Hasil untuk "Cattle"

Maria K. Stahl, Kari E. Veblen, Tal Avgar

Abstract The popularity of the field of movement ecology has increased in recent decades in part due to advances in tracking and computing technology. However, the field still contains many knowledge gaps that will be filled not by improvements in technology, but by employing novel experimental approaches. Most animal movement studies are based on wildlife populations, where complete system knowledge and experimental control are typically minimal. Here we propose the use of rangeland-based livestock operations, where livestock range freely in large, heterogeneous pastures, as model systems for addressing outstanding questions related to the movement ecology of large mammalian herbivores. This is a particularly timely topic due to recent advances in precision ranching technology, which enable high-resolution remote monitoring (and, in some cases, manipulation) of livestock and their surrounding resources. We walk through four examples of open questions in animal movement ecology that can be addressed with rangeland-based livestock operations as model systems: (1) How does animal nutritional state affect movement patterns? (2) What are the roles of genetics vs. social learning in determining movement traits? (3) How do movement traits affect life history syndromes? and (4) How does population density affect movement traits and patterns? Rangeland-based livestock systems contain robust, readily accessible, individual-level genealogical and life history information; complete, herd-level coverage of individuals with spatial tracking and physiological monitoring devices; and opportunities for straightforward and safe experimental manipulation of population and environmental characteristics to an extent that is infeasible in wild populations. We argue that by leveraging this wealth of information, researchers can make great strides toward advancing the field of animal movement ecology.

Gunvantsinh Rathod, Suresh Sutariya, Ram Kumar et al.

ABSTRACT: Mozzarella cheese is widely used for pizza applications, and it is generally shredded either in conversion plants or in pizzerias. The shreddability of mozzarella cheese is influenced by a variety of factors, and it is critical to understand how different mozzarella cheese types and storage conditions (temperature and age) affect this property. Three batches each of 3 types of mozzarella cheese (low-moisture mozzarella [LMM], low-moisture part-skim mozzarella [LMPS], and reduced-fat mozzarella [RFM]) representing 3 different fat levels were procured directly from a commercial manufacturer and stored at 2 different temperatures (1.67 and 4.44°C) and evaluated for shreddability at 2- and 3-wk storage. Shreddability parameters such as stiction (peak force) and work of grating were significantly affected by fat content and storage time, whereas the weight of the shred obtained after each cycle was significantly affected by fat content and storage temperature. Along with shreddability, other tests, such as texture profile analysis (TPA), wire cutting, stretchability, and dynamic shear rheology (DSR) were performed to understand their relationship with shreddability. Textural parameters were significantly affected by fat content and storage time, whereas wire cutting parameters were significantly affected by fat content, storage time, and temperature. Stretchability and dynamic shear rheology parameters were significantly affected by fat content followed by storage time and temperature. Further shreddability parameters, such as stiction and work of shear had a positive significant correlation, whereas the weight of shreds had a negative significant correlation with unmelt (TPA) and melt parameters (stretchability and DSR). Overall, fat content had the greatest effect on shreddability followed by storage time and temperature. Considering the high correlation of shreddability with other textural parameters, textural parameters can be used to predict shreddability of mozzarella cheese.

Ni Made Paramita Setyani, Rudy Priyanto, Mokhamad Fakhrul Ulum et al.

This study aimed to compare the meat quality of different beef cattle breeds using ultrasound imaging. A total of 28 cattle, aged 1-2.5 years, from three breeds were analyzed: Wagyu (n=7), Bali (n=10), and Wagyu×Bali cross-breeds (n=11). Meat quality traits, including longissimus dorsi thickness (LDT), backfat thickness (BFT), intramuscular fat (IMF), and marbling score (MS), were assessed using ultrasound imaging. The association between breed and meat quality was analyzed using a completely randomized design (CRD) followed by Tukey's test. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to identify clusters of meat quality potential among the different breeds. The results indicated that Wagyu×Bali cross-breeds exhibited the highest LDT (46.380±4.770 mm), though the difference was not statistically significant (P≥0.05) compared to either Bali or Wagyu cattle. However, significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed between Bali and Wagyu cattle. For BFT, MS, and IMF, Wagyu cattle outperformed both Bali cattle and Wagyu×Bali cross-breeds, with values of 5.490±0.806 mm, 6.010±0.998, and 49.05±8.140%, respectively. The PCA revealed two primary clusters: the first cluster, comprising Wagyu cattle, accounted for 75.6% of the diversity and was characterized by BFT, IMF, and MS as key variables. The second cluster included Bali cattle and Wagyu×Bali cross-breeds, representing 21.5% of the diversity, without any specific meat quality variable as a defining marker. Ultrasound imaging effectively estimated meat quality in Bali cattle and their cross-breeds, demonstrating its potential as a tool for meat quality assessment across different breeds.

Fitriana Dewi Sumaryana, Toufiq Agung Pratomo Sugito Putra, Abdul Hakim et al.

The livestock sector has proven itself to be a crisis-resistant sector. The Ministry of Agriculture stated that the total national milk demand in 2019 reached 4,332.88 thousand tons. One of the dairy cattle center areas that has developed and become the focus of the Sumedang Regency Government is Tanjungsari District. The breeders joined the Tandangsari KSU. The supply and demand for pure milk has fluctuated at KSU Tandangsari in the last five years. The problems in the dairy cattle business at KSU Tanjungsari are currently related to production factors as inputs in the development of a dairy cattle business including livestock seeds, feed availability, land as living space for livestock, livestock production facilities (procurement of equipment and maintenance of livestock production), labor (breeders), as well as the cost of production. The goal of preparing the RIP is to formulate alternative strategies for developing a dairy cattle business. By identifying strengths and weaknesses, as well as opportunities and threats based on internal and external factors that affect the dairy cattle business at KSU Tandangsari. The strategy for developing a dairy cattle business is the S-O (1) strategy. Development of cattle population to increase production, (2). Building a place (factory) for processing dairy products, W-O strategy (1). Build a cow nursery, (2). Establishing cooperation with third parties in producing processed HPT, strategy S-T (1). Increasing the quality and quantity of beef cattle, (2). Moving the location of the fresh milk business activity center (MCU), W-T strategy (1). The application of appropriate technology is increased by breeders, (2). Establish cooperation with financial institutions in capital facilities.

PARUL, B BIST, B SHARMA et al.

Calves faecal samples (n=216) were investigated to observe the effect of seasons on the prevalence of serogroups and virulence genes of non-O157 VTEC. A total of 177 (81.94%) E. coli were isolated and 32 (14.81%) were identified as VTEC and serotyping resulted in 13 different non-O157 ‘O’ serogroups. The prevalence of serogroups and their virulence genes was found to be influenced by seasons and highest number were shed in summer (22.22%) followed by rainy (13.88%) and winter season (8.33%), respectively. A higher prevalence of O9 and O11 serogroups (25% each) was observed in summers. Molecular detection of virulence genes revealed the overall prevalence of vt1 to be 37.5%, vt2 43.8%, (vt1+vt2) 18.8%, eaeA 21.9% and hlyA 34.4% genes. Dominance of hlyA 50% was observed in summers, whereas vt1 and vt2 were more prevalent during rain (50% each). The study revealed the link between the occurrence of hlyA gene and O9, O11 serogroups in summers as both the serogroups were hlyA gene bearer. This association might be responsible for more VTEC outbreaks in summers. So, faecal contamination of raw milk seems to pose greater threat of non-O157 VTEC outbreak during hotter and humid months.

Ricardo Alexandre Silva Pessoa

The objective of this study was evalue the yields of meat cuts and discards obtained from the carcass of buffalo steers. The research was carried out in the Bubalinoculture Sector of the Animal Science Department of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Brazil. 62 carcasses of pasture-finished cross- bred buffalo steers were evaluated. The animals weighed an average of 507.0 kg and were slaughtered before the first molt of the deciduous dentition, with a carcass yield of 49.0%. The carcass of each animal was divided into two half-carcasses, which were identified and weighed. The carcasses were taken to a cold chamber at 4 ºC during 24h. To obtain the yield of each integral primary cut, the carcasses were sectioned into front and rear, which were weighed and boned. Boning was car- ried out by the same employees to maintain the standard cuts and dressing. The cuts with and without bones, the edible flap (meat and fat shavings), the discarded flap (tallow, nerves and skins) and the discarded bones were obtained. The deboning standard used was typical of the Brazilian market with dressing between moderate and severe. The percentages observed for the cuts (in each half carcass) were: soft drumstick, 5.3%; hard cushion, 3.7%; duckling, 3.8%; lizard, 1.8%; sirloin steak, 1.1%; grill flank steak, 0.75%; red flank steak, 0.61%; breast, 0.96%; rump baby beef, 1.3%; rump bonbon, 0.8%; ossobuco, 4.2%; muscle, 2.0%; turkey bone, 1.1%; duckling bone, 0.5%; oxtail, 0.38%; ancho steak, 1.3%; chorizo steak, 1.9%; filet mignon, 1.2%; fillet shell, 0.35%; chest, 3.9%; neck, 4.2%; acm, 4.3%; window rib, 8.7%; strip roast, 2.5%; banana, 0.23%; goldfish, 0.87%; palette heart, 0.77%; flat iron, 0.95%; Denver stake, 0.6%; beef steak, 0.40%; edible shavings, 19.43%; fat, 1.8%; scraps of disposal, 0.4%; discard bones, 17.9%. The proportion observed for the front and rear were 45.0 and 55.0%, respec- tively. There is a high volume of waste bones, which could be used in food, such as bone broth, for example. The volume of edible trimmings should be better used for making meat in cubes or as bait. The ground trimmings can be sold as ground meat or used in the preparation of hamburgers, sausages, meatballs, kafta, among others. Cuts that can be labeled premi- um make up approximately 25.0% of the carcass. Therefore, it is necessary to stimulate the daily consumption of buffalo meat in order to have a market for the other cuts that make up most of the carcass.

Mohammed O. Hussien, Adam A. Osman, Eman O. Bakri et al.

Abstract Background Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious disease of cattle caused by a virus of the Poxviridae family, genus Capripoxvirus. The disease has great economic effects on the global cattle industry. In this study, an outbreak of LSD among cattle which occurred in Nahr Atbara and Halfa El Jadida locations in Butana area, Kassala State in November, 2020 is described. Methods Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) antibody and nucleic acid were detected in specimens (n = 50) using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results The virus was isolated on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonated chicken eggs and identified by PCR. The number of animals at risk was 295 with a morbidity rate of 4.1% and a mortality rate of 2.4%. Conclusions LSDV was diagnosed for the first time in the Butana region, Kassala State, Eastern Sudan in 2020.

Muhammad Imran , Iqra Rehman , Abdul Qayyum Khan Sulehria et al.

Mastitis is highly prevalent infection in cattle causing cost-effective loss in dairy milk production. Escherichia coli is the most frequently isolated bacteria causing mastitis worldwide. The current study was performed to investigate the mastitis prevalence and effect of different antibiotics against pathogens causing it. In sum, 216 milk samples were collected randomly including 108 each from both cows and buffaloes. These samples were subjected to Surf Field Mastitis Test for prevalence of mastitis that found 18.50% and 23.14% in buffaloes and cows respectively. Mastitis was more prevalent both in buffaloes and cows at the age of 9-10 years that was reported in 35% and 32% respectively. The affected buffaloes showed 65% samples containg watery fluid having blood, pus and mucus whereas 36% samples of affected cows had mucus and watery fluid. Pus and blood content were found to be 12% and 16% respectively. Sub-clinical mastitis was prevalent as 56% and 55% in cows and buffaloes respectively while acute mastitis as 4% and 5% in similar fashion. In both groups Right-for part of udder was frequently affected than any other. Among commonly used four antibiotics, Norfloxacine was observed the most effective antibiotic to control mastitis as compared to Gentamycin, Penicillin and ciprofloxacin. The benefit of this study is to diagnose mastitis and use to isolate pathogens for further processing like antibiotic sensitivity and resistance. This study will help veterinarians in better selection of antibiotic to control mastitis.

Bailey Engle, Molly Masters, Jane Ann Boles et al.

Fat deposition is important to carcass value and some palatability characteristics. Carcasses with higher USDA quality grades produce more value for producers and processors in the US system and are more likely to have greater eating satisfaction. Using genomics to identify genes impacting marbling deposition provides insight into muscle biochemistry that may lead to ways to better predict fat deposition, especially marbling and thus quality grade. Hereford steers (16) were managed the same from birth through harvest after 270 days on feed. Samples were obtained for tenderness and transcriptome profiling. As expected, steaks from Choice carcasses had a lower shear force value than steaks from Select carcasses; however, steaks from Standard carcasses were not different from steaks from Choice carcasses. A significant number of differentially expressed (DE) genes was observed in the longissimus lumborum between Choice and Standard carcass RNA pools (1257 genes, <i>p</i> < 0.05), but not many DE genes were observed between Choice and Select RNA pools. Exploratory analysis of global muscle tissue transcriptome from Standard and Choice carcasses provided insight into muscle biochemistry, specifically the upregulation of extracellular matrix development and focal adhesion pathways and the downregulation of RNA processing and metabolism in Choice versus Standard. Additional research is needed to explore the function and timing of gene expression changes.

H. Troiani, H. Paccapelo, A. Golberg

En la Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad Nacional de La Pampa se obtuvieron híbridos entre Zea mays L. y Zea diploperennis Litis usando a Zea mays L. como madre. Para lograr la inducción fotoperiódica de Zea diploperennis se le suministraron aproximadamente 12 hs de oscuridad (para ello se cubrían las plantas a las 20 hs, y se descubrían a las 8 hs, del día siguiente); después de 15 días de inducción se constató en el ápice vegetativo su pasaje a reproductivo. A mediados de febrero de 1987 se dispuso de polen de Zea diploperennis L para fertilizar las plantas de maíz. Las semillas, producto de cruzamiento, se sembraron a campo en noviembre de 1988 y se lograron siete plantas híbridas.

Sébastien Couvreur, Guillain Le Bec, Didier Micol et al.

The aim of study was to investigate the relationships between the characteristics of cull beef cows in the Rouge des Pr&#233;s breed, finishing practices and physicochemical characteristics and sensory traits of <i>Longissimus thoracis</i> (LT) and <i>Rectus abdominis</i> (RA) muscles from 111 cows. On the basis of our surveys, which qualify at cow level the animal characteristics and finishing diet, clusters of cull cows and finishing practices are created and their effects tested on LT and RA meat quality. Old and heavy cows with good suckling ability (95 months, 466 kg and 7.1/10) are characterized by LT with larger fibers, and higher intramuscular fat content and fat-to-muscle ratio. Young and heavy cows with low suckling ability (54 months, 474 kg and 4.4/10) are characterized by LT and RA with lower MyHC IIx and higher MyHC IIa and MyHC I proportions. MyHC IIx and IIa proportions are lower and a* and b* color indices higher when cows are finished on pasture, probably related to grass diet and physical activity. The fat-to-muscle ratio is higher without any effect on the intramuscular fat content when cows are finished over a short period (107 days) with a high level of concentrate (9.7 kg/day). The opposite effect is observed over a long period (142 days) with a low level of concentrate (5.8 kg/day), confirming the interaction effect between finishing duration and amount of energy concentrate on the allotment of adipose tissue deposit.

Leonard F. Nedashkovsky, Marat B. Shigapov

The paper deals with the objects of armament, horse equipment and daily life from the Hmelevka I settlement of the second half of 13th – 14th cc. The settlement is located in the Saratov Volga region and was studied by expedition of Kazan University headed by L.F. Nedashkovsky in 1995–2002. The armament is represented by fragments of axes, arrowheads and ceramic bomb; the horse equipment – by the iron framework of supporting buckle, ring from bridle, horseshoe and debacle thorns. Rivets, fragments of copper and bronze vessels, sheets, cast-iron cauldrons, iron plough blade, scythe, knives and their couplings, locks and keys make the daily life objects analyzed in the paper. We provide the data on the mass material, including ceramics (spindle-whorls, unglazed Golden Horde, Old Russian, Mordvin pottery, fragments of Trebizond amphorae, stamped vessels and fragments of glazed red-clay and kashi vessels). The broad comparative background of materials of synchronous monuments of Eastern Europe and Asia is used as a basis for studying the morphological features of metalware and pottery and to make typology. The Hmelevka I settlement can be characterized as urban site, as well as larger Uvek site, but the shown differences in material culture reflect differences in the daily life and culture of the population of the town and the city of Golden Horde, respectively. City dwellers (especially the sedentary Golden Horde aristocracy, who lived predominantly in the cities) were apparently more connected with military affairs and trade, and the population of town – with subsidiary farming and cattle breeding.

Anil Kumar Adhikari, Mahuya Dutta, Chittra Ranjan Das

Introduction: The study of lower genital tract trauma has become important in gynaecological practice. There is paucity of reports on this clinical entity from our settings. The main aim of this study is to document injuries in female lower genital tract in Mid-Western Nepal. Methods: Sixty female patients admitted to the hospital with genital tract injuries caused by coitus or accidents were included in the study. Details of the causes of trauma clinical presentations and management were recorded. Results: These injuries were grouped according to etiological factors. This study included 33 (55%) coital injuries and 27 (45%) non- coital injuries. Out of coital injury, 12 cases were criminal assault (rape) in age group of 4 to 18 years. Four unmarried girls had consensual sex. Non-coital injuries were due to fall from height, cattle horn injuries, straddle type of trauma, vulvar haematoma and anorectal injuries. Conclusions: Appropriate surgical intervention can avert morbidity and mortality. Keywords: accident; lower genital tract; Nepal; trauma.

Elena Marian, Sergiu Haimovici

Archaeozoological Data Concerning the Animal Husbandry in the La Tène (Geto-Dacian) Settlement of Brad (Bacău County) This study analyses a sample of domestic animal bones found on the La Tène (Geto-Dacian) site of Brad (Bacău County). Identified domestic mammal remains are archaeozoologically described in terms of their frequencies based on the number of rests and minimum number of individuals, in terms of the morphology and of the age selection. The domestic species discussed are cattle (Bos taurus), pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra hircus), horse (Equus caballus) and dog (Canis familiaris). The results of this study show that the animal husbandry was of great importance in the La Tène (Geto-Dacian) settlement of Brad. Cattle and pig were the most frequent species. The high amount of the remains from young animals suggest that for the Geto-Dacian people of Brad meat represented their staple diet. Generally, the main domestic animals were of relatively small size. We must remark the dimensional variability in animal populations that was determined either by a sexual dimorphism, or by morphometrical typology. Keywords: archeozoology, La Tène, Brad

Alicia G Beukers, Alicia G Beukers, Rahat eZaheer et al.

Tylosin phosphate is a macrolide commonly administered to cattle in North America for the control of liver abscesses. This study investigated the effect of in-feed administration of tylosin phosphate to cattle at subtherapeutic levels and its subsequent withdrawal on macrolide resistance using enterococci as an indicator bacterium. Faecal samples were collected from steers that received no antibiotics and steers administered tylosin phosphate (11 ppm) in-feed for 197 d and withdrawn 28 d before slaughter. Enterococcus species isolated from faecal samples were identified through sequencing the groES-EL intergenic spacer region and subject to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, identification of resistance determinants and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiling. Tylosin increased (P<0.05) the proportion of eryR and tylR enterococci within the population. Just prior to its removal, the proportion of eryR and tylR resistant enterococci began decreasing and continued to decrease after tylosin was withdrawn from the diet until there was no difference (P > 0.05) between treatments on d 225. This suggests that antibiotic withdrawal prior to slaughter contributes to a reduction in the proportion of macrolide resistant enterococci entering the food chain. Among the 504 enterococci isolates characterised, E. hirae was found to predominate (n=431), followed by E. villorum (n=32), E. faecium (n=21), E. durans (n=7), E. casseliflavus (n=4), E. mundtii (n=4), E. gallinarum (n=3), E. faecalis (n=1), and E. thailandicus (n=1). The diversity of enterococci was greater in steers at arrival than at exit from the feedlot. Erythromycin resistant isolates harboured the erm(B) and/or msrC gene. Similar PFGE profiles of eryR E. hirae n pre- and post-antibiotic treatment suggests the increased abundance of eryR enterococci after administration of tylosin phosphate reflects selection for strains that were within the bovine gastrointestinal tract of cattle at arrival.

T. Bauchop

L. Jarvis

Jenevaldo Barbosa da Silva, Gisele Maria Fagundes, João Paulo Guimarães Soares et al.

Sustainable production is a principle in which we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the capacity of future generations. Despite the successful development of pesticides against endo and ectoparasites found in domestic ruminants, these parasites are still the major problem of the herbivore production system. The purpose of this study was to know the population of gastrintestinal parasites and their influence on weight gain of calves kept in organic and conventional grazing. Thus, organic and conventional calves were randomly selected in 2008 and 2009. The fecal egg count (FEC) indentified the following genders of helminths: Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum, Cooperia, Strongyloides, Trichuris and oocysts of Eimeria. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between FEC in organic and conventional animals. Calves younger than 6 months showed significant higher infection (p<0.05) than calves between 7 and 12 months of age. The weight gain observed during the study was of 327g/day and 280g/day for conventional and organic systems animals, respectively. Consequently, the combination of sustainable practices of grazing associated with the selective application of anthelmintics may be a feasible alternative for nematode control in a conventional system and in transition to an organic one.

C. Björkman, O. Johansson, S. Stenlund et al.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the route of transmission of Neospora sp in a herd of dairy cattle in which sporadic abortions had been observed since the establishment of the farm in 1980. DESIGN Serum samples were screened for antibodies to Neospora sp, and records from an artificial insemination program were analyzed. ANIMALS 58 female cattle. PROCEDURE An ELISA was used to screen serum samples of antibodies to Neospora sp. Fertility, calf mortality, and relationships between specific cattle were investigated. Statistical analysis was performed on the fertility data. RESULTS Antibodies were detected in 17 of 58 (29%) tested cattle. All seropositive cattle were descendants of 2 cows purchased in 1980. Cattle that were descendants of those 2 cows were compared with their herdmates, but significant differences were not detected in the number of inseminations per confirmed pregnancy or in the number of cattle that required more than 1 insemination/ pregnancy. Since 1980, there were 323 confirmed pregnancies in the herd, and calf mortality (prenatal and perinatal mortality) was 24 of 323 (7%). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Congenital transmission of Neospora organisms together with the apparent lack of horizontal transmission observed in the herd reported here indicated that Neospora sp has the ability to be transmitted from dam to offspring for several generations. This mode of transmission would explain the maintenance of infection in a population of cattle despite the lack of a definitive host for the parasite.