Hasil untuk "Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology"

J. Gumperz, S. Levinson

Siegbert Uhlig

Review

Ana Svetel, Peter Simonič

K nastanku tematske številke sta prispevali dve okoliščini. Prva je povečano antropološko zanimanje za življenjski prostor in druge vrste, ki bivajo v njem. Živali postajajo priljubljen medij in merilo človeških odnosov z naravnimi in družbenimi okolji. V zadnjih dveh desetletjih je izšla cela vrsta revij in zbornikov, posvečena vprašanjem pravic živali, njihovega umetniškega upodabljanja, reje in prehrane, organizacije vsakdanjega življenja, vzgoje ipd. Ontološki obrat je prinesel novo specializacijo – t. i. večvrstno etnografijo, ki preizprašuje osrednje mesto ljudi in predstavlja preučevanje neudomačenih (nekoristnih) ali neopaznih živalskih in rastlinskih vrst ter procesov. Izbrani naslov tematske številke revije Svetovi izpostavlja spremembe znanstvene paradigme in jih prenaša v slovensko in evropsko etnologijo ter socialno/kulturno antropologijo. Druga spodbuda za pričujočo tematsko številko je bila priložnostna in domača. V projektu Evropske noči raziskovalcev – Humanistika, to si ti!, ki ga na Univerzi v Ljubljani vodi Filozofska fakulteta, je leta 2022 osrednji tematski fokus povzemal slogan Človek, žival.

Valeria Prischepova

This article is a follow-up to a previous one focusing on the traditional attire of three lesser-known Iranian ethnic groups in Turkmenistan: Baloch, Hazara and Jamshidi of the 1920s, based on the collections of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. The Museum houses several collections of artifacts and photographs related to cultural practices and lifestyle of the so-called Iranian-speaking nomads of Turkmenistan. Those artifacts were gathered during the first Soviet ethnographic expedition to Central Asia — the Central Asian Ethnological Expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, conducted from 1926 to 1929 under the guidance of I. I. Zarubin, one of the most prominent Iranologist in Russia. Regrettably, these MAE collections are currently not widely known even among experts in this area. From March to November 1928, D. D. Bukinich and E. G. Gafferberg studied the main characteristics of women’s folk clothes of Hazara and Jamshidi in Kushkinsky District of the Turkmen SSR. Similarly, in 1929, G. K. Schultz and A. P. Bulgakov conducted research on the Baloch people, including women’s clothing, in Baýramaly, Merv, Ýolöten, and Merakh districts of the Turkmen SSR. In the 1920s women’s folk costumes of the Iranian-speaking nomads of Turkmenistan varied greatly and could convey information about the owner’s age, social and marital status. The field findings of 1928–1929 became the further development on previous studies of the material and intellectual culture of the Baloch, Hazara and Jamshidi of Turkmenistan. However, the 1920s women’s folk costumes of the Iranian-speaking peoples of Turkmenistan are still underexplored and require further research, since many questions regarding them remain unanswered.

Liubov Bosa

The aim of the research is to unveil the unique features of the cultural landscape of the village of Bobrytsia in Bucha District of Kyiv Oblast in the Cis-Irpin region, which are insufficiently described in ethnological studies. The landscape is considered as a distinctive palimpsest and a conduit of cultural memory. The local community, engaging with both traditional and contemporary forms of environmental development, serves as the focal point of the investigation. Diverse research methodologies, encompassing ethnographic and anthropological approaches, as well as the analysis of social networks and in-depth interviews with respondents, are used. Two primary groups of village inhabitants are determined in the article. It is emphasized in particular on their disparities in civic and cultural orientations. While new residents are focused on avant-garde artistic practices, involving the entire community (such as street art), organizing international plein airs, the old residents on the other hand have endeavored to pass on the local context, respect for heritage, and a distinctive attitude to the origins of the ancient Cossacks’ village. However, here traditions and avant-garde do not conflict but interact and coexist, creating a unique cultural context. An active collaboration within the community is shown towards establishing a shared platform for uniting old and new residents through ecological and cultural-artistic projects. The key themes in the local discourse are described in the text, including the visual portrayal of the village, the role of the museum, and the creation of new identities. The meaningful components of local interactions, focused on a collective vision of the cultural landscape as the primary resource for sustainable territorial development are considered. It is emphasized that while suburban villages in Irpin region may exhibit typical infrastructure, they manifest notable distinctions in community practices. The submitted experience is a revolutionary one due to the attempts of both new and old residents to cooperate actively, creating optimal mechanisms of involvement, and considering attentively local traditional eco-cultural senses.

L. Lei, Shibao Guo

Canada was the first country in the world to establish multiculturalism as its official policy for the governance of diversity. Canadian multiculturalism has gained much popularity in political and public discourses in the past 50 years, and it has also received no less criticism as to its effectiveness in addressing issues of racism. There have also been ambiguities over the meaning and intention of multiculturalism, leading to divergent understandings of multiculturalism as an ideal of inclusion and equity, on the one hand, and a mere political rhetoric, on the other. On the occasion of celebrating the 50th anniversary of Canada’s official multiculturalism policy, this article re-visits Canada’s multiculturalism by reviewing its history and ethos and critically examining its actual effects as manifested during the Covid-19 pandemic in Canada. The rise of anti-Asian racism, anti-Black racism, and anti-Indigenous racism incidents in the pandemic reveals that multiculturalism has in effect, sustained a racist and unequal society of Canada with racism entrenched in its history and ingrained in every aspect of its social structure. Multiculturalism tolerates cultural difference but does not challenge an unjust society premised on white supremacy. The anti-racism movement mobilized by racialized communities in Canada indicates that multiculturalism has failed to respond to racialized communities’ pressing demand for social change and action for social justice. The article concludes with a proposed alternative framework to multiculturalism, that is, pandemic anti-racism education model, to centre the issue of race and racism in an action-oriented, inclusive, and empowering approach toward a future of a just society.

Md. Borhan Uddin

There is a clear need for an understanding of the perceptions of climate change among those whose lives are most affected to inform national discourse and in particular, development and implementation of adaptation strategies. The paper is the outcome of a qualitative study among the local people of Charhajari, Anuliya and Nitpur unions of Bangladesh. The key informant technique, along with in-depth interview, had been exploited for gaining holistic perceptions on climatic scenario in the localities, while focus group discussion and case study were used for mapping out collective social consensus on the subject. The study has elucidated the threats climate change poses to established long-term beliefs, practices and perceptions by instigating erratic changes in weather patterns, shifting seasons, and questioning efficacy and authority of traditional interpretation of local weather. Local inhabitants have their own way of internalization and symbolic interpretation of climate induced debacles. Of the indicators demonstrating the impacts of climate change on local communities, seasonal diversity decline is central for affecting every aspects of socio-economic life including rituals and festivals. Apart from these, inhabitants have explored a number of independent and dependent climatic hazards they are under exposed. The paper concludes that experience of climate change impacts is for most cases ecosystem based but perception appears to be culturally specific.

Nisreen Al-Ahwal

This research main orientations are based on highlighting the importance of the ethnocentric approach in social studies, precisely in cultural anthropology research through its study of the lively spectacular shows. This paves the way for us to focus on its methods, objectives, and scientific and practical mechanisms. This will enable us not only to re-understand these live performative artistic phenomena but also to search for new methodological ways that make our folk cultural revolutions in line with the changes occuring in the rhythm of modern life.

B. Wiener

The article discusses why the concept of ‘ethnos’ originated in the Russian Empire, and then in the second half of the 20th century, was developed in the USSR. The revival of the concept of ‘ethnos’ in the 1940s was caused by the need to solve such an applied problem as the drawing of post-war borders in post-war Eastern Europe. Later, Soviet ethnos theorists tried to combine incompatible Marxist ideas about the social class nature of society with the idea of an ‘ethnos’, close to Weber's understanding of an ethnic group, as a group with a specific culture and identity. At the turn of the 1980-1990s discussions began about the crisis of Soviet/Russian ethnology, primarily in the explanation of ethnicity, and several theorists suggested reorienting to the constructivist approach to ethnicity, which became dominant in English speaking science. The author considers the modern constructivist approach to ethnicity to be exhausted, since it failed to explain why members of ethnic minorities often prefer to self-identify with their ethnic ancestors more than with the states of which they are citizens, despite the efforts of states to reverse this orientation. It seems appropriate to abandon attempts to tie the ethnos to the social class structure of a particular socio-economic formation, that is, to abandon the concepts of ‘nation’ and ‘nationality’ (‘narodnost’). In theoretical terms, it makes sense to rely on the criticalrealist theory developed by sociologists and representatives of other social sciences, which makes it possible to show the derivativeness of identities from structural and cultural factors and the reverse effect of identities on them. The use of the concept of ‘ethnos’ within the framework of such an approach has the advantage that it can describe the mechanism that leads to the possibility of the long-term existence of ethnic groups as important components of the social structure of society. Such a mechanism is the intergenerational transmission of ethnic identity, the core of which is ethnic self-identification, due to mono-ethnic marriages. And the most salient feature of this mechanism includes ideas of members of ethnic communities that ethnicity is associated with the ethnic origin of people and is transmitted, as it were, by inheritance from parents to children.

Thiago Camacho Teixeira

Neste artigo, busquei relações entre a subversão em artes, na transgressão como elemento da performance, com aspectos das economias locais em cultura, no espaço da escola pública, onde sou professor. No percurso de meu doutorado, construo paralelos com alguns conceitos de política cultural no sistema econômico e político vigente, chamando a atenção crítica para a arte formatada nos ambientes de educação apenas como um produto restrito a dissimular ausências e carências, a falta de acesso às ampliações de percepções estéticas, que evocam para mim um embate contra a simples reprodutibilidade de sistemas artísticos. Benhamou, no texto A economia da cultura, fala em política cultural e pública de forma que estas possam construir pontes entre a arte, tomada como uma imanência completa e total do indivíduo e sua idiossincrasia – utopias pessoais, realidades internas, ontológicas e subjetivas –, e o sistema do qual o mercado faz parte, com seus efeitos monopolistas. Desse modo, podemos mostrar um pouco sobre como estabelecer essas relações entre arte crítica subversiva, de confronto ideológico, moral, institucional, burocrático, com as políticas culturais que podem revitalizar espaços, gerar economias locais, sociais, e a geração de receitas em contato com o aspecto de mercado, sem que este absorva totalmente o ato criativo, transformandoo num produto sem história, sem vida, “sem alma”, a não ser que esse seja o objetivo da produção artística em questão.

Juan Martínez Gil

Teodora Krumova, Deyan Kolev

The article focuses on the impact of the Covid crisis on schools with Roma children/ children from vulnerable groups. It presents data from three similar questionnaires carried out by Center Amalipe among 200 schools in Bulgaria, members of the network “Every student ccan be a winner”. The articles presents how the schools managed to cope with the pandemic, adapt and find new ways of teaching during the last year and a half. It presents the position of the educational mediators and their role for preventing Roma children from additional drop out during the distance learning period.

A. R. ATLASKIROV

One of the most significant places in the social and political life of modern Russia is occupied by the politics of historical memory. After the unsuccessful attempts of the "new" Russian elite in the 90s of the 20th century to integrate the country into the culture and history of Europe, having reshaped the country on the model of Western countries, the demand for an independent path of development has matured in society. In the high echelons of power, there is an awareness of the need to consolidate society by promoting among the masses the idea of a single historical destiny of the country's peoples. Under these conditions, in all regions of the country, including Kabardino-Balkaria, the activities of state and public organizations have intensified in the direction of creating new and popularizing existing all-Russian commemorative practices designed to unite the country around a common historical memory. In the course of the study, the commemorative practices of Kabardino-Balkaria were divided into several main groups: national, republican, ethnic, religious, and commemoration of global culture. It was also revealed that globalization processes have a significant impact on the formation of commemorative practices in the republic especially among the youth. The greatest conflict potential is possessed by the ethno-national commemorative practices connected with historical experience of the titular peoples of Kabardino-Balkaria.

Claudia de Faria Barbosa, Clodoaldo Silva da Anunciação

Situações históricas produzem(iram) marcas físicas e/ou emocionais significativas na vida das pessoas que vivem(ram) no Brasil, causando desequilíbrios em toda a sociedade, com problemas sérios de convivência, sobretudo no que tange ao racismo estrutural. Com base nisso, esse estudo parte da seguinte questão geradora: considerando o Brasil um país composto por migrantes de diversas raças/etnias, por que prevalece o racismo? Para tanto possui como objetivo geral analisar a gênese do racismo a partir dos processos migratórios, especificamente, discutir legislações, mitos e costumes para compreensão do processo de racismo à brasileira que coaduna com a intenção de seu combate, analisar as situações históricas de controle de “uns” sobre os “outros” inventariados nos encontros coloniais. Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura dissertativa e configura-se como uma pesquisa exploratória. Constata-se que a gênese do racismo, subjacente às legislações, mitos e costumes pretéritos, continua a se reproduzir. Portanto, é fundamental epistemologias descolonizadoras, educação no sentido da inclusão, pertença nas representações e construções de identidades para pôr fim ao racismo estrutural e à brasileira.

Alicia Olivari Vargas

En este artículo se analiza la configuración de tramas de memoria local de la dictadura chilena y los procesos de transmisión intergeneracional vinculados a ella, a través de una exploración etnográfica realizada en la población La Aurora de Santiago de Chile. En este territorio, dicho pasado se recuerda de diversos modos, desde formas propiamente conmemorativas institucionales a otras de carácter cotidiano y fragmentado. Estas memorias interactúan teniendo efectos en la comunicación entre generaciones, adquiriendo especial relevancia a nivel local aquellos modos de rememoración más apegados a la cotidianidad y actualidad del barrio. Así, se concluye que dentro de estas tramas de memorias un rol clave lo tienen tanto el territorio, su trayectoria histórica y conflictiva, como el presente, caracterizado principalmente por su calidad de “barrio crítico” definido por el Estado.

Olga Kielak

W tradycyjnej kulturze polskiej zwierzęta z najbliższego otoczenia człowieka (bydło, konie i świnie) były towarem najczęściej kupowanym i sprzedawanym, a echa dawnych transakcji handlowych pobrzmiewają do dziś w gwarowej leksyce (por. ogonowe, rogowe, kopytkowe). Rekonstrukcja kupna i sprzedaży zwierząt domowych w polszczyźnie byłaby jednak niemożliwa bez sięgnięcia po dane przyjęzykowe (wierzenia i praktyki), które pokrywają się i uzupełniają ze zdawkowymi informacjami na temat transakcji, utrwalonymi w języku. Ze sprzedażą i kupnem zwierząt wiązał się bowiem szereg zabiegów wykonywanych przed i po transakcji, mających na celu ułatwić sprzedaż oraz zapewnić sprzedającemu i kupującemu pomyślność w hodowli. W artykule, wykorzystując metodologię wypracowaną na użytek lubelskiego Słownika stereotypów i symboli ludowych, przyglądam się kulturowym mechanizmom transakcji kupna-sprzedaży zwierząt. Ich analiza pozwala mi ukazać miejsce, jakie w świecie ludowych wartości zajmowały zwierzęta domowe.

Dorjie Banban

Finding the key to achieving harmonious co-existence among ethnic groups with different cultural traditions in a multi-ethnic state is a major problem worldwide. Qinghai is located at the intersection of the four major spheres of cultural influence of the nationalities of the Central Plains, Tibet, the Western Regions, and the Northern Grasslands, where multiple cultures co-exist, borrow from each other, seek common ground while reserving differences, thus vividly embodying the coexistence principle of “harmony in diversity.” Based on case studies on the Tibetanisation of the Han nationality, the acculturation towards Tibetan culture and Han culture, and the Islamisation of the Tibetanised Hui people in Qinghai, this paper discusses the connotation of “harmony in diversity” in the context of ethnic relations in Qinghai. The author believes that here the “diversity” indicates that every ethnic group has a stable identity related to its own ethnicity, as well as its important cultural traits, and that this identity is fully respected. What is embodied by “harmony” are the feelings of cultural tolerance and cultural sharing, which include different faith systems and cultural traditions, and peacefully coexisting in the same social space. All ethnic groups have multiple identities, mechanisms to rationally resolve conflicts, and so on. This paper explores the conditions of “harmony in diversity” in the multi-ethnic culture formed in Qinghai, and the significance of the Qinghai experience.

ETCHEMENDY, Sebastián , GIANIBELLI, Guillermo , OTTAVIANO, Juan Manuel

Existe hoy en Argentina un cuerpo importante de estudios sobre el impacto de la tercerización laboral en distintos sectores de la economía y en los trabajadores. Sin embargo, los estudios realizados desde la sociología del trabajo, y los análisis y propuestas regulatorias realizadas desde ámbitos institucionales y jurídicos, han corrido por carriles separados. El objetivo principal de este estudio es complementar ambos enfoques. Tomando como insumo los análisis recientes desde la sociología laboral, que como dato central iluminan la heterogeneidad del fenómeno de la subcontratación, el artículo realiza una propuesta regulatoria que da cuenta de esa multiplicidad de situaciones en el mercado de trabajo, y apunta a contrarrestar los niveles de precarización que la tercerización laboral conlleva hoy para grandes masas de trabajadoras y trabajadores. .

Monika Zabrocka

This article aims at presenting and discussing the outcomes from the study conducted on the impact of metaphors used in audio description (AD) on children’s understanding of the watched content and amusement at it. Moreover, the data gathered allows for estimating both the value of AD as a device supporting children’s linguistic development and the role of visual and aural stimuli in that process.

Lorène Piquerez