of this research is to identify similar and different features in the process of lexical borrowing in the data systems of three languages. Among the main isomorphic features, the article presents the following ones: a large number of early borrowings in the economic sphere in the form of the product naming, a significant number of early borrowings in the economic sphere from Greek, Latin, French and Italian, the presence of mutual borrowings related to the group of product categories, trade relations, the presence of the international vocabulary, etc. Allomorphic features are identified in the peculiarities of assimilation of a foreign word in receptor languages, in the presence or absence of intra-linguistic borrowings, in the various adaptation differences of borrowings at phonetic, semantic, morphological levels, etc. The article focuses on the understanding of adequate ways of communication in the implementation of business economic projects, which take into account both the regulations of business companies in European countries and the requirements of partners in the eastern regions, representatives of Arab countries. Our practically oriented results can be implemented in the educational methodological literature for the professionals in economics, philologists, Russianists, Arabists, Anglicists, translators, etc.
Abstract How accessible is the field of Latin and ancient Ancient Greek languages in the Dutch education system? In recent years this discussion has resurfaced in the light of societal developments which focus on equality of opportunities.1 Moreover, our field faces the challenge to explain in both international and national discussions what makes its study so relevant in the current times, both in secondary and tertiary education.2 This article provides a short overview of the current situation of Latin and ancient Ancient Greek education within the Dutch secondary education system before looking in more detail at its impact on Dutch students. It ends with directions for improving the accessibility of the field of Classics education. In order to illustrate the functioning and consequences of the current situation, in June 2021 a large-scale survey among 1,700 Dutch students of the gymnasium (secondary education with Latin and ancient Greek) provides us with interesting experiences, biases and thoughts about the accessibility of classical education. If we believe that knowledge of the ancient languages and literatures is a valuable resource for the younger generations of our modern society and in addition we see that our field, as any field, would profit from a more diverse group of researchers and teachers, the direction for future improvements is clear; but concrete steps in that direction should be taken at various levels. With this article, I hope to contribute to such improvements to the educational system and contemporaneously to our field.
The process of Sanskrit composition which started from the Vedic period is dynamic. It is the developed form of the literary stream that has been flowing continuously for thousands of years, which is still active till the twenty-first century. Pro. In the words of ‘Abhiraj’ Rajendra Mishra-Gangev Bhuvam Paripavayate.Gaurav Mahima Sanskrit Language ||There is an inexhaustible storehouse of unique creations in this language. Not only does it hold a prominent place in world literature due to its antiquity, but due to being an incomparable means of spiritual practice, practical education and entertainment for the welfare of the people, it has gained wide fame and has also earned praise from the entire country openly. Scholars of all countries have unanimously accepted that Sanskrit is the oldest language in the world. The world's oldest book, Rigveda, is in this language. Every genre and scripture of literature is easily available in Sanskrit. Whatever genres of world literature are being written, everything is also in Sanskrit. After seeing and hearing all these things, McDonnell, Winternitz, Paul Dyson, Windish, Hertel, Max Muller, Theodore Aufrecht, H.H.Wilson, G.Grassmann, A.Ludwig, R.T.H. Griffith, Prof. Oldenburg, Longlva, Rudolf Rath, Geldner, Kaegi, Hillebrandt, Prof. Haug, Dr. Keith, Weber, R.V. Clayton, G.Gond, Louis Reno, Pichel, Colonel Jacob, G. Grasta Bloomfield, Calend, J. Scholars like Wackernagel etc. were also attracted towards it.German scholar Max Muller has said – “Sanskrit is the greatest language in the world, the most wonderful and most powerful.”Describing its importance, Sir William Jones has said – “Sanskrit is a wonderful language. “It is more complete than Greek, richer than Latin, and more refined than any other language.”
The article discusses the teaching of a number of subjects of classical studies - Latin and ancient Greek, ancient history and literature - by professors of the Demidov Higher Sciences School. The attention of P. G. Demidov to humanitarian subjects in the Athenaeum founded by him is noted (the official Latin name of the school was Athenaeum litterarum Demidowianum Jaroslaviense), as well as his personal invitations of classical philologists for teaching. The author connects the formation of P. G. Demidov’s interest to classical languages and to the sciences in general with his studies in Revel with Professor A. F. Sigismundi, about whom the article provides biographical information. The activity in Yaroslavl of classical philologists I. E. Sreznevsky, F. Schmidt and M. O. Khanenko, as well as A. F. Klimenko and S. A. Vilinsky is characterized. The content of speeches by S A. Vilinsky about the history and «successes of enlightenment» of the three ancient peoples - the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans is analyzed. It is concluded that classical studies at the Demidov School were originally an essential and very significant part of the formation of higher education in Yaroslavl.
Object: In this study, it is aimed to analyze and evaluate the dialogue “With a Patient” in the work Breve Grammatica e Dialoghi Per İmparare Le Lingue Italiana, Greca Volgare e Turca “Short Grammar and Dialogues for Learning Italian, Common Greek and Turkish Languages” (1781) written in Latin letters by an Italian writer named Bernardino Pianzola (1721-1803).Method: In the study, which was designed as a qualitative research, primarily the work of Pianzola was obtained from online open sources (Google Books, Digitalen Sammlungen). A list of disease names and other concepts identified as a result of the analysis of Pianzola's work was created. The literature on the disease names of the XVIIIth century was reviewed. Here, the present-day equivalents of the words used for diseases were found. These were finalized in the study by consulting physicians who are experts in the subject. The study, which did not require Ethics Committee approval, was conducted between February 2021 and April 2022.Results: In the dialogue "With the Patient", which the author includes under the title of "Colloquium", there are concepts related to the names of the diseases, treatment methods and the patient-physician relationship. It is seen that the author did not mention the etiology of the diseases, but made some practical suggestions for the rapid treatment of the disease. Conclusion: It is thought that Pianzola's transfer of the words related to diseases in Turkish with the eyes of a foreigner is important in terms of understanding the medical concepts and information of the period.Key Words:
Originally published in 2004 as Vocabulaire européen des philosophies: Dictionnaires des intraduisibles, the Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon (Cassin 2014a) is a rich and fascinating resource for students and researchers in such fields as comparative literature, translation studies, and continental philosophy. The paradoxical task of translating a labyrinthine work on the inherence of untranslatability to all acts of translation is not lost on the editors. Indeed, spanning more than 1300 pages in the English edition (there are others, either published or forthcoming, including in Arabic, Farsi, Romanian, Russian, and Ukrainian [Apter 2014, vii]) and encompassing a dizzying range of entries that ‘compare and meditate on the specific differences furnished to concepts by the Arabic, Basque, Catalan, Danish, English, French, German, Greek (classical and modern), Hebrew, Hungarian, Latin, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, and Spanish languages’ (Apter 2014, vii), the Dictionary’s editors underscore the quandary of seeking ‘to translate the untranslatable’ while underlining the tome’s ‘performative aspect, its stake in what it means “to philosophize in translation” over and beyond reviewing the history of philosophy with translation problems in mind’ (vii). In theory as (in) practice, the distinction marked by that difficult and generous shift into reading, or more humbly into forever attempting to read, ‘over and beyond’ matters a great deal. By pivoting from translation as a disciplinary, describable, and compartmentalizable problem or ornamental puzzle for the history of philosophy into untranslatability in translation as a foundational impasse whose terrain we witting and unwittingly traverse (or pass and repass) as we discipline our thinking, the editors alight upon yet another quandary that compromises their opening description of the volume as a ‘massive translation exercise with encyclopedic reach’ (vii). Taken to its logical conclusion, that compromise might enable rather than restrict or negate careful reading. It is a productive or enabling compromise, one that grounds our responsibility as readers, but only if we read it with requisite care. No reach, even if it extends over and beyond 1300 pages, can be truly encyclopedic on matters of translation and hence of untranslatability. An encyclopedic reach, concerning translation and the untranslatable within the compass of the world’s languages, would be impossible. There are, depending on how one counts (and for linguists, the question of
In the historiography of education, in-depth analyses dedicated to the catalogues of book collections and libraries constitute a distinct research direction. Starting from these precedents, this research approaches a source very little capitalised upon ad integrum until now, namely, the second manuscript inventory of the library of the Greek-Catholic Seminary in Blaj, probably written in the first third of the nineteenth century. It offers an opportunity to become acquainted with the works available to the teachers and students of this school, as well as providing insight into the denominational and cultural orientations that characterised ecclesiastical education in Blaj at the time of the establishment of the Episcopal Lyceum. The work concentrates on investigating the main sections of the inventory (biblical editions and commentaries, homiletics, ecclesiastical history, canon law, liturgical book, patristics, theological literature), which contain detailed descriptions of the books held there at the time in Latin, Greek, Romanian and other languages, as well as older books in Slavonic and the manuscripts kept in the library. Attention is paid to the students’ training, which was based on the tradition of preserving the Eastern rite on the one hand, and a the tendency to professionalise theological education by appealing to the models of the Western speciality literature on the other.
By outlining a brief history of a poetic sequence, non ego te, since Plautus up until Ausonius, the author demonstrates that this word order, mainly a hexameter opening, far from being casual or simply ascribable to spoken language, is deliberately employed in passages symptomatically comparable for semantics and atmosphere (touching farewells or panegyrical apostrophes), in order to charge the diction with a strong pathetic nuance.
Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
American Book Review Many are worried about the future of literature. It is a nagging worry that only seems to worsen over time. This worry comes not from those who can’t tell the difference between Dante and Dostoevsky. For them, literature is neither an object of affection nor a window to the world. It is a door within the house of knowledge that they cannot bring themselves to open. Rather, the worry mainly comes from those most familiar with literature — scholars and admirers of literature who have explored its long history dating back thirty-three centuries to the Gilgamesh epic. For them, a most fatal concern has arisen of late: the real possibility of the emergence of a post-literature era. The worry is not that there will be some massive fire like the one in Alexandria where vast amounts of literature are lost forever. Future generations will have even greater access to the literature of the world that has been passed down through the millennia. Nor is the worry that there will not be a coterie of scholars who will continue to study it for many years to come. Even the most ardent proponents of a decreased role for literature in the university do not believe that its study will or should disappear entirely. Rather, the worry is that what will happen to the study of literature is what happened to the study of Greek and Latin in the academy. Whereas a century ago, the study of classical languages was the mark of an educated person and a sign of a complete university education, today it is regarded as a non-essential, educational “luxury” item. Just as the study of Greek and Latin in the twentieth century was an expiring holdover from the nineteenth century, the study of literature might be viewed in the twenty-first century as an expiring holdover from the twentieth century. Whether it is because literature is linked to an outmoded technology or because there is less sustained reading attention or whatever, there is a strong feeling that literature is being traded out today for something different. We might disagree about the specifics of these trades, but the fact that they are being made with increasing frequency seems obvious to most scholars and admirers of literature. While some contend that declining interest in the book compared to other technologies of communication such as television, film, and the Internet is linked to the declining future of literature, there are others who lay the blame entirely within the academy. These folks believe that fifty or so years ago the academy began the process of trading literature for theory. Supposedly, there was a time before the linguistic turn when professors and students studied literature, not the structure of language. The legacies of structuralism and poststructuralism brought about a turning away from literature, and replaced it with literary and cultural theory. Last gasp efforts to purge theory from the university and recuperate literature in its wake such as postcritique and surface reading only serve to exacerbate our worries about literature lost rather than quell them. Moreover, finding a new theory to recuperate literature in the academy after it has been effectively marginalized leads some to wrongly assume that theory was the principle cause of the declining value of literature in the academy—and not something else. It is highly unlikely that “the hermeneutics of suspicion” led students to not want to study literature for nine out ten don’t even know what it is. Students learn about theory through the study of literature, and learn about literature through the study of theory. If anything, theory kept literature in the university on life-support for longer than it would have been without it. Rather, academics began the process of trading literature when the university aimed to become a vocational training center. What we traded literature for were all of those other areas of study that allegedly make students better prepared for their vocation and the workforce. Business majors had no business studying Beckett, and Montaigne and Marlow were traded for management and marketing courses. In short, the study of world literature was traded for workforce learning. Thus, for today’s average student, studying comparative literature is comparable only to seeking the most efficient means of underemployment. And in spite of the impassioned manifestos by earnest and learned literature professors that the study of literature will get you a better job upon graduation than those who don’t study literature, this is a type of argument that is always born to lose in the neoliberal academy. The rising cost of education is indeed both monetary and intellectual. Students have traded the study of literature for the pursuit of a better future through vocational training. The balance of trade regarding literature has resulted in a vicious circle where literature is increasingly diminished with each trade-off. Students don’t want to study literature because they believe it is not going to provide them with a secure financial future, and professors don’t want to teach literature because their students don’t want to study it. Few things are more painful for faculty than trying to convince students that their time and money is not being wasted through the study of topics they regard as superfluous. The rise of the neoliberal vision of the university has decimated its academic ideals and replaced them with the protocols of debt culture and market economics. While it was possible once to make the utilitarian case that studying literature provides the skills needed to be successful in your life and career, this can no longer be achieved. The professional training model of higher education which places a high value on curricular efficiency and educational instrumentality now runs deep in the veins of the public imagination. To be sure, a trade imbalance regarding literature exists in the university today. It has come about because far too many students, faculty, and administrators have chosen to trade literature and the higher aims of education away. Similar shameful trade-offs too have been made in other areas such as philosophy and rhetoric. To trade away work that has been a central part of the