Hasil untuk "Competition"

Xiao-Ou Zhang, Hai-Bin Wang, Yang Zhang et al.

W. Oates

M. Porter

M. Bertness, R. Callaway

L. Fausett

A. Hirschman

James M. Utterback, W. Abernathy

G. Hamel, C. Prahalad

D. Sherrington, S. Kirkpatrick

D. Tilman

SM Asik Ullah

This study examines how the attitudes of local host communities in Teknaf-Ukhia, Bangladesh, have changed in response to the large-scale influx of Rohingya refugees that started in August 2017. Refugee crises, especially in developing countries, often become long-lasting, putting sustained pressure on host communities with limited resources. Using a comprehensive community survey of 6825 households conducted between 2020 and 2022, we analyzed perceptions of social, economic, and environmental changes related to the presence of refugees. Results show a notable shift in public sentiment, from initial sympathy to increased frustration and tension later on. Major concerns among host communities include forest degradation, wage competition, rising living costs, and heightened insecurity. Despite these issues, some respondents recognized benefits such as increased NGO activity, improved roads, and better access to healthcare. However, the overall perceived decline in the quality of relationships and trust between host and refugee communities highlights growing social strain. These findings underscore the pressing need for inclusive development strategies that equitably support both refugee and host populations. Policies should focus not only on meeting the humanitarian needs of refugees but also on alleviating the socio-economic pressures on host communities to foster long-term social cohesion and environmental sustainability.

Yanting Zhang, Jing Ma, Xinbo Ding et al.

AimTo explore the psychological experiences and feelings of Chinese nurses undergoing critical care specialty training, providing a reference for optimizing training models and guiding professional development.MethodsA descriptive qualitative design was adopted. A total of 20 nurses who completed critical care specialty training were selected using a maximum variation purposive sampling method (to ensure diversity in age, hospital grade, and department). Data were collected through 15 one-on-one semi-structured in-depth interviews and 1 focus group interview (5 participants). The focus group was used for data triangulation to confirm consistency with individual interview findings. Each interview lasted 30–45 min. Interview data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Colaizzi’s 7-step phenomenological method (the sole analytical framework) with NVivo 11 Plus for coding assistance.ResultsThree categories of psychological experiences with nine themes were identified: positive experiences (4 themes): perceived improvement in professional theoretical knowledge; enhanced clinical thinking abilities; expanded career planning; and experience of a comfortable humanistic environment. Negative experiences (2 themes): mismatch between training content/methods and personal needs; high psychological stress from assessments, leadership expectations, and peer competition. Mixed (ambivalent) experiences (3 themes): crowded training venues but well-equipped facilities; incomplete investment of effort during training but high satisfaction with personal performance; non-proactive participation in training but no resistance to it.ConclusionChinese critical care specialty training helps nurses perceive improvements in professional competence and career prospects, but is accompanied by unmet individual needs and psychological stress. Training organizers should design individualized curricula, increase clinical practice opportunities, and provide targeted psychological support to optimize training effectiveness.

Maria Leung, Donald Reid

Imported, non-native honey bees and bumble bees threaten native pollinators by spreading pathogens (disease and parasites) and outcompeting native pollinators for nectar and pollen. We reviewed Canadian federal, provincial/territorial, and municipal legislation to find governance requirements that potentially reduce these threats. We classified the requirements as follows: tracking the number and location of honey bee hives (registry); controlling the spread of pathogens (registry with inspections, quarantines, and cleaning regimes); controlling the competition with native pollinators (limiting shared use of space); and making regulations applicable to all domesticated bees in addition to honey bees. Policies and regulations to control the competition from honey bees are generally lacking. So, we propose the concept of “foraging leases” to manage the location and duration of honey bee apiaries on public lands. Based on the identified requirements, we recommend amendments to the legislation in Yukon Territory, a jurisdiction that still has healthy native pollinator communities that pollinate various human food and medicine crops. Recommendations include tracking hives and their pathogen status with beekeeping regulations enabled by the Animal Health Act, controlling the use of imported bumble bees with changes to the Animal Protection and Control Act and/or the Wildlife Act, and restricting use of public lands for apiaries with the Public Lands Act.

Orjan Ameye, Alexander Eichler, Oded Zilberberg

Networks of coupled Kerr parametric oscillators (KPOs) hold promise for the realization of neuromorphic and quantum computation. Yet, their rich bifurcation structure remains poorly understood. Here, we employ secular perturbation theory to map the stability regions of these networks and identify the regime where the system can be mapped to an Ising model. Starting with two coupled KPOs, we show how the bifurcations arise from the competition between the global parametric drive and linear coupling between the KPOs. We then extend this framework to larger networks with all-to-all equal coupling, deriving analytical expressions for the full cascade of bifurcation transitions. In the thermodynamic limit, we find that these transitions become uniformly spaced, leading to a highly regular structure. Our results reveal the precise bounds under which KPO networks have an Ising-like solution space, and thus provide crucial guidance for their experimental implementation.

Alla N. Golovina, Victor Ye. Kovalev, Tatyana I. Malek

Digital transformation of institutional environment, orientation towards efficiency in the state planning, processes of new industrialisation and import sub stitution, variability of consumer behaviour, tightening competition in the new geo political realities shape the context of modern production systems’ functioning. This necessitates the modification of approaches to measuring their efficiency. The paper’s aim is to model multiplier effects in complex production systems. The concept of pro duction systems’ efficiency constitutes the methodological basis of the research. The methods include systems, comparative, and regression analysis. The evidence is eco nomic and environmental indicators of Russia’s largest metals enterprises taken from the AK&M Rating Agency and the SPARK Database for 2019–2022. The multiplier effects in complex production systems represent an extensive array of effects from technological, social, environmental, digital, and economic activities which impact on businesses’ science and technology development. The obtained regression mod els of the relationship between environmental and economic efficiencies confirm the presence of the complementary effects. This underlies the original imitation model reflecting the interaction between direct and cross effects from technological, social, environmental, digital, and economic activities of an enterprise. The findings can be practical when formulating strategies for the complex production systems develop ment.

Yana Valeryevna Dyomina

Joaquín Martín Marzano-Felisatti, Rafael Martínez-Gallego, José Pino-Ortega et al.

Sports performance initiation is of significant interest in sports sciences, particularly in beach volleyball (BV), where players usually combine indoor and BV disciplines in the formative stages. This research aimed to apply an electronic performance tracking system to quantify the physical-conditional performance of young male BV players during competition, considering age group (U15 or U19), sport specialisation (indoor or beach) and the set outcome (winner or loser). Thirty-two young male players, categorised by age and sport specialisation, were analysed during 40 matches using electronic performance tracking systems (Wimu PRO^TM). Data collected were the set duration, total and relative distances covered, and number and maximum values in acceleration and deceleration actions. U19 players and BV specialists, compared to their younger and indoor counterparts, covered more distance (719.25 m/set vs. 597.85 m/set; 719.25 m/set vs. 613.15 m/set) and exhibited higher intensity in terms of maximum values in acceleration (4.09 m/s² vs. 3.45 m/s²; 3.99 m/s² vs. 3.65 m/s²) and deceleration (−5.05 m/s² vs. −4.41 m/s²). More accelerations (557.50 n/set vs. 584.50 n/set) and decelerations (561.50 n/set vs. 589.00 n/set) were found in indoor players. Additionally, no significant differences were found in variables regarding the set outcome. These findings suggest that both age and specialisation play crucial roles in determining a great physical-conditional performance in young players, displaying a higher volume and intensity in external load metrics, whereas indoor players seem to need more accelerations and decelerations in a BV adaptation context. These insights highlight the age development and sport specialisation in young volleyball and BV athletes.

Simran Sandhu, Victor Mikheev, Anna Pasternak et al.

Abstract Increasing the population density of target species is a major goal of ecosystem and agricultural management. This task is especially challenging in hazardous environments with a high abundance of natural enemies such as parasites and predators. Safe locations with lower mortality have been long considered a beneficial factor in enhancing population survival, being a promising tool in commercial fish farming and restoration of threatened species. Here we challenge this opinion and revisit the role of behavior structuring in a hostile environment in shaping the population density. We build a mathematical model, where individuals are structured according to their defensive tactics against natural enemies. The model predicts that although each safe zone enhances the survival of an individual, for an insufficient number of such zones, the entire population experiences a greater overall mortality. This is a result of the interplay of emergent dynamical behavioral structuring and strong intraspecific competition for safe zones. Non-plastic structuring in individuals’ boldness reduces the mentioned negative effects. We demonstrate emergence of non-plastic behavioral structuring: the evolutionary branching of a monomorphic population into a dimorphic one with bold/shy strains. We apply our modelling approach to explore fish farming of salmonids in an environment infected by trematode parasites.

Ignacio Crudele, Mark E. Hauber, Juan C. Reboreda et al.

Eggs are critically important for avian reproduction as all birds are oviparous. Accordingly, the recognition and care of own eggs represent the cornerstones of avian breeding, whereas the elimination of foreign objects, including brood-parasitic eggs and non-egg items from the nest are known to also increase fitness by refocusing incubation effort on the parents' own eggs. But egg recognition also plays a role in some avian obligate brood parasites' reproductive strategy through the pecking of already present eggs in the hosts' clutch to reduce nestmate competition with the parasite's own hatchling. Here we tested egg shape recognition in this parasitic egg-pecking context by exposing two different series of 3D printed models to captive obligate brood-parasitic shiny cowbirds (Molothrus bonariensis) in artificial nests. Natural egg-shaped models were pecked more often compared with increasingly thinner models, but there was no effect of increasing angularity on pecking rates, implying that a natural, rather than an artificial, range of variability elicited adaptive responses from parasitic cowbirds.

Felix Willmer, Claire Reuter, Stephan Pramsohler et al.

<b>Background:</b> Athletes often experience poor sleep quality due to stress, altitude exposure, travel across different time zones, and pre-competition nervousness. Coaches use daytime naps to counteract the negative effects of fragmented nighttime sleep. Napping before competitions has also been used to enhance performance in athletes without sleep problems, with mixed results in previous studies, particularly for endurance performance. Thus, we investigated the effects of napping after partial sleep deprivation (PSD) on endurance performance and wakefulness in athletes. <b>Methods:</b> We recruited 12 healthy and trained participants (seven female and five male) for a randomized crossover study design. The participants underwent two test sessions: a five-hour night of sleep without a nap (noNap) and a five-hour night of sleep with a 30-min nap opportunity (Nap30). Participants recorded their sleep-wake rhythm one week before and during the study using the Consensus Sleep Diary-Core and the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire to examine their circadian rhythm type. We quantified PSD and the nap with pupillography (pupil unrest index, PUI), a subjective level of sleepiness questionnaire (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, KSS), and polysomnography. After each night, participants performed a maximal cycling ergometry test to determine time to exhaustion (TTE) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO _2max). <b>Results:</b> Participants had an average sleep duration of 7.2 ± 0.7 h and were identified as moderately morning types (<i>n</i> = 5), neither type (<i>n</i> = 5), and moderately evening types (<i>n</i> = 2). There was a significant difference in both sleepiness parameters between the two conditions, with the PUI (<i>p</i> = 0.015) and KSS (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01) significantly decreased at 5 h and nap compared with only 5 h of sleep. The PUI (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01) and KSS (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.01) decreased significantly from before to after the nap. However, there was no significant difference in physical exercise test results between the conditions for TTE (<i>p</i> = 0.367) or VO _2max (<i>p</i> = 0.308). <b>Conclusions:</b> Our results suggest that napping after light PSD does not significantly influence endurance performance. We conclude that aerobic performance is a multidimensional construct, and napping after PSD may not enhance it. However, napping is an effective method to increase wakefulness and vigilance, which can be beneficial for sports competitions.