El propósito de este artículo es analizar Veinte años y un día, una obra singular dentro de la producción literaria de Jorge Semprún, publicada en el año 2003. Se realiza un estudio de tres temáticas claves en su producción como son la memoria, la ficción y la identidad y, al mismo tiempo, se analiza cómo estas dialogan entre sí. Se trata de la única novela del autor publicada en español, contextualizada en el ecuador del pasado siglo, y donde se combina la ficcional historia protagonizada por la familia Avendaño, en la que aún resuenan viejos traumas de la Guerra Civil, y los recuerdos del propio Semprún, introducidos por medio de la voz narrativa y del personaje de Federico Sánchez, nombre que le servía como seudónimo cuando actuaba como clandestino comunista durante la dictadura de Francisco Franco.
Romanic languages, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature
María Belén Ganchozo Basurto, Yesenia Aracely Zamora Cusme
El presente estudio se centró en analizar la relación entre la recaudación del impuesto a la renta por actividad y la eficiencia del sistema tributario en Ecuador del 2020-2023. Se utilizaron enfoques analíticos y descriptivos que incluyeron un análisis de regresión simple para examinar la fluctuación de la recaudación, la evaluación de la eficiencia del sistema tributario mediante el indicador de eficiencia, y un análisis correlacional de Pearson con una significancia del 5%. Los resultados muestran que la recaudación del impuesto a la renta durante los periodos evaluados, no mostraron variaciones significativas, aspecto que se remarca en la eficiencia del sistema tributario, el cual demostró ser eficiente, manteniendo un cumplimiento de metas de recaudación por encima del 98%, adicional, no existe relación significativa (p>0,839) entre la recaudación y el nivel de eficiencia del sistema tributario, aludiendo la influencia de otros elementos en el desempeño de las metas de recaudación.
French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature, Social Sciences
This article presents some recent trends in French historiography that concern the relationship between history and literature. Among the recent developments are “experiments” carried out by a few historians, which are characterized by an explicit determination to focus on narrative, along with a willingness to share one’s own historical subjectivity. By going through some of the examples from this approach, this article highlights how these literary reflexes make important contributions. However, it also points out the weakness of this proposed method of making history on epistemological grounds. That is, it abandons the form of historical writing that requires distance and an appreciation that history’s vocation is to propose solid but uncertain propositions (to paraphrase Zemon Davis). By insisting on emotional and sensitive understanding, the knowledge gained from these experiments only questions the scientific aspects of history and history itself. This recent trend is not exactly new, as it evidently links up with some of the consequences generated by the linguistic turn.
The production of silk, the queen of natural fibres, began in ancient China and was a well-kept secret for millennia. As silk was used for a variety of purposes, not only in making luxury clothes, wallpapers, and other expensive textile items, but also in papermaking and the production of musical instruments and fishing gear, it became a much desired commodity, which the Chinese exported along the Silk Road routes all the way to the Mediterranean. When seedlings of mulberry trees, silkworm eggs, and the knowledge of silk craftsmanship arrived in Constantinople in the 6th century, the tradition of sericulture and silk craftsmanship spread to numerous Mediterranean areas, including Greece, Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, and the Eastern Adriatic. Based on relevant literature and some previously unexplored archival sources, this paper presents the development of sericulture (cocoon or pupa production) and silk craftsmanship (making silk products) in the Eastern Adriatic region during the 18th and 19th centuries. Our research focuses on Croatia, at that time under the domination of the Habsburg Monarchy and divided into two parts – the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (with the capital in Zagreb) and the Kingdom of Dalmatia (with the capital in Zadar).
The definition of society is tight with human group-level behavior. Group faultlines defined as hypothetical lines splitting groups into homogeneous subgroups based on members’ attributes have been proposed as a theoretical method to identify conflicts within groups. For instance, crusades and women’s rights protests are the consequences of strong faultlines in societies with diverse cultures. Measuring the presence and strength of faultlines represents an important challenge. Existing literature resorts in questionnaires as traditional tool to find group-level behavioral attributes and thus identify faultlines. However, questionnaire data usually come with limitations and biases, especially for large-scale human group-level research. On top of that, questionnaires limit faultline research due to the possibility of dishonest answers, unconscientious responses, and differences in understanding and interpretation. In this paper, we propose a new methodology for measuring faultlines in large-scale groups, which leverages data readily available from online social networks’ marketing platforms. Our methodology overcomes the limitations of traditional methods to measure group-level attributes and group faultlines at scale. To prove the applicability of our methodology, we analyzed the faultlines between people living in Spain, grouped by geographical regions. We collected data on 67,270 interest topics from Facebook users living in Spain, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and the United Kingdom. We computed existing metrics to measure faultlines’ distance and strenght using our data to identify potential faultlines existing among Spanish regions. The results reveal that the strongest faultlines in Spain belong to Spanish Islands (the Canary Islands and the Balearic Islands), Catalonia, and Basque regions. These findings are aligned with the historical secessionist movements and cultural diversity reports supporting the validity of our methodology.
Tianna Barber-Cross, Alessandro Filazzola, Charlotte Brown
et al.
Grazing by wild and domesticated grazers occurs within many terrestrial ecosystems worldwide, with positive and negative impacts on biodiversity. Management of grazed lands in support of biological conservation could benefit from a compiled dataset of animal biodiversity within and adjacent to grazed sites. In this database, we have assembled data from the peer-reviewed literature that included all forms of grazing, co-occurring species, and site information. We reviewed 3,489 published articles and found 245 studies in 41 countries that surveyed animal biodiversity co-occurring with grazers. We extracted 16,105 observations of animal surveys for over 1,200 species in all terrestrial ecosystems and on all continents except Antarctica. We then compiled 28 different grazing variables that focus on management systems, assemblages of grazer species, ecosystem characteristics, and survey type. Our database provides the most comprehensive summary of animal biodiversity patterns that co-occur with wild and domesticated grazers. This database could be used in future conservation initiatives and grazing management to enhance the prolonged maintenance of ecosystems and ecosystem services. Measurement(s) Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Taxon • Family • Genus • Species • Year of observation • Survey time period • Grazing estimate • Grazing species • Grazer domestication • Last grazing event • Latitude • Longitude • Elevation • Country • Number of sites • Survey technique • Survey type • Presence of wild grazers • Presence of domesticated grazers • Plant community • Ecosystem class • Fence presence • Tilled status • Herbivores present • Fertilization • Fire history • Land ownership • Year of study initiation • Year of study finished Technology Type(s) Data extraction Sample Characteristic - Organism Vertebrate • Invertebrate • Plants • Fungi Sample Characteristic - Environment Grassland ecosystem • Forest ecosystem • Shrubland ecosystem • Wetland ecosystem • Desert ecosystem • Tundra ecosystem • Coastal ecosystem Sample Characteristic - Location Argentina • Australia • Austria • Canada • China • Kingdom of Denmark • England • Ethiopia • Finland • French Republic • Germany • Hong Kong • Hungary • India • Iran • Ireland • Israel • Italy • Kazakhstan • Kenya • Lesotho • Mongolia • Kingdom of the Netherlands • New Zealand • Kingdom of Norway • Poland • Portuguese Republic • Romania • Scotland • Senegal • Republic of South Africa • Kingdom of Spain • Sweden • Switzerland • Tanzania • Tunisia • Uganda • United Kingdom • United States of America Measurement(s) Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Taxon • Family • Genus • Species • Year of observation • Survey time period • Grazing estimate • Grazing species • Grazer domestication • Last grazing event • Latitude • Longitude • Elevation • Country • Number of sites • Survey technique • Survey type • Presence of wild grazers • Presence of domesticated grazers • Plant community • Ecosystem class • Fence presence • Tilled status • Herbivores present • Fertilization • Fire history • Land ownership • Year of study initiation • Year of study finished Technology Type(s) Data extraction Sample Characteristic - Organism Vertebrate • Invertebrate • Plants • Fungi Sample Characteristic - Environment Grassland ecosystem • Forest ecosystem • Shrubland ecosystem • Wetland ecosystem • Desert ecosystem • Tundra ecosystem • Coastal ecosystem Sample Characteristic - Location Argentina • Australia • Austria • Canada • China • Kingdom of Denmark • England • Ethiopia • Finland • French Republic • Germany • Hong Kong • Hungary • India • Iran • Ireland • Israel • Italy • Kazakhstan • Kenya • Lesotho • Mongolia • Kingdom of the Netherlands • New Zealand • Kingdom of Norway • Poland • Portuguese Republic • Romania • Scotland • Senegal • Republic of South Africa • Kingdom of Spain • Sweden • Switzerland • Tanzania • Tunisia • Uganda • United Kingdom • United States of America
En medio de aparatosas y deslumbrantes ceremonias, de arquitectura efímera y pinturas alegóricas colocadas en las plazas, de una literatura rebusca[1]da y oficialista, la sociedad novohispana juraba fidelidad extrema a los gobernantes enviados desde España pero, en el fondo, esa fidelidad sobreactuada se condicionaba al compromiso de los virreyes para respetar las costumbres y mantener el orden establecido. Ese statu quo beneficiaba a un grupo privilegiado de criollos y españoles establecidos, quienes hacían toda clase de negocios al amparo de ordenanzas y reglamentos que no acataban o interpretaban a su modo para enriquecerse a sí mismos y a sus familias. Por eso, cuando el virrey marqués de Gelves intentó en 1622 poner orden en la Nueva España presionando a los jueces para que hicieran efectiva y desinteresada la justicia, combatiendo el nepotismo y la corrupción, así como el enriquecimiento desmesurado de la alta burocracia, regulando los precios de los bastimentos, limpiando los caminos de ladrones, dictando medidas para que los religiosos regulares y seculares atendieran sus jurisdicciones correctamente, se le echó encima todo el reino. Disfrazado de un tumulto popular cuyos hilos manejaban de modo encubierto los religiosos encabezados por el arzobispo Juan Pérez de la Serna, el motín de indios y negros incendió el palacio de gobierno y depuso al virrey que debió refugiarse en el convento de San Francisco para salvar su vida. Este artículo propone que la literatura oficialista de la Nueva España era hipócrita y podía ser tan venenosa en sus zalamerías como el más escandaloso de los pasquines que se pegaron en los muros del palacio virreinal.
French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature
Abstract Despite the relevant literature on the advantages of no-till (NT) management, the world area under NT is only 10% of the arable land, probably due to several limiting factors as climate, soil types, farming systems and yield. Soil conservation practices and particularly NT soil management are able to provide many ecosystem services (ESs). This paper suggests a framework to determine the area distribution of soil erosion control and food security ESs trade-offs furnished by NT, starting from the potential soil erosion and aridity index maps. The interaction between the potential soil erosion and the aridity index showed that different trade-offs and synergies of multiple ESs may occur and need to be interpreted. The yield success probability of NT with respect to CT (P(NT)) and soil erosion tolerance (SET) were considered to determine four classes of the NT adaptability index, which represent the NT ability to support multiple ESs, under the environmental condition. For 2020 as a baseline, and 2050 as a future scenario, in between latitudes 35° and 47°, an analysis was carried out, focusing on the arable lands of five European Mediterranean countries (France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain), which are potentially cropped with durum wheat. Results showed that, for the considered arable land area, under NT soil management and from a food security point of view, the potential durum wheat area, under climate change pressure, slightly increases, if residues are retained. On the contrary, if residues are removed, the potential durum wheat area is very limited for both the baseline and the 2050 scenario. The area distribution corresponding to the NT adaptability index classes could be suitable for stakeholders to modulate payments for agri-environmental measures, based on the actual provided ESs.
Literature has been especially important in the construction of human thought and development. From this perspective, ideology, as a contextual dimension of a higher order, gets into the literary text and, at the same time, becomes shaped by the genius of authors throughout the centuries. Therefore, when we face ideological social dilemmas, such as the emergence, change, perpetuation and consequences of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination on disability in our society, it is natural to question the role of the literature in the formation of foundational ideological paradigms. This article intends to marry a literary analysis with the functional linguistic approach of Appraisal –dealing with the semantics of evaluation– in order to present an initial set of ideas of our literary tradition in Galician-Portuguese medieval songs. Research goals include: the identification of (mis)representations of disability in the corpus; the detection of ideology(ies) scaffolding prejudicial representations; and the determination of the role of Galician Portuguese songs in consolidating or strengthening this type of prejudice. Results revealed this body of art presenting a misrepresentation of disabled people that, ultimately, composed a corollary of ideological heritage that have influenced the Iberian and Western literary tradition until the present time.
Romanic languages, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature
David Pattison, scholar of medieval Spanish letters, philologist, historian and teacher, died on 3 September 2018, after a debilitating illness endured with stoicism. Born inWakefield in 1942, David had a peripatetic childhood, as the Royal Navy posted his father round the country. A perceptive primary-school teacher encouraged him to apply for a scholarship to Peter Symonds College in Winchester, where he began to study Spanish. Reading French and Spanish at Exeter College, Oxford (1960–1963), he subsequently also undertook doctoral research at Oxford, supervised by Fred Hodcroft, on the forms and functions of nominal suffixes in Spanish up to 1300. That research was partly funded by his securing a De Osma studentship which enabled him to carry out work in Madrid. David and June Edwards married in 1964 and his first post was at Queen’s University Belfast (1965–1966), in the department of Spanish headed by Arthur Terry, to whom he became devoted. One other colleague in what was a very small and happy group, Nick Round, was also to remain a lifelong friend. In 1966 he was appointed to a lectureship in Oxford, assuming responsibility for tutoring students of Spanish at Merton, Lincoln, Oriel and St Hilda’s Colleges. Three years later there came election to a tutorial fellowship at Magdalen College, a post he held until retirement in 2005, whereupon he was elected Emeritus Fellow of the College. He taught widely in all aspects of Spanish, especially philology and medieval literature, although he also had a particular interest in the nineteenth-century novel. For David, teaching lay at the heart of academic endeavour, and his pupils always came first. Generations of Oxford undergraduates were grateful for his kindly guidance, his encouragement of them to think for themselves, and his continuing personal interest in them after they left university. He lovedMagdalen, where his talent for organization, skill at dealing with others, and unfailing good sense were soon recognized. He held several key posts in the College, including those of Senior Bursar and Vice-President.
ABSTRACT Donkey milk is a valuable product for babies suffering from multiple-allergies and cosmetic production; therefore, new dairy donkey farms are opening around Europe. Little information is available for farmers on sustainable production of donkey milk, including animal welfare, milk production, and processing. Targeted dissemination of information on appropriate animal management would assist dairy donkey farmers in preventing welfare problems. This research project aims to develop guidelines on good practice principles for sustainable donkey milk production. Different steps were followed to develop the guidelines: identification of key issues for dairy donkey welfare, analysing the results of previous project and the available scientific literature; systematic review research to select promising solutions for each issue included in the guidelines; stakeholder consultation, in order to increase scientific soundness and to enhance their acceptability throughout the sector; guidelines drafting and revisions by stakeholders;5. guidelines launch.The guidelines ‘Dairy donkeys: good practice principles for sustainable donkey milk production’ were launched in December 2017. They include suggestions derived from scientific literature and/or reported by internationally recognised experts. The guidelines provide clear and helpful advice on good animal management practices for anyone interested in donkey milk production. They comprise the following chapters: ‘Responsibilities’, ‘Feed and water’, ‘Housing and Management’, ‘Donkey health care’, ‘Humane killing’, ‘Appropriate behaviour’, and ‘Milking procedures’. The guidelines, translated in different languages (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Greek and Chinese Mandarin) are freely available online. Highlights The guidelines “Dairy donkeys: good practice principles for sustainable donkey milk production” are freely available online in six languages The guidelines provide clear and helpful advice on good animal management practices for anyone interested in donkey milk production The guidelines include suggestions derived from scientific literature and/or reported by internationally recognised experts
L’article porte sur des romans destinés aux enfants de 9 à 15 ans, écrits par des auteurs tels que Guido Petter, Roberto Denti, Lia Levi et Donatella Bindi Mondaini. Il se donne pour objectif de dessiner le portrait de l’enfant résistant dans la littérature de jeunesse italienne contemporaine, en interrogeant les spécificités garçon/fille mais aussi la caractéristique plus originale des groupes d’enfants. Fréquemment, dans littérature de jeunesse, l’enfant est victime de la guerre ou bien héros indéfectible, or nous assistons dans ces romans à un renversement de perspective qui permet à l’enfant de se positionner avec ses caractéristiques, qualités et valeurs propres et de rentrer tout à la fois dans le monde de la Résistance et le monde des adultes. Cette entrée en résistance sera motivée par le regard subjectif et “à hauteur d’enfantˮ que le protagoniste porte sur les événements, regard enrichi par les interventions de personnages adultes. Cette nouvelle figure de jeune protagoniste permet de transmettre à de nouvelles générations de lecteurs non seulement une connaissance historique de la période mais aussi une conscience plus précise des conséquences quotidiennes et humaines de la guerre.
Language and Literature, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature
In his novel Allah n’est pas obligé the Ivorian writer Ahmadou Kourouma tries to convey his Malinké identity in the French language through a process of malinkisation – he interlaces Malinké words, syntactic structures and rhythm with French, playing with the two codes that he masters and portraying a fresh linguistic atmosphere. Kourouma exploits the potentiality, the richness of French linguistic varieties and thus legitimises their value. In the first part, this paper tries to analyse Kourouma’s linguistic play by focusing mainly on the language of the narrator, the child soldier Birahima. The second part of the paper attempts at proving how Kourouma’s malinkisation is part of a broader and more general project of legitimisation as regards his language(s), culture, and work as a writer.
English literature, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature
<p>This paper presents an analysis of code-switching between Brazilian Portuguese and German language in two virtual communities on Facebook: <em>Brasileiros em Berlim </em>and <em>Brasileiros e Brasileiras em Berlim</em>. We have adopted the concepts of <em>durability</em>, <em>permeability </em>and <em>liminality </em>traced by Zinkhahn-Rhobodes (2015) to observe the permeability of the linguistic border between these two languages. </p>
Philology. Linguistics, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature