This study examines the use of the term “market” in Swedish from the perspective of the history of language usage. First, four modes of speech are identified: the stable, problematic, productive, and dominant market. A focus on the productive mode during Sweden’s industrial period, around 1870–1970, then guides close readings of encyclopedias and remote digital readings of parliamentary material. The results show that the understanding of the market gradually became more abstract. Additionally, an increase in the productivity of market-related compound words is observed, particularly in the context of labor markets. The study highlights how the market is construed linguistically and conceptually, and how shifts in the usage of market words reflect broader socio-economic transformations. By demonstrating the variety of alternatives in past market discourse, the analysis challenges the assumption of the market as a homogenous and timeless economic concept, thus contributing to a more nuanced historical understanding.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
Rizki Diaswari Laila Arianti, Abdul Rachmad Budiono, Mohammad Hamidi Masykur
The phrase “obligatory” in the government regulation regarding the Land Deed Official as the recipient of the protocol has significant legal implications in determining the nature of his/her obligations. The ratio legis of this phrase is important to assess whether the obligation is absolute or conditional, which affects legal certainty and uniformity of its application. This study uses a normative legal method, namely analyzing legal norms through the interpretation of relevant laws, regulations, and legal doctrines. This study relies on primary legal materials, including laws and government regulations; secondary legal materials, such as legal commentaries and scientific articles; and tertiary legal materials, including legal dictionaries and encyclopedias. Data collection was carried out through a literature study, which ensured a comprehensive examination of legal texts and academic discussions. This study aims to evaluate the extent to which the term “obligatory” imposes binding duties on the Land Deed Official in receiving and managing the protocol. The research findings indicate that the phrase “obligatory” reflects an imperative legal obligation based on the theory of legal positivism, which prioritizes compliance with written legal norms. However, from the perspective of the theory of legal certainty (Rechtszekerheid), the regulation is less clear in defining the procedural mechanism, resulting in inconsistent application among Land Deed Officials. This ambiguity poses challenges in enforcing uniform practices, potentially undermining the effectiveness of the regulation.
The article seeks to outline the activities of linguistic research centers within Polish higher educational institutions, where “Ukrainian Language and Literature” specialists are trained, Ukrainian studies disciplines are taught, and Ukrainian is studied as a foreign language. Based on the achievements of linguists, the most prominent linguistic research centers include the Warsaw center (University of Warsaw), the Wrocław center (University of Wrocław), the Kraków center (Jagiellonian University), the Lublin center (John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin and Maria Curie-Skłodowska University), and the Poznań center (Adam Mickiewicz University). These scientific centers, which advance Ukrainian linguistics, were established through the dedicated efforts of renowned scholars, such as M. Lesiv and F. Chyzhevskyi (Lublin), A. Falowski (Kraków), and D. Wieczorek (Wrocław). Their students and successors continue their legacy, including I. Mytnyk (Warsaw), P. Yuzvikevych (Wrocław), A. Dudek-Shumigai, M. Koider and M. Oliynyk (Lublin). Significant contributions have also been made by Ukrainian linguists currently working in Polish universities, such as I. Kononenko and S. Romaniuk (Warsaw), O. Beley (Wrocław), and L. Frolyak (Lublin), among others, as well as by visiting professors who promote Ukrainian scholarship internationally (e.g., P. Hrytsenko, A. Zahnitko, O. Serbenska, M. Skab). Key research areas of Polish linguists include dialectology, onomastics, terminology, the history of the Ukrainian language, lexicology, word formation, grammar, stylistics, modern Ukrainian language culture, lexicography, terminography, phraseography, ethnolinguistics, Ukrainian linguistic folklore studies, sociolinguistics, theological linguistics, comparative studies of Ukrainian and Polish languages, translation studies, and linguodidactics.
<p>After a brief introduction to encyclopedias, the explanation of lightning and thunder in well-known encyclopedias, from the works of Greek philosophers to encyclopedias of modern physics, is examined. Starting with Aristotle (who is not regarded as an encyclopedist but is very important for our topic), 10 out of more than 200 known encyclopedias are treated in some detail. This selection is certainly somewhat arbitrary, but it an attempt was made to choose encyclopedias which are highlights and which were widely circulated at their time. In antiquity and during the Middle Ages, the explanations of thunderstorms were generally quite different from the modern view, explaining, for instance, lightning as a consequence of thunder. Besides this, strange effects of lightning were often reported. Many authors of those times used the explanations of former encyclopedias, sometimes referring to earlier authors, often just plagiarizing. These ideas, unorthodox by our present understanding, persisted for almost 2 millennia in encyclopedias. From the middle of the 18th century onward, physical explanations began to emerge; these are still valid today. More and more correct details regarding lightning and thunder and the results of experiments have been reported in encyclopedias. It is also attempted in this paper to name the insights of other scientists which the authors of contemporary encyclopedias do not mention but which should have been available at the time. Finally, it is stated that, even today, several details regarding thunderstorms are not well understood.</p>
The article traces the history of library encyclopedias, focusing particularly on Ukraine. It highlights that the initial attempts to compile such library lexicons in Ukraine date back to the early 20th century, though systematic efforts in this sector only began in the second half of the century. At present, Ukraine hosts two online library encyclopedias, including the Ukrainian Library Encyclopedia and the Kharkiv Library Encyclopedia. The article examines the concept of library encyclopedistics as presented in Ukraine’s academic discourse, emphasizing its multifaceted interpretation: as a scholarly discipline (encyclopedia scholarship), a practical activity (encyclopedia assembling), and publishing achievements in the field of library science (the pool of library encyclopedias, as well as wealth of subject-specific knowledge). Additionally, the author outlines proposed pathways for Ukraine’s further advancing library encyclopedias, as well as the related scholarship. These include establishing a coordination center for library encyclopedias (library encyclopedistics) and developing a comprehensive web portal. This portal would serve as an information and search system dedicated to library science and feature reference content from both national and regional library encyclopedias.
BackgroundMany people turn to online open encyclopedias such as Wikipedia to seek knowledge about child abuse. However, the information available on this website is often disorganized and incomplete.
ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to analyze Wikipedia’s coverage of child abuse and provide a more accessible way for users to browse child abuse–related content. The study explored the main themes and subjects related to child abuse on Wikipedia and proposed a multilayer user-oriented subject schema from the general users’ perspective.
MethodsThe knowledge of child abuse on Wikipedia is presented in the child abuse–related articles on it. The study analyzed child abuse–related articles on Wikipedia, examining their history versions and yearly page views data to reveal the evolution of content and popularity. The themes and subjects were identified from the articles’ text using the open coding, self-organizing map, and n-gram approaches. The subjects in different periods were compared to reveal changes in content.
ResultsThis study collected and investigated 241 associated Wikipedia articles and their history versions and traffic data. Four facets were identified: (1) maltreatment behavior (n=118, 48.9%); (2) people and environment (n=28, 11.6%); (3) problems and risks (n=33, 13.7%); and (4) protection and support (n=62, 25.7%). A total of 8 themes and 51 subjects were generated from the text, and a user-oriented subject schema linking the facets, themes, subjects, and articles was created. Maltreatment behavior (number of total views = 1.15 × 108) was the most popular facet viewed by users, while people and environment (number of total views = 2.42 × 107) was the least popular. The popularity of child abuse increased from 2010 to 2014 but decreased after that.
ConclusionsThe user-oriented subject schema provides an easier way for users to seek information and learn about child abuse. The knowledge of child abuse on Wikipedia covers the harms done to children, the problems caused by child abuse, the protection of children, and the people involved in child abuse. However, there was an inconsistency between the interests of general users and Wikipedia editors, and the child abuse knowledge on Wikipedia was found to be deficient, lacking content about typical child abuse types. To meet users’ needs, health information creators need to generate more information to fill the knowledge gap.
Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, Public aspects of medicine
Interdisciplinary and integrated powerful knowledge (IIPK) is the outcome of integrating multiple disciplinary perspectives and approaches to tackle challenging real-world issues. Using many disciplinary fields, IIPK is essential for problem solving, innovation, and technical breakthroughs that require careful, imaginative, and innovative application of a wide range of disciplinary knowledge. It is especially relevant when addressing socio-scientific issues, which require a comprehensive understanding of scientific, social, and ethical dimensions. Collaborative and interdisciplinary work among people with diverse backgrounds and expertise is necessary to advance IIPK, including professionals from different academic fields, policymakers, stakeholders, and community members who bring various perspectives and values to the table. The co-creation of IIPK could inform policy making, support informed decision making, and lead to more comprehensive, effective, and sustainable solutions. Theoretical underpinnings and practical applications of co-creating IIPK are discussed here based on several principles with the potential to impact current practices. The co-creation and dissemination of IIPK could use multiple platforms, such as scholarly articles, encyclopedias, and media, including social media. These platforms provide scope for co-creating powerful knowledge through a people participatory approach, which would lead to changes in practices.
The article highlights the difficult and long way of preparing the encyclopedic work titled Ukrainians in China. In particular, it describes many interesting facts, starting from the conception and collection of materials that began in the 90s of the last century, to important recent archival research, the processing of which somewhat delayed the publication of this encyclopedic reference. The appearance of the encyclopedic book, which is the subject of this article, significantly fills the gap about the Ukrainians in East Asia, their political and cultural life. So, in this way, it contributes to the currently Ukrainian Oriental studies. The considered encyclopedic work is also a contribution to the development of encyclopedic practice of contemporary Ukraine.
[Стаття висвітлює непростий і тривалий шлях підготовки енциклопедичного довідника “Українці в Китаї” – від задуму й перших кроків у царині збирання матеріалів, що розпочалися ще в 90-х роках минулого століття, до важливих останніх архівних досліджень, опрацювання автором яких дещо відтягнуло друк цієї праці. Поява енциклопедичного довідника, що є предметом розгляду цієї статті, істотно заповнює прогалину про громадське, політичне й культурне життя українців у Східній Азії, доповнюючи наявні нині українські сходознавчі розвідки. Видання є також внеском у розвиток сучасної української енциклопедистики.]
One of the forms of showing respect for famous figures is burial monuments. The national pantheon (a memorial complex in the form of a single place of honorable reburial of historical figures or a symbolic space in their honor) is the pinnacle of national honoring of such personalities. There are such pantheons in various countries of the world. However, it is not yet available in Ukraine. The lack of information about the location of the graves of many prominent figures of the past prevents it from appearing. For example, nothing is known about the location of the graves of a number of prominent figures of the princely era. Another problem is taking care of burial places of prominent Ukrainians in other countries. The question of who exactly should belong to the Ukrainian national pantheon requires a wide discussion. This article describes the history of attempts to create a national pantheon in Ukraine and substantiates the potential of the planned encyclopedic reference about the burial places of famous Ukrainians (princes, hetmans and chieftains, leading cultural figures of different eras, writers, scientists, artists and other persons whose work contributed to the preservation of the national self-identification).
[Вершиною загальнонародного вшанування визначних особистостей є національний пантеон (місце почесних поховань чи перепоховань історичних постатей або символічний простір на їхню честь). Такі меморіальні комплекси існують у багатьох державах світу. Настала нагальна потреба створення його в Україні. Є низка проблем, що потребують вирішення для успішної реалізації цього проєкту, зокрема відсутність відомостей про місцезнаходження могил багатьох визначних постатей минулого. Наприклад, немає інформації про розташування могил низки видатних діячів княжої доби. Не менш важлива проблема – піклування про місця поховання видатних українців за кордоном. Широкої дискусії потребують питання, хто саме має бути в українському національному пантеоні. У цій статті висвітлено історію спроб створення в Україні національного пантеону та на прикладі вже опублікованих авторських матеріалів обґрунтовано важливість появи довідкового джерела про місця поховання славних українців (князів, гетьманів і кошових отаманів, провідних діячів культури різних епох, письменників, науковців, митців та інших осіб, чия діяльність і творчість сприяла збереженню українцями національної самоідентичності). ]
AbstractOnline informal learning and knowledge-sharing platforms, such as Stack Exchange, Reddit, and Wikipedia have been a great source of learning. Millions of people access these websites to ask questions, answer the questions, view answers, or check facts. However, one interesting question that has always attracted the researchers is if all the users share equally on these portals, and if not then how the contribution varies across users, and how it is distributed? Do different users focus on different kinds of activities and play specific roles? In this work, we present a survey of users’ social roles that have been identified on online discussion and Q&A platforms including Usenet newsgroups, Reddit, Stack Exchange, and MOOC forums, as well as on crowdsourced encyclopedias, such as Wikipedia, and Baidu Baike, where users interact with each other through talk pages. We discuss the state of the art on capturing the variety of users roles through different methods including the construction of user network, analysis of content posted by users, temporal analysis of user activity, posting frequency, and so on. We also discuss the available datasets and APIs to collect the data from these platforms for further research. The survey is concluded with open research questions.
The purpose of the article is to analyze the new edition of the encyclopedia “The Russian Language” of the point of view of the traditional Russian lexicography and terminology. The article mentions the continuity of the compilation of dictionaries of linguistic concepts, starting with the first “Grammatical Dictionary” by N. N.Durnovo. It is noted that the book under analysis differs from the previous encyclopedias, typical by genre. Attention is drawn to the role of extralinguistic factors, and above all ideology, in the formation of the system of scientific views in the Soviet era. The achieve this goal, the following methods are used: historical-linguistic, comparative, contextual, method of critical analysis, sociolinguistic method. They allowed the author to identify and characterize the most informative and valuable dictionary entries, compare them with previous editions of the encyclopedia “The Russian Language”, point out the strengths and weaknesses in the preparation of terminological material, note the urgency of new approaches in the lexicographic description of the language system. The article dwells on the concepts of the encyclopedia and the dictionary in detail. said the author speaks about the innovative nature of some elements of the book. It is stressed that the updated image of the language in the linguistic terminology and discourse of philological science of the 21st century was presented at the right time. Emphasis is placed on the unconventionality of the entires on the history of the Russian language and the depth of analytical description of parts of speech and grammatical categories in diachrony. Considerable attention is paid to the critical assessment of essays on the personalities of Russian linguists. The author of the article criticizes the inconsistency of the editorial choice of surnames, the lack of completeness of the entries and insufficient bibliographic support. The author points out obvious omissions of well-known names and inaccuracies in the description. The author argues that the concept of a terminological dictionary is anthropocentric, and that the dictionary is an independent object of research from the point of view of philological criticism of scientific knowledge. The author suggests concrete ideas to improve the structure and content of the publication. The urgency of the encyclopedia for the study and generalization of information about the metalanguage of science is emphasized. The results of the analysis can be used in the theory and practice of lexicography, in terminology, in the theory of methods of language teaching as a system of concepts that forms the philologist’s worldview.
Zhelezniak Mykola, Ishchenko Oleksandr, Davydenko Oksana
et al.
The goal of the research. This study aims to explore the encyclopedia citations in academic literature, by the case of the Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine. This suggests performing a content analysis of scholarly publications (papers, monographs, dissertations) in which their contributors refer to the encyclopedia articles. Methodology. Scholarly publications have been selected in Google Academy for the query “Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine” in Ukrainian (n=100). Citations from such publications were thematically categorized into: 1) definitions, 2) descriptions (arguments), 3) contributions of researchers (research results), 4) historical data (dates, events, and facts), 5) biographical information, 6) statistical data, 7) knowledge in encyclopedic, 8) undefined category. Research novelty. Most citations of the encyclopedia articles were identified as definitions of terms and concepts (30%) as well as descriptions of ideas, phenomena, processes, objects, etc. (22%). Less citations were categorized as biographical (12%), historical (10%), encyclopedic (7%), statistical (3%) information. In part of publications, encyclopedia articles have been cited as if these are original research (15%). In scholarly literature, examples of incorrect citations of the Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine have been also identified. Conclusions. Compilers of encyclopedias should take note of the categories of encyclopedic information of the highest citation in the academic literature (this involves monitoring the clarity of wording, scrupulous verification of the data, improving the form of presentation of such information, etc.). The results of our study apply not only to the compilers of encyclopedias, but also to any researchers who refer to paper or online encyclopedias in their works, because in the scientific literature we notice cases of improper their citation.
The article is dedicated to the study of English maritime historicisms in the modern English language. The author conducts research of English maritime historicisms aiming to prove that, firstly, they are actively used in modern English, secondly they changed their meanings and thirdly, their functions are not limited to the nominative one. Moreover, the author singles out numerous transformations that affect the meaning of maritime historicisms. The methods used by the author include: descriptive, comparative, systematizing methods and method of contextual analysis. The choice of maritime vocabulary as the material for analysis accounts for by two factors: 1) maritime affairs have always been closely associated with human activities of the British, hence, the English maritime vocabulary includes a large number of historicisms that were used to denote objects and events not existing now; 2) a considerable amount of written records where historicisms are used are still available, and on their basis maritime dictionaries which include historical terms have been compiled. The factual materials comprise numerous marine dictionaries, news columns, literary works, articles and encyclopedias. Conclusions reached by the author are as follows: English maritime historicisms form part of active vocabulary in the English language; four ways how they can change their meaning have been singled out and; apart from nominative function they perform expressive and evaluative functions as well. Theoretical and practical significance of the article consists not only in contributing to the knowledge about English maritime historicisms but also in tracing the association between Maritime History and its reflection in the English language. Moreover, the article can provide the basis for future research in discourse studies (e.g. studying the functional characteristics of historicisms in professional and non-professional communication) and terminological studies, translation of historicisms etc.
Sergey V. Lesnikov, Alexander V. Lesnikov, Gleb S. Lesnikov
et al.
In this research project, it is planned to construct an information retrieval set of academic dictionaries of the Russian language in the form of information retrieval academic vocabulary. Academic dictionaries of the Russian language is developed in the form of hypertext information retrieval system in a nonlinear form, taking into account the relational, hierarchical and network paradigmatic relations through the implementation of syntagmatic relations in an interactive mode on a personal computer digitized academic dictionaries of the Russian language, which will allow on the basis of digital technology through appropriate classification and systematization of dictionaries, reference books and encyclopedias of the Russian language to combine lexicographic materials, to ensure their rapid entry into scientific circulation - to optimize scientific research in modern lexicography.
Relevance of operation is caused by need of generalization of scientific results for the purpose of determination of the priority directions of research in the specified area.
During the interstate scholarly project "Ukraine and Moldova: common historical memory, lessons and perspectives", the materials about the prominent personalities of science, culture and politics born in Southern Bessarabia was collected by the scientists from Ukraine, Moldova, Bulgaria. As a result, it was prepared and published a bilingual (Ukrainian – English) encyclopedic dictionary based on these collected materials. The encyclopedic dictionary is a unique example of cooperation between the scientists from several countries. It aims to stimulate a sense of pride among the younger generation, as well as to introduce people of different countries to our famous countrymen. This article provides background information on how to prepare this encyclopedic dictionary and highlights its content.