Hasil untuk "Economic geography of the oceans (General)"

Leszek Wanat, Łukasz Sarniak, Jan Sikora et al.

The study discussed the possibilities of reducing economic uncertainty under crisis conditions, as one perspective to eliminate the risk of business decisions. The solution was sought on the case of forestry-based sector in Poland, which was threatened by irregularity and permanent uncertainty. Stakeholders of the 'primary wood-based market', in the value chain: forestry - forestry services - woodworking industry, were invited to participate in a diagnostic survey, using the technique of individual in-depth interviews (IDI). The data, collected in 2020 and revised in 2024, was processed in the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Based on the AHP approach, the authors' research scenario was designed. As a result, an optimal leading anti-crisis strategy was selected, relevant to the ‘market of uncertainty’. An opportunity for the forest-based sector could be an anti-crisis co-opetition strategy, based on networking, integrating all market actors. Finally, practical recommendations for mesoeconomic sectoral policy in forestry were formulated.

Sofia Tapias Montana, Ronnie de Souza Santos

This paper investigates how software professionals perceive the economic implications of diversity in software engineering teams. Motivated by a gap in software engineering research, which has largely emphasized socio-technical and process-related outcomes, we adopted a qualitative interview approach to capture practitioners' reasoning about diversity in relation to economic and market-oriented considerations. Based on interviews with ten software professionals, our analysis indicates that diversity is perceived as economically relevant through its associations with cost reduction and containment, revenue generation, time to market, process efficiency, innovation, and market alignment. Participants typically grounded these perceptions in concrete project experiences rather than abstract economic reasoning, framing diversity as a practical resource that supports project delivery, competitiveness, and organizational viability. Our findings provide preliminary empirical insights into how economic aspects of diversity are understood in software engineering practice.

Aleksandra Bartosiewicz, Ilona Lekka-Porębska

This paper presents a bibliometric analysis and literature review of green warehousing (GW) within the context of sustainability and the energy transition. This study analyses 95 peer-reviewed publications from Scopus (2007–2024) to examine research trends, key themes, and methodological approaches. Using VOSviewer, the study identifies major clusters around energy efficiency, consumption, optimisation, and renewable energy use. Interest in GW has increased significantly since 2015, particularly in engineering and computer science, with substantial contributions from Italy, China, and India. While quantitative optimisation dominates, integrating decision-support tools, life cycle assessments, and interdisciplinary methods remains limited. Social science engagement is also lacking. The review calls for more empirical, practice-based research on warehouse technologies and intelligent energy systems within circular and green supply chain models. This study addresses a key gap by linking GW to energy-focused sustainability and offers a replicable framework to guide future research in the global green transition.

Mariusz Niekurzak, Jaromir Mysłowski , Wojciech Lewicki

The article aims to assess the possibility of using alternative fuels in the cement industry. The research focuses on evaluating the use of alternative fuels, considering their calorific value, the share of biomass content, the impact on the CO2 emission factor, and the possibility of achieving possible economic benefits. The methodology includes the analysis of production data and the calculation of savings resulting from the use of alternative fuels. On this basis, ecological aspects were also indicated that should be taken into account when analysing the profitability of the investment. The conclusions show that by using alternative fuels, CO2 emissions and production costs are reduced, while there is no negative impact on efficiency and production volume. For practice, it was important to confirm that alternative fuels can also find practical application in the cement industry, and investing in renewable energy sources by cement production plants fits into the goals and directions of development related to sustainable management of resources according to the win-win principle.

Zofia Kołoszko-Chomentowska, Marian Woźniak, Krzysztof Kud

This study aimed to assess changes in economic, ecological and emission indicators in field crop farms and dairy farms in two regions of Poland that are diverse in terms of natural and economic conditions: Mazowsze and Podlasie, and Małopolska and Pogórze. Data comes from the FADN system. The time scope of the analysis covers the years 2013-2022. The ecological assessment was carried out on the basis of the following indicators: use of mineral fertilisers and plant protection products, animal density and soil organic matter balance. The economic assessment included: net value added, income from the family farm, financial surplus, and the rate of reproduction of fixed assets. Field crop farms in both regions were very similar in terms of the analysed variables, which indicates a similar structure of crop production regardless of the region. Changes in the values of economic and environmental indicators had a similar direction. Farms from the Małopolska and Pogórze regions achieved lower economic results, but are characterised by greater environmental sustainability. Farms in Mazovia and Podlasie have shown more dynamic development, have distinguished themselves in achieving economic effects in milk production, but they are characterised by higher environmental pressure. This indicates the increasing diversity of dairy farms in Poland, and regional differences in milk production are more pronounced than in the case of field crop production.

Yufa Zhou, Shaobo Wang, Xingyu Dong et al.

Directly training Large Language Models (LLMs) for Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) remains challenging due to intricate reward modeling, dynamic agent interactions, and demanding generalization requirements. This paper explores whether post-training techniques, specifically Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR), can effectively $\textit{generalize}$ to multi-agent scenarios. We use economic reasoning as a testbed, leveraging its strong foundations in mathematics and game theory, its demand for structured analytical reasoning, and its relevance to real-world applications such as market design, resource allocation, and policy analysis. We introduce $\textbf{Recon}$ ($\textbf{R}$easoning like an $\textbf{ECON}$omist), a 7B-parameter open-source LLM post-trained on a hand-curated dataset of 2,100 high-quality economic reasoning problems. Comprehensive evaluation on economic reasoning benchmarks and multi-agent games reveals clear improvements in structured reasoning and economic rationality. These results underscore the promise of domain-aligned post-training for enhancing reasoning and agent alignment, shedding light on the roles of SFT and RL in shaping model behavior. Code is available at https://github.com/MasterZhou1/Recon .

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, the KAGRA Collaboration

The binary black hole signal GW250114, the loudest gravitational wave detected to date, offers a unique opportunity to test Einstein's general relativity (GR) in the high-velocity, strong-gravity regime and probe whether the remnant conforms to the Kerr metric. Upon perturbation, black holes emit a spectrum of damped sinusoids with specific, complex frequencies. Our analysis of the post-merger signal shows that at least two quasi-normal modes are required to explain the data, with the most damped remaining statistically significant for about one cycle. We probe the remnant's Kerr nature by constraining the spectroscopic pattern of the dominant quadrupolar ($\ell = m = 2$) mode and its first overtone to match the Kerr prediction to tens of percent at multiple post-peak times. The measured mode amplitudes and phases agree with a numerical-relativity simulation having parameters close to GW250114. By fitting a parameterized waveform that incorporates the full inspiral-merger-ringdown sequence, we constrain the fundamental $(\ell=m=4)$ mode to tens of percent and bound the quadrupolar frequency to within a few percent of the GR prediction. We perform a suite of tests -- spanning inspiral, merger, and ringdown -- finding constraints that are comparable to, and in some cases 2-3 times more stringent than those obtained by combining dozens of events in the fourth Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog. These results constitute the most stringent single-event verification of GR and the Kerr nature of black holes to date, and outline the power of black-hole spectroscopy for future gravitational-wave observations.

Andre N. Souza, Simone Silvestri, Katherine Deck et al.

Understanding subsurface ocean dynamics is essential for quantifying oceanic heat and mass transport, but direct observations at depth remain sparse due to logistical and technological constraints. In contrast, satellite missions provide rich surface datasets-such as sea surface height, temperature, and salinity-that offer indirect but potentially powerful constraints on the ocean interior. Here, we present a probabilistic framework based on score-based diffusion models to reconstruct three-dimensional subsurface velocity and buoyancy fields, including the energetic ocean eddy field, from surface observations. Using a 15-level primitive equation simulation of an idealized double-gyre system, we evaluate the skill of the model in inferring the mean circulation and the mesoscale variability at depth under varying levels of surface information. We find that the generative model successfully recovers key dynamical structures and provides physically meaningful uncertainty estimates, with predictive skill diminishing systematically as the surface resolution decreases or the inference depth increases. These results demonstrate the potential of generative approaches for ocean state estimation and uncertainty quantification, particularly in regimes where traditional deterministic methods are underconstrained or ill-posed.

Song Chen, Xinyu Guo, Yadong Li et al.

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown impressive capabilities across various domains, excelling in processing and understanding information from multiple modalities. Despite the rapid progress made previously, insufficient OCR ability hinders MLLMs from excelling in text-related tasks. In this paper, we present \textbf{Ocean-OCR}, a 3B MLLM with state-of-the-art performance on various OCR scenarios and comparable understanding ability on general tasks. We employ Native Resolution ViT to enable variable resolution input and utilize a substantial collection of high-quality OCR datasets to enhance the model performance. We demonstrate the superiority of Ocean-OCR through comprehensive experiments on open-source OCR benchmarks and across various OCR scenarios. These scenarios encompass document understanding, scene text recognition, and handwritten recognition, highlighting the robust OCR capabilities of Ocean-OCR. Note that Ocean-OCR is the first MLLM to outperform professional OCR models such as TextIn and PaddleOCR.

Zbigniew Wisniewski, Józef Kuczmaszewski, Katarzyna Halicka et al.

The purpose of the article is to demonstrate practices used to supervise the use of sewage sludge for agricultural purposes. The presented research and conclusions are a trend analysis and are not to be used to penalise entities. Sewage sludge, which comes from the illegal dumping of wastewater into municipal wastewater by industrial plants, contains large amounts of heavy metals. Treatment plants transfer the sludge for agricultural use. Regulations specifically restrict the mode and conditions for such use of sludge. Methods: the research was carried out using a proprietary questionnaire, which is a supplement to the reporting questionnaire of the National Urban Wastewater Treatment Program implemented by the State Water Company "Wody Polskie". Results: The survey was conducted at 208 wastewater treatment plants in Poland. The results show that the majority of wastewater treatment plants do not properly supervise the process of introducing sewage sludge into the soil. They also lack supervision of how much heavy metals from wastewater are introduced into the soil. This means that there is a very high risk of contamination of agricultural soils. The results obtained could initiate a detailed analysis of this phenomenon in Poland. A comprehensive study of the scale of the practice and its current effects is required to determine the actual condition of soil treated with sewage sludge.

Justyna Ziobrowska-Sztuczka, Ewa Markiewicz

The purpose of this study is to identify trends in consumer behaviour relevant to the development of the subscription economy and to identify motives and preferences of Polish consumers related to the analysed business model. The study used the literature analysis and critique method and the diagnostic survey method (N=350). The authors' study showed a high interest of Poles in the subscription model, the highest among 18-24-year-olds. At the same time, as many as 75 percent of respondents in the oldest age group (over 60 years) declared that they would like to increase their subscriptions in the future. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that Poles have a high interest in products/services in the following categories: telecommunications/TV, home services, and medical services. Concerning the identified factors influencing consumer behaviour in terms of subscription economics, the research showed that economic factors such as subscription price remain the most important for Polish consumers. The article describes the new motivations and trends behind the adoption of subscription models by Polish consumers. 

Ousama Ben-Salha, Mourad Zmami

Although there has been a substantial body of research analysing the factors influencing environmental sustainability, the role of human capital has been relatively understudied. The objective of this research is to fill this gap by examining the impact of human capital on load capacity factor (LCF) across 14 MENA countries from 1990 to 2019. The empirical investigation employs the Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) alongside a variety of second-generation panel data techniques. The empirical analysis confirms the presence of a long-term linkage between human capital and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, the MMQR suggests a negative impact of human capital on LCF across all quantile orders, indicating that enhanced human capital reduces LCF and deteriorates environmental quality. Although the detrimental effects of human capital on the environment is observed in all countries, they are more pronounced in countries with good environmental performance. Additionally, the MMQR indicates the validity of the Load Capacity Curve hypothesis within MENA countries. Finally, economic globalisation and population have detrimental impacts on the environment, whereas clean energy consumption has a positive effect. This study emphasises the necessity of increasing public awareness of environmental challenges, as well as the implementation of strategies for mitigating climate change in the MENA region.

Önder Nomaler, Bart Verspagen

We build on the interpretation of the Economic Complexity method as Correspondence Analysis (CA), and propose that the Canonical form of CA (CCA), which originated in the ecology literature, can be used to calculate multi-dimensional economic complexity. The traditional (CA) way of calculating economic complexity includes no "external" information such as countries' development characteristics to facilitate interpretation of "complexity". This has led to a wide range of fairly ad hoc interpretations of economic complexity on the basis of ex-post correlation to a long list of other variables. By the ex-ante inclusion of a number of country variables in the construction of the complexity indicators, CCA enables better interpretation, also in the case of multi-dimensional indicators. The analysis is further facilitated by another element of the ecologists' toolbox, the so-called biplots, which are CCA-based graph embeddings that represent a lower-dimensional product-space in which products and countries are positioned together, in mutual correspondence to each other. We show that in this way, CCA provides a richer account of development in many of its aspects, especially economic growth.

Javier Moreno Rico

El conocimiento que poseemos sobre las circunstancias en las que se desarrolló la vida de las tripulaciones de los buques españoles dedicados al tráfico de esclavos entre 1789 y 1870, el periodo de mayor auge, es escaso a pesar de constituir uno de los capítulos más notables de la historia social de nuestra marina mercante. Este artículo es una primera aproximación al asunto. El trabajo está estructurado en cinco partes: panorama histórico-político, magnitud del fenómeno, marco geográfico, buques y vida de las tripulaciones. El último apartado es el más extenso y para su elaboración se han utilizado fuentes documentales inéditas hasta hoy.

Brett Bochner

The curved spacetime Maxwell equations are applied to the anisotropically expanding Kasner metrics. Using the application of vector identities we derive 2$^\textrm{nd}$-order differential wave equations for the electromagnetic field components; through this explicit derivation, we find that the 2$^\textrm{nd}$-order wave equations are not uncoupled for the various components (as previously assumed), but that gravitationally-induced coupling between the electric and magnetic field components is generated directly by the anisotropy of the expansion. The lack of such coupling terms in the wave equations from several prior studies may indicate a generally incomplete understanding of the evolution of electromagnetic energy in anisotropic cosmologies. Uncoupling the field components requires the derivation of a 4$^\textrm{th}$-order wave equation, which we obtain for Kasner-like metrics with generalized expansion/contraction rate indices. For the axisymmetric Kasner case, $(p_{1}, p_{2}, p_{3}) = (1,0,0)$, we obtain exact field solutions (for general propagation wavevectors), half of which appear not to have been found before in previous studies. For the other axisymmetric Kasner case, $\{p_{1}, p_{2}, p_{3}\} = \{(-1/3),(2/3),(2/3)\}$, we use numerical methods to demonstrate the explicit violation of the geometric optics approximation at early times, showing the physical phase velocity of the wave to be inhibited towards the initial singularity, with $v \rightarrow 0$ as $t \rightarrow 0$.

Beata Karolinczak

The paper presents the methodology and results of cost-effectiveness analysis of selected methods of wastewater treatment: activated sludge and biofi lter. The analysis concerns small municipal wastewater treatment plants with capacity of 10 to 500 m3d-1 in Poland (~100 to 5000 PE). It is based on data on total investment outlays, annual operating costs and total average annual costs. It has been shown that, in the case of investment outlays, there are no statistically signifi cant differences between technologies. However, the annual operating costs and the total average annual cost of wastewater treatment are the lowest when applying the biofi lter technology. The models presented in the paper can be used for costs estimation at the initial stage of designing municipal wastewater treatment plants. The total average annual cost of wastewater treatment determines the charges for sewerage services. This charge, alongside technological and environmental factors, as well as local conditions, should be one of the criteria for choosing a method for wastewater treatment.

Wojciech Piontek

The purpose of this paper is the identifi cation and analysis of the multidimensional consequences of implementing the concept of circular plastics economy in reality. The paper presents the concept of plastics and the history of development of the plastics industry. Selected negative environmental consequences of plastics consumption were indicated. This paper shows a rationale behind and key objectives of the Strategy for the plastics in a Circular Economy. It discusses the essence and scope of circular plastics economy. The proposed instruments for implementing the concept of circular plastics economy and the consequences of their application have been characterized in an integrated way. The paper attempts to answer the question whether and to what extent EU actions contribute to solving global environmental problems (oceans pollution, chemicals contaminations of waters and soils, destruction of ecosystems and landscapes). This paper is based on literature reviews and documents published by the European Commission.

M. Mulki Mulyadi Noor

This article analyses the ups and downs of Kendari port development since 1831 until Japanese occupation ended in Indonesia. This study tries to place Kendari port as the main port with areas that become the link of traditional and modern trade routes at the east coast of Sulawesi. Moreover, Kendari has become Collecting Center port since the 16th century, therefore, the connectivity between Kendari port and other regions is quite close. This study used primary source in the form of official record of the colonial government and secondary source in the form of publication related to the topic of the study. The study found that traditionally the trade relation of Kendari port with other regions originated from two routes, namely Wawonii island and Bokori island, while in the colonial period the role of the Dutch government made Kendari as a modern port so that the port developed rapidly as one of the links for KPM shipping and trade and Bugis traders who were still active until the 20th century. This role continued in Japan, but it was no longer a trading port, but as a Japanese naval base.

Stanisław Czaja

The economic and environmental barriers belong to the important problems of present economic sciences, especially the sustainable development economy. In the article author introduced the ways of understanding of the economic and environmental barrier in the Polish literature. He also talked over the chosen conceptions of the environmental barrier, introduced by some explorers and level of investigations over this type limits in Poland.

Władysław Łuczka

The purpose of this paper is to present green economy and bioeconomy as new concepts and economic categories related to sustainable development implementation. This paper discusses the essence and scope of green economy and bioeconomy. Based on a literature review, it presents different approaches to these concepts, their sources and the nature of their relationships with sustainable development. An attempt was made to answer the question on how much do these concepts contribute (at operational level) to sustainable development objectives. The rationale behind, and key objectives of, the development strategy for the European bioeconomy were presented. This paper is based on literature reviews and international documents published by various bodies, especially including the European Commission, UN and OECD.