Hasil untuk "Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering"

L. Vandersypen, H. Bluhm, J. Clarke et al.

Semiconductor spins are one of the few qubit realizations that remain a serious candidate for the implementation of large-scale quantum circuits. Excellent scalability is often argued for spin qubits defined by lithography and controlled via electrical signals, based on the success of conventional semiconductor integrated circuits. However, the wiring and interconnect requirements for quantum circuits are completely different from those for classical circuits, as individual direct current, pulsed and in some cases microwave control signals need to be routed from external sources to every qubit. This is further complicated by the requirement that these spin qubits currently operate at temperatures below 100 mK. Here, we review several strategies that are considered to address this crucial challenge in scaling quantum circuits based on electron spin qubits. Key assets of spin qubits include the potential to operate at 1 to 4 K, the high density of quantum dots or donors combined with possibilities to space them apart as needed, the extremely long-spin coherence times, and the rich options for integration with classical electronics based on the same technology.

Al Muttakin, Saikat Mondal, Chanchal K. Roy

Replication packages are crucial for enabling transparency, validation, and reuse in software engineering (SE) research. While artifact sharing is now a standard practice and even expected at premier SE venues such as ICSE, the practical usability of these replication packages remain underexplored. In particular, there is a marked lack of studies that comprehensively examine the executability and reproducibility of replication packages in SE research. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap by evaluating 100 replication packages published in ICSE proceedings over the past decade (2015 - 2024). We assess the (1) executability of the replication packages, (2) efforts and modifications required to execute them, (3) challenges that prevent executability, and (4) reproducibility of the original findings for those that are executable. We spent approximately 650 person-hours in total to execute the artifacts and reproduce the study findings. Our analysis shows that only 40 of the 100 evaluated artifacts were fully executable. Among these, 32.5% ran without any modification. However, even executable artifacts required varying levels of effort: 17.5% required low effort, while 82.5% required moderate to high effort to execute successfully. We identified five common types of modifications and 13 challenges that lead to execution failure, encompassing environmental, documentation, and structural issues. Among the executable artifacts, only 35% (14 out of 40) reproduced the original results. These findings highlight a notable gap between artifact availability, executability, and reproducibility. Our study proposes three actionable guidelines to improve the preparation, documentation, and review of research artifacts, thereby strengthening the rigor and sustainability of open science practices in SE research.

V. Luzhetsky, M. Tsikhotskyi

In the conditions of processing large amounts of graphic data, the task arises of developing a reliable image encryption scheme with reduced computing costs. The purpose of the study was to develop a deterministic scheme for encrypting and evenly distributing vectorised images using a shift register with linear feedback and counters. Methods of research included converting a pixel matrix to a sequence of bytes using a row-wise traversal rule, splitting the index space into equal subranges, generating pseudo-random indexes based on shift register states, and using reversible counters. The results of statistical testing demonstrate the stable characteristics of the proposed image encryption method. Encrypted test images were also evaluated for attack resistance by determining correlation coefficients between the incoming image and the encrypted one. In particular, for coloured images with a size of 512 × 512, when divided into eight subranges, the number of pixel change rate reached 99.61%, and the unified average intensity of pixel change was 32.28%, which corresponds to the upper cluster of estimates of advanced methods. The entropy of encrypted data was close to the theoretical maximum of 7.999, and the correlation between neighbouring pixels was significantly reduced and approaches zero values. Image distribution and restoration was performed without errors. The algorithm was characterised by low computational costs. The practical significance of the study consisted in ensuring reproducibility of the distribution and high cryptographic stability using mathematically simple operations, pseudo-randomness, and expanding the image encryption space to the full volume, making the proposed approach suitable for systems requiring accurate recovery and operating under limited computational resources

The CMS collaboration, A. Tumasyan, W. Adam et al.

Longjian Piao, Laurens de Vries, Mathijs de Weerdt et al.

Future energy markets for low voltage AC and DC distribution systems will facilitate prosumer participation in the market. To comply with market regulations and grid constraints, a tailored market design reflecting (DC) operational requirements is needed. Our previous work identified a locational energy market design. However, its real-life implementation faces challenges due to uncertainties in system operation, prosumer preferences, and bidding strategies. This article tests the market design under uncertain scenarios. To this end, we develop an agent-based model that simulates typical electric vehicle user preferences and bidding strategies, influenced by varying degrees of range anxiety. The market design is tested in challenging scenarios with a high share of solar panels and electric vehicles, modelled using the high-resolution Pecan Street database. Simulations indicate that the proposed market design maintains both economic efficiency and system reliability under real-life uncertainties. This in turn indicates the practical feasibility of locational energy markets in helping to integrate renewable generation sources and bidirectional power flows.

Li Zhou, Qing Liu, Zehui Fang et al.

The single-function agents with wide-spectrum activity which tend to disturb the ecological balance of oral cavity cannot satisfy dental treatment need. A multi-functional agent with specifically targeted killing property and in situ remineralization is warranted for caries management. A novel multi-functional agent (8DSS-C8-P-113) consisting of three domains, i.e., a non-specific antimicrobial peptide (AMP) (P-113), a competence stimulating peptide (C8), and an enhancing remineralization domain (8DSS), is fabricated and evaluated in this study. The findings demonstrates that 2 μM mL−1 of 8DSS-C8-P-113 eliminates planktonic Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) without disrupting the oral normal flora. At a concentration of 8 μM mL−1, it exhibits the ability to prevent S. mutans' adhesion. Furthermore, 8DSS-C8-P-113 self-assembles a hydrogel state at the higher concentration of 16 μM mL−1. This hydrogel self-adheres on the tooth surface, resisting acid attack, eradicating S. mutans’ biofilm, and inducing mineralization in order to facilitate the repair of demineralized dental hard tissue. Its significant effectiveness in reducing the severity of dental caries is also demonstrated in vivo in a rat model. This study suggests that the multi-functional bioactive AMP 8DSS-C8-P-113 is a promising agent to specifically target pathogen, prevent tooth demineralization, and effectively induce in situ bio-mimic remineralization for the management of dental caries.

Min-Hwa Choi, Woongchang Yoon

Port congestion and prolonged ship waiting times pose challenges for global trade and increase operational costs and inefficiencies. In this study, a novel machine learning-based predictive approach was proposed to improve port operations by accurately forecasting vessel waiting times. By using a dataset of 121,401 voyage records, we evaluated nine regression models, including conventional, ensemble-based, and deep learning models. Shapley additive explanation (SHAP)-based feature selection is typically applied to enhance interpretability, and its effect is compared with principal component analysis-based dimensionality reduction and nonselection methods. The XGBoost Regressor (XGBR) is optimized using genetic-algorithm-based hyperparameter tuning, reducing mean squared error (RMSE) from 20.9531 to 19.6387, mean absolute error (MAE) from 13.6821 to 12.6753, and improving coefficient of determination (R2) from 0.2791 to 0.2949. A stacking ensemble model, integrating random forest regressor, XGBR, LightGBM regressor, and CatBoost regressor, improves performance, achieving an RMSE of 18.9023, MAE of 12.3287, and an R2 of 0.3265. ANOVA tests confirm numerous differences in model performance and computational complexity. The results demonstrated that tree-based ensemble models outperform deep learning models in this setting. The proposed approach enables proactive scheduling, reduces congestion, and cost savings. The scalability of the model renders it suitable for broad maritime logistics and intelligent transportation systems.

Soham Ghosh, Gaurav Mittal

Agentic AI systems have recently emerged as a critical and transformative approach in artificial intelligence, offering capabilities that extend far beyond traditional AI agents and contemporary generative AI models. This rapid evolution necessitates a clear conceptual and taxonomical understanding to differentiate this new paradigm. Our paper addresses this gap by providing a comprehensive review that establishes a precise definition and taxonomy for "agentic AI," with the aim of distinguishing it from previous AI paradigms. The concepts are gradually introduced, starting with a highlight of its diverse applications across the broader field of engineering. The paper then presents four detailed, state-of-the-art use case applications specifically within electrical engineering. These case studies demonstrate practical impact, ranging from an advanced agentic framework for streamlining complex power system studies and benchmarking to a novel system developed for survival analysis of dynamic pricing strategies in battery swapping stations. Finally, to ensure robust deployment, the paper provides detailed failure mode investigations. From these findings, we derive actionable recommendations for the design and implementation of safe, reliable, and accountable agentic AI systems, offering a critical resource for researchers and practitioners.

Xiaowu Nie, Ahhas Bahrami

Abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are renowned for their low density, high elastic modulus, and exceptional electrical and thermal properties. The continuously developing applications of CNTs provide higher specific stiffness and strength for composite materials. The unique characteristics of CNTs make them ideal reinforcing particles in aluminum matrix composites (AMMCs), which generally exhibit excellent mechanical properties. CNTs/AMMCs are usually prepared using methods such as powder metallurgy, casting, spray deposition, and reactive melting. The uniform diffusion of CNTs in composites is crucial for enhancing the properties of CNTs/AMMCs. The properties of CNTs/AMMCs largely depend on the content, morphology, and distribution of reinforcements in the matrix and the interaction between reinforcements and the matrix. By adding an appropriate volume fraction of CNTs, the hardness, tensile strength, compressive strength, and electrical properties of CNTs/AMMCs were significantly improved. The effects of CNT content on the mechanical properties of CNTs/AMMCs, including the tensile strength, yield strength, compressive strength, stress–strain curve behavior, elastic modulus, hardness, creep, and fatigue behavior, were revealed. The design of microstructure, optimization of the preparation process, and optimization of composition can further improve the mechanical properties of CNTs/AMMCs and expand their application in engineering. The design concept of integrating material homogenization and functional unit structure through biomimetic design of novel gradient structures, layered structures, and multi-level twin structures further optimizes the composition and microstructure of CNTs/AMMCs, which is the key to further obtaining high-performance CNTs/AMMCs. As a multifunctional composite material, CNTs/AMMCs have broad application prospects in fields such as air force, military, aerospace, automation, and electronics. Moreover, CNTs/AMMCs have potential applications in cell therapy, tissue engineering, and other areas. Graphical abstract The effects of CNT content on the mechanical properties of CNTs/AMMCs, including the tensile strength, yield strength, compressive strength, stress–strain curve behavior, elastic modulus, hardness, creep, and fatigue behavior, were revealed. CNTs/AMMCs have broad application prospects in cell therapy, tissue engineering, and other fields. Influence of the concentration of CNTs on mechanical characteristics of AMMCs.

Saidi Fayssal, Djahbar Abdelkader, Bounadja Elhadj et al.

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of control strategies for modular multilevel matrix converters (MMMC) utilizing advanced second-order sliding mode control (ASOSMC) within the context of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) applications. The research introduces a novel control framework based on the Venturini method, which, when integrated with ASOSMC, achieves a unity input power factor while generating sinusoidal phase current waveforms with markedly reduced harmonic distortion. These advancements not only enhance overall system performance but also significantly improve power quality, addressing critical requirements in contemporary electrical engineering. Additionally, the study conducts a rigorous comparative analysis between classical Proportional Integral (PI) control and ASOSMC, elucidating the substantial limitations of PI control in nonlinear environments where dynamic adaptability is paramount. In contrast, ASOSMC demonstrates superior capability in managing disturbances and nonlinearities, thereby offering enhanced reliability and efficiency for MMMC systems. The findings illustrate that ASOSMC not only addresses the challenges posed by traditional control techniques but also contributes to the development of more robust control methodologies within power electronics. By establishing a clear superiority of ASOSMC over conventional methods, this research paves the way for future innovations in control strategies specifically tailored for high-performance applications that require resilience under varying operational conditions. Ultimately, this work underscores the necessity of integrating advanced control techniques to optimize the operational capabilities of modular multilevel converters, facilitating the creation of sophisticated solutions that meet the evolving demands of electrical systems and power quality enhancement in diverse applications. The implications of these findings are significant, offering foundational insights for both theoretical exploration and practical implementation in the field.

Min Zhu, Haile Zhang, Lei Feng et al.

With technological advancements, the operational space expands into outer space. As a result, the space-based weapon “Rods from Gods” was developed, which is expected to become an important strategic force in future warfare due to its extraordinary lethality. Therefore, evaluating the destructive efficacy of this space-based weapon is necessary. Based on the available information, the space-based weapon “Rods from Gods” was reported to have a weight of several tons, a length of 6.1 m, and a diameter of 0.3 m. This study aims to calculate the penetration speed of the weapon and assess its destructive capability using software and the concept of TNT equivalent. This study primarily focuses on constructing two models: the projectile orbital and damage assessment models. In the projectile model, we used MATLAB function ode45 and developed a custom code to calculate the penetration speed of the space-based weapon “Rods from Gods,” which was determined to be 3108.00 m/s. Additionally, we used FlightGear to validate the accuracy of the results. Considering the high speed of the weapon, traditional physical methods are inadequate for evaluating the damage caused. Hence, we used the software to visualize the damage outcomes of the weapon and assess them using the concept of TNT equivalent. Furthermore, we developed two detailed models: the projectile penetration and TNT equivalent evaluation models. In the projectile penetration model, the software Ansys/le-PrePost aided us in visualizing the damage outcomes. In the TNT equivalent evaluation model, we plotted the change in the penetration depth, which measured 20.2573 m for the weapon. Additionally, we plotted the change in TNT weight, determining the equivalent TNT weight of the weapon to be 32.3289 tons. After the analysis of this study, the destructive effect of space-based kinetic energy weapon is great, and compared with nuclear weapon, there is no nuclear radiation, so it is important to evaluate the destructive effect of space-based kinetic energy weapon.

Wenjing Li, Lin Xiao, Lori Walters et al.

The high-temperature low-cycle fatigue (LCF) behaviour of Incoloy 800H and its weldments with Haynes 230 and Inconel 82 filler metals, which were fabricated with the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) technique, was investigated and compared at 760 °C. The results revealed that the Incoloy 800H weldments showed lower fatigue lifetimes compared to the base metal. However, the weldments with the Haynes 230 filler metal demonstrated an improved fatigue life at the low strain amplitude compared to both Incoloy 800H and the weldment with the Inconel 82 filler metal. The Incoloy 800H base metal showed pronounced initial cyclic hardening with hardening factors increasing with strain amplitudes. In contrast, the weldments with Haynes 230 and Inconel 82 filler metals displayed short initial cyclic hardening and saturation stages, followed by long continuous cyclic softening. The fractography and microstructure after LCF the tests were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Transgranular fracture with multiple crack initiations was the predominant failure mode on the fracture surfaces of both Incoloy 800 base metal and the weldments. TEM examination revealed that planar dislocation slips at the low strain amplitude evolved to wavy slips, eventually forming a cell structure at high strain amplitudes in the Incoloy 800H material as the strain amplitudes increased. However, the weld metal exhibited a planar slip mode deformation mechanism regardless of cyclic strain amplitude in the weldment specimens. The differing cyclic hardening and softening behaviours between Incoloy 800H and its weldments are attributed to the higher strength of the weldment specimens compared to the base metal. In the Incoloy 800H base material specimens, the reverse strains during LCF created wavy dislocation structures, which could not fully recover due to the non-reversible nature of the microstructure. As a result, cells or subgrains formed within the microstructure once created. In contrast, the higher strength of the weld metal in the weldment specimens significantly suppressed the formation of wavy dislocation structures, and deformation primarily manifested as planar arrays of dislocations.

Jian Wang, Yujia Huo, Jinli Mahe et al.

Artificial intelligence (AI) ethics has emerged as a global discourse within both academic and policy spheres. However, translating these principles into concrete, real-world applications for AI development remains a pressing need and a significant challenge. This study aims to bridge the gap between principles and practice from a regulatory government perspective and promote best practices in AI governance. To this end, we developed the Ethical Regulatory Framework for AI (ERF-AI) to guide regulatory bodies in constructing mechanisms, including role setups, procedural configurations, and strategy design. The framework was developed through a systematic review, thematic analysis, and the integration of interdisciplinary concepts. A comprehensive search was conducted across four electronic databases (PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, and Scopus) and four additional sources containing AI standards and guidelines from various countries and international organizations, focusing on studies published from 2014 to 2024. Thematic analysis identified and refined key themes from the included literature and integrated concepts from process control theory, computer science, organizational management, information technology, and behavioral psychology. This study adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and employed NVivo for thematic analysis. The resulting framework encompasses 23 themes, particularly emphasizing three feedback-loop processes: the ethical review process, the incentive and penalty process, and the mechanism improvement process, offering theoretical guidance for the construction of ethical regulatory mechanisms. Based on this framework, a seven-step process and case examples for mechanism design are presented, enhancing the practicality of ERF-AI in developing ethical regulatory mechanisms. Future research is expected to explore customization of the framework to remain responsive to emerging AI trends and challenges, supported by empirical studies and rigorous testing for further refinement and expansion.

Benjamin Decardi-Nelson, Abdulelah S. Alshehri, Akshay Ajagekar et al.

This article explores how emerging generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) models, such as large language models (LLMs), can enhance solution methodologies within process systems engineering (PSE). These cutting-edge GenAI models, particularly foundation models (FMs), which are pre-trained on extensive, general-purpose datasets, offer versatile adaptability for a broad range of tasks, including responding to queries, image generation, and complex decision-making. Given the close relationship between advancements in PSE and developments in computing and systems technologies, exploring the synergy between GenAI and PSE is essential. We begin our discussion with a compact overview of both classic and emerging GenAI models, including FMs, and then dive into their applications within key PSE domains: synthesis and design, optimization and integration, and process monitoring and control. In each domain, we explore how GenAI models could potentially advance PSE methodologies, providing insights and prospects for each area. Furthermore, the article identifies and discusses potential challenges in fully leveraging GenAI within PSE, including multiscale modeling, data requirements, evaluation metrics and benchmarks, and trust and safety, thereby deepening the discourse on effective GenAI integration into systems analysis, design, optimization, operations, monitoring, and control. This paper provides a guide for future research focused on the applications of emerging GenAI in PSE.

A. Abdelmaksoud, Asmaa Gamal, Ahmed R. Adly

Abstract The primary goals of the engineering design for nuclear reactors involve safeguarding the integrity of the reactor core. Preserving the integrity of the cladding material is especially crucial, as it serves as the initial defense against the potential dangers posed by radioactive materials. In this work, an accident analysis of core cooling pump power transients of different ratios of the nominal pump power in a typical material test reactor is conducted. Phase failure is a very common electrical fault experienced by three-phase motors. Pump power reduction can be initiated due to several causes, like phase failure, voltage reduction, winding failure, and other causes. The nuclear reactor analysis code PARET/ANL version 7.6 is used to carry out these calculations. The accident scenario began with the reactor operating steadily, then experiencing a transient in the core pump power. This caused the core flow rate to decrease and eventually stabilize at a lower level as the pump power decreased. Core cooling pump power variations ratios of 20%, 33.3%, 50%, and 70% of the nominal pump power are considered in this work. The accident analysis is conducted under the availability and unavailability of reactor safety systems. Reactor safety parameters are reported for all cases of the core pump power variations.

Krishanu Ghosal, Kishor Sarkar

R. Valov, V. Petkov, S. Valkanov

Silver coatings have a very high reflection ability. To avoid their darkening from the hydrogen sulphide in the air, a thin layer of heat-resistant colorless lacquer is applied to the coatings. Silver plating is mainly used in jewelery, optics, electronics and electrical engineering. Depending on their application the thickness of the layer may vary from 2 to 24 µm. It can be done in several ways: chemical, electrochemical, contact, etc. The most common way of silver plating is the electrochemical deposition using cyanide and non-cyanide electrolytes. The cyanide electrolytes produce light, fine crystalline, dense and plastic coatings upon silver-plating. Usually silver coatings are applied with copper or nickel intermediate layer. In order to improve the de-oxidation of the aluminum surface new chemical treatment in acid – alkaline solution was applied. Our previous research shows that the presence of diamond nanoparticles in the electrolyte increase the metal deposition. Samples were prepared from electrolyte containing 10 g/l diamond nanoparticles. Their properties were compared to the properties of reference samples. The diamonds were obtained by detonation synthesis. The aim of this study is to obtain electrochemically deposited silver layer with high density, adhesion and electric conductivity on aluminum alloys substrate. The coating was directly plated without intermediate layer. Non-cyanide electrolyte composition and electrochemical parameters were determined in order to produce Ag coatings on Al alloy substrate without intermediate layer. The coating is with good adhesion, density and thickness of 14- 23 μm.

Ozan Turhan Gündüz, Erich Leitgeb, C. Sabah

One of the challenging riddles that is set by light is: do photons have wavefunctions like other elementary particles do? Wave–particle duality has been a prevailing fact since the beginning of quantum theory thought; in electromagnetism, light is already a kind of undulation, so what about the waves of probability then? Well, Quantum Field Theory (QFT) has a rigorous explanation and supports the idea when they are considered as fields of particles via second quantization; they do have wavefunctions of probability, and it does not have anything to do with the regular oscillations. They can be related to the energy and momentum signatures of harmonic oscillations, resembling an imitation of the behavior of a classical harmonic oscillator, which then has a wavefunction to solve the corresponding time-independent Schrödinger equation. For the last half century, electrical engineering has owned the best out of these implications of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) and QFT by engineering better semiconductor techniques with finely miniaturized transistors and composite devices for digital electronics and optoelectronics fields. More importantly, these engineering applications have also greatly evolved into combined fields like quantum computing that have introduced a completely new and extraordinary world to electronics applications. The study takes advantage of the power of QFT to mathematically reveal the bosonic modes (Laguerre–Gaussian) that appear in a sub-diffraction cylindrical aperture. In this way, this may lead to the construction of the techniques and characteristics of room-temperature photonic quantum gates which can isolate photon modes under a diffraction limit.

Het Patel, Aditya Kansara, Boppuru Rudra Prathap et al.

The exponential rise in the use of social media has resulted in a massive increase in the volume of unstructured text created. This content is presented through messages, conversations, postings, and blogs. Microblogging has become a popular way for people to share what they are thinking. Many people express their thoughts on various issues relating to their hobbies. As a result, microblogging websites have become a valuable resource for opinion mining and sentiment research. Twitter is a well-known microblogging network, with over 500 million new tweets posted daily. The goal of this study was to mine tweets for political sentiments. The extraction of tweets relating to India's well-known political leaders of different states & parties in India and applying the polarity detection analysis of human behavior on the retweeted messages As a result, the sentiment classification algorithm is designed to determine whether tweets are more likely to predict the popularity of certain politicians among the general public. The subjectivity and polarity present in the tweets of political leaders are compared. The engagements of these leaders are then taken into account to determine their popularity. All these comparisons are then portrayed using data visualizations.

Andie Andie, Hasanuddin Hasanuddin

Accreditation is an assessment activity to determine the eligibility of a department and higher education. Accreditation aims to determine the eligibility of departments and universities based on criteria that refer to the national higher education standards and guarantee the quality of departments and universities externally in both academic and non-academic fields to protect the interests of students and the community. All accreditation agencies have different accreditation instruments. The scoring calculation can be done automatically through the application of the respective accreditation agency and can only be seen by the assessment team, while departments and universities cannot see it. so far, universities and departments can only calculate accreditation scores manually using the excell application based on accreditation assessment instruments and matrices. Therefore, the research team wants to create a web-based application that can calculate accreditation scores independently to calculate accreditation assessment scores quickly and accurately.