D. Perwej, Syed Qamar Abbas, Jai Pratap Dixit
et al.
In recent years, the Internet has become an integral element of people's everyday lifestyles all across the world. Online criminality, on the other hand, has risen in tandem with the growth of Internet activity. Cyber security has advanced greatly in recent years in order to keep up with the rapid changes that occur in cyberspace. Cyber security refers to the methods that a country or organization can use to safeguard its products and information in cyberspace. Two decades ago, the term "cyber security" was barely recognized by the general public. Cyber security isn't just a problem that affects individuals but it also applies to an organization or a government. Everything has recently been digitized, with cybernetics employing a variety of technologies such as cloud computing, smart phones, and Internet of Things techniques, among others. Cyber-attacks are raising concerns about privacy, security, and financial compensation. Cyber security is a set of technologies, processes, and practices aimed at preventing attacks, damage, and illegal access to networks, computers, programmes, and data. The primary goal of this article is to conduct a thorough examination of cyber security kinds, why cyber security is important, cyber security framework, cyber security tools, and cyber security difficulties. Cyber security safeguards the data and integrity of computing assets that are part of or connected to an organization's network, with the goal of defending such assets from all threat actors throughout the life cycle of a cyber-attack.
Abstract Animals face uncertainty about their environments due to initial ignorance or subsequent changes. They therefore need to explore. However, the algorithmic structure of exploratory choices in the brain still remains largely elusive. Artificial agents face the same problem, and a venerable idea in reinforcement learning is that they can plan appropriate exploratory choices offline, during the equivalent of quiet wakefulness or sleep. Although offline processing in humans and other animals, in the form of hippocampal replay and preplay, has recently been the subject of highly informative modelling, existing methods only apply to known environments. Thus, they cannot predict exploratory replay choices during learning and/or behaviour in the face of uncertainty. Here, we extend an influential theory of hippocampal replay and examine its potential role in approximately optimal exploration, deriving testable predictions for the patterns of exploratory replay choices in a paradigmatic spatial navigation task. Our modelling provides a normative interpretation of the available experimental data suggestive of exploratory replay. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of sequence replay, and license a range of new experimental paradigms that should further our understanding of offline processing.
The remarkable anatomical homeostasis exhibited by complex living organisms suggests that they are inherently reprogrammable information-processing systems that offer numerous interfaces to their physiological and anatomical problem-solving capacities. We briefly review data suggesting that the multiscale competency of living forms affords a new path for biomedicine that exploits the innate collective intelligence of tissues and organs. The concept of tissue-level allostatic goal-directedness is already bearing fruit in clinical practice. We sketch a roadmap towards 'somatic psychiatry' by using advances in bioelectricity and behavioral neuroscience to design methods that induce self-repair of structure and function. Relaxing the assumption that cellular control mechanisms are static, exploiting powerful concepts from cybernetics, behavioral science, and developmental biology may spark definitive solutions to current biomedical challenges.
SUBJECT & OBJECTIVES: Moral realism means that moral values are real regardless of feelings and emotions, collective agreement, and the orders of anyone. This article aims to explain the relationship between Mulla Ṣadrā's viewpoint and moral realism, as well as the influence of his thoughts on our lives. METHOD & FINDING: The research benefitted from an analytical-descriptive method. At first, by referring to all the works of Mulla Ṣadrā, his moral ontological foundations were deduced, and based on his statements and foundations, it was analyzed in an integrated manner and finally, its effect on pure life has been explained. We have concluded that based on Mulla Ṣadrā's idea, he is a realist. We can enumerate the following shreds of evidence to prove this claim: 1) The reality of the moral criterion, 2) The criticism of divine command theory, 3) The real basis of moral judgments, 4) The consequences of moral judgments, and 5) The manifestation of inner attributes. Additionally, we have demonstrated that action based on the realistic foundations of Mulla Ṣadrā will direct life towards a divine life with true happiness and will suggest a different way of life.CONCLUSION: Action based on the realistic principles of Mulla Ṣadrā will guide life towards a divine life with true happiness and will suggest a different way of life.
One of the most important factors in the successful results of electronic learning environments is the strengthening of student-content interaction. In creating this interaction structure, it is of great importance that the content used is interesting by the student. The digital transformation in the traditional publishing industry allows the use of electronic books in different formats. The possibilities brought by new technologies allow students to use Interactive Electronic Books (IEB) as an educational material, independent of time and place, through smart devices. The IEB is a program that can be accessed with new digital devices such as computers, tablets, smartphones, and students can use Augmented Reality (AR), 3D animation, video files, etc. It is a technology in which it is integrated with electronic media and technologies. The use of interactive e-books as an educational material can also enable instructors to monitor student activities on these books. This study has been developed to convey the design and development processes of IEB, AR applications in IEB and a simple LMS in which IEB can be integrated, which is thought to contribute to student-content interaction. In the study, first the theoretical approach of the integrated system, then the development processes of LMS, IEB and AR applications are presented within the framework of the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) approach.
Special aspects of education, Electronic computers. Computer science
In many practical data applications, there are often a large number of pre-processed heteroscedastic features. Discriminant analysis is a standard statistical learning method that is useful for classifying such multivariate features. It is well known in literature that the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is quite sub-optimal for the analysis of high-dimensional heteroscedastic data because of the inherent singularity and instability of the within-class variance. However, shrinkage discriminant analysis (SDA) and its variants often perform better due to its robustness against inherent multicollinearity and heteroscedasticity. In this article, we propose some newly modified discriminant classification algorithms based on the SDA and compare their sensitivities with those of other competing algorithms. The empirical application show that the proposed algorithms perform moderately well for datasets with high dimensions and unequal co-variance structures when applied to simulated and nutrition data with inherent heteroscedasticity and outliers. The sensitivity and precision of the algorithms for the target classes ranges from 70%–100%. The balanced accuracy of all the algorithms ranges from 50 to 75% for the three-class problem considered. Heteroscedastic discriminant algorithm performs moderately well with high sensitivity for classifying health data with high and low dimensions.
Marinela Mircea, Marian Stoica, Bogdan Ghilic-Micu
Most countries in the world are currently faced with a series of public procurement challenges. Moreover, the large volumes of public procurement and the impact it may have of the global economy, the environment and the society at large justify a research study aimed at achieving sustainable and smart procurement. Smart public procurement intensively relies on emerging technologies and it is both an international priority and a challenge to achieve it. This paper is aimed at addressing such procurement-specific challenges. This study reflects the current status and the trends in public procurement, as well as the manner in which Blockchain and the Internet of Things (BIoT) may lead to a beneficial change in the field. In order to analyse the impact of BIoT, we are putting forward an assessment model comprising the definition and the description of six hypotheses. They are validated both by reference to the current knowledge status and via the analysis of the data collected in a survey which was conducted in Romania. It was aimed at collecting and analysing the data from the main stakeholders as well as at formulating recommendations/actions related to the modernisation of the current system. The study uses structural equation modelling (SEM) to validate the proposed model and to establish the relationships between the adoption of BIoT and smart, sustainable and transparent public procurement. At the same time, we analyse the links between the adoption of BIoT and aspects such as corruption and fraud, the challenges related to technological integration and the need to reengineer organisations, as well as national and international policies. Following our analyses, there emerged that BIoT adoption has a positive impact on the achievement of sustainable public procurement processes (the highest effect), on transparency and the trust in public procurement, on reducing corruption and fraud in public procurement and on the achievement of smart public procurement. The paper provides theoretical and practical contributions that should support solutions to the current major challenges and represent a vehicle for innovation and sustainable development alike.