Hasil untuk "Cartography"

Christine Plumejeaud-Perreau, Claire Portal, Marion Picker

Bofeng Li, Leitong Yuan, Weikai Miao et al.

Extra-wide-lane real-time kinematic (ERTK) is a technique that makes full use of extra-wide-lane (EWL) observations to realize instantaneous precise positioning. Beyond the previous study by using triple-frequency signals, the hexa- and penta-frequency signals, referred to as hyper-frequency signals in this study, are currently available for Beidou-3 and Galileo systems, respectively, which will be definitely beneficial to ERTK. In this study, the advantages and performance of hyper-frequency ERTK (HERTK) are profoundly addressed. The mathematical model of generalized HERTK is deduced with canonical formulae to show how model parameters profit from additional signals and high-precision EWL/WL observations. Specifically, the optimal linear combinations of hyper-frequency signals are determined in terms of ionosphere-weighted and ionosphere-float models. The precision gains of both position and ambiguity parameters are numerically demonstrated for single- and multi-epoch, accompanied by a comprehensible explanation of the hyper-frequency enhancement mechanism. The performance of HERTK is evaluated with three long baselines from 248.4 to 511.0 km. The results show that the HERTK achieves instantaneous decimeter-level solutions without the need for complicated narrow-lane (NL) ambiguity resolution (AR). Furthermore, centimeter HERTK can be realized by only accumulating NL phase data over approximately 20 epochs, which essentially leverages the more precise between-epoch information to smooth the noisy solutions. Besides the smoothed positions, the precision of NL ambiguity is also significantly improved, thus enabling rapid and reliable NL AR for long baselines. Higher accuracy of 1–2 cm solutions is achieved within 10–30 epochs.

Weizhen Zhang, Zhihui Li, Tong Zhen

Hyperspectral remote sensing crop classification is crucial in precision agriculture management. However, existing studies are usually difficult to adequately model the complex nonlinear feature distributions in hyperspectral data, which often limits the classification performance and affects the recognition accuracy. In order to enhance the model’s ability to represent and discriminate complex nonlinear boundaries in hyperspectral images without introducing an attentional mechanism, an improved HybridSN (Hybrid-KANet) model based on the Kolmogorov-Arnold network (KAN) is proposed in this study. The model introduces a 3D fast kernel-activated convolutional layer, replaces the traditional linear activation function with a radial basis function (RBF), and realizes the nonlinear feature representation by spline paths and basis function paths. To enhance the model’s ability to model high-dimensional nonlinear features, a KANLinear layer is integrated into the classifier in place of the traditional fully connected structure. By employing fitting using learnable B-spline basis functions, the model can adaptively adjust to local features and achieve fine-grained approximation of complex decision boundaries in the input space. Experiments are conducted on Indian Pines and WHU-Hi-LongKou hyperspectral remote sensing datasets. The results show that the model achieves overall classification accuracies of 99.22% and 99.87% on the two datasets, which are 1.71% and 0.11% better than HybridSN; the mean intersection and merger ratio (mIoU) is improved by 4.77% and 0.53%, and the Kappa coefficient is improved by 1.96% and 0.15%, respectively. The ablation experiments demonstrate the advantages of RBF kernel function in modeling complex nonlinear relationships by systematically comparing the differences in classification performance and boundary modeling ability of different kernel functions, which improves the classification accuracy and spatial consistency. In conclusion, the Hybrid-KANet model proposed in this study provides theoretical innovation for precision agriculture management and a new solution for hyperspectral remote sensing crop classification.

Placidino Machado Fagundes

Ao preparar este trabalho, não nos moveu, em absoluto, a pretensão de abordar assunto inédito ou de criar uma metodologia nova para solucionar problema antigo. Nossa intenção é, simplesmente, tentar eliminar dúvidas e controvérsias quanto à aplicabilidade do método aerofotogramétrico na preparação da base cartográfica indispensável ao projeto de obras de irrigação.

Magdalena Kwiek

Kwestia kształtowania przestrzeni publicznych, choć jest tematem licznych analiz, rzadko odnosi się bezpośrednio do obszarów wiejskich. Tymczasem coraz częściej pojawia się potrzeba tworzenia i modernizacji wspólnych przestrzeni na terenach wiejskich. Celem pracy była ocena znaczenia rewitalizacji i potencjału turystycznego przestrzeni publicznej w opinii osób decydujących o zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym gmin powiatu tarnowskiego. W badaniach zastosowano kwestionariusz ankiety on-line przesłany do urzędów 16 gmin wiejskich i miejsko-wiejskich powiatu tarnowskiego oraz wywiady z przedstawicielami urzędów odpowiedzialnych za planowanie przestrzenne i promocję gminy. Wykazano, że gminy powiatu tarnowskiego są atrakcyjne pod względem turystycznym i zarówno mieszkańcy, jak i turyści chętnie korzystają z dostępnych elementów przestrzeni publicznej. Włodarze gmin doceniają znaczenie przestrzeni publicznej w życiu mieszkańców oraz w promocji gminy i w planach zagospodarowania często ujmują rewitalizację oraz tworzenie nowych miejsc wspólnych.

Angela Lausch, Jan Bumberger, András Jung et al.

The intensification of agricultural land use (A-LUI) is a central driver of global environmental change, affecting soil health, water quality, biodiversity, and greenhouse gas balances. Monitoring A-LUI remains challenging because it is shaped by multiple management practices, ecological processes, and spatio-temporal dynamics. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of existing definitions and standards of A-LUI at national and international levels (FAO, OECD, World Bank, EUROSTAT) and evaluates in situ methods alongside the rapidly expanding potential of remote sensing (RS). We introduce a novel RS-based taxonomy of A-LUI indicators, structured into five complementary categories: trait, genesis, structural, taxonomic, and functional indicators. Numerous examples illustrate how traits and management practices can be translated into RS proxies and linked to intensity signals, while highlighting key challenges such as sensor limitations, cultivar variability, and confounding environmental factors. We further propose an integrative framework that connects management practices, plant and soil traits, RS observables, validation needs, and policy relevance. Emerging technologies—such as hyperspectral imaging, solar-induced fluorescence, radar, artificial intelligence, and semantic data integration—are discussed as promising pathways to advance the monitoring of A-LUI across scales. By compiling and structuring RS-derived indicators, this review establishes a conceptual and methodological foundation for transparent, standardised, and globally comparable assessments of agricultural land use intensity, thereby supporting both scientific progress and evidence-based agricultural policy.

Gaj Tomaš

Following the twentieth-century’s spatial turn in literary and cultural studies, this paper examines spaces and spatiality in Don DeLillo’s novel Falling Man, a seminal fictional response to the most traumatic (spatial) event in the USA at the turn of the century. Starting from Robert T. Tally Jr.’s thesis that authors are cartographers, I analyze how DeLillo acts as a mapper of the post-9/11 space. By exploring the depictions of the altered spatial landscape DeLillo creates, and the world he thrusts his characters into, I examine the intricate relationship between space and identity. Ultimately, I argue that the loss of a familiar and dependable space creates unfamiliar spaces the characters struggle to navigate.Keywords: space, spatiality, DeLillo, Falling Man, 9/11, post-9/11 literatureIn the introduction to his 2013 book Spatiality, Robert T. Tally Jr. claims that “over the past few decades, spatiality has become a key concept for literary and critical studies” (3). Exploring the different disciplinary takes on spatiality – literary cartography, geography, and geocriticism – Tally asserts that if the nineteenth century’s major obsession was dominated by the discourses of time and history, in the post-war period of the twentieth century, “space began to reassert itself in critical theory, rivaling if not overtaking time in significance” (3). The author reiterates numerous writers, philosophers, and thinkers who came before him to suggest there has been the so-called spatial turn. Bertrand Westphal, the founder of geocriticism, a literary theory that incorporates the study of geographic space, claims that “cataclysmic restructuring of societies during, and in the immediate aftermath of, Second World War, led to the decline in the obsession with time” (Tally 6). In the essay “Of Other Spaces,” French philosopher Michel Foucault argues that we live in the world “when our experience of the world is less that of a long life developing through time than that of a network that connects points and intersects with its own skein” (22). He argues that the twentieth-century era is the epoch of space and that “we are in the epoch of juxtaposition, the epoch of the near and far, of the side-by-side, of the dispersed” (Foucault and Miskowiec 22).

Lorenz M. Fischer, Lorenz M. Fischer, Christian Sommer et al.

Future climate projections indicate an expansion of the world’s drylands, and with that a commensurate increase in the mobilization of unconsolidated desert sediments such as sand and dust. It is therefore increasingly important to investigate the large-scale formation of dryland landscapes such as dunefields in order to better understand the processes responsible for their genesis, evolution, and thresholds for mobilization. Assessing dunefield morphologic variability, including analysis of the morphologic relationship between aeolian bedforms and other landforms such as fluvial channels and bedrock uplands, underpins such investigations. So far, however, meaningful investigations of erg-scale geomorphic patterns have been limited. This is in part due to the technological limitations of geographic information system (GIS) tools, particularly in the case of open-source datasets and software, which has effectively hindered investigations by colleagues in drylands of the global south where many of the world’s dunefields are located. Recent years have overseen the increasing availability of open-source remote sensing datasets, as well as the development of freely available software which can undertake geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA). These new tools facilitate cartography and statistical analysis of dunefields at large scales. In this study we make use of open-source GIS to characterise a morphologically diverse linear dunefield southwest of Kati Thanda (Lake Eyre) in central Australia. We focus on three parameters; dune orientation, spacing and Y-junctions using semi-automated GEOBIA, and investigate these in the context of local fluvial channels, depressions (pans) and uplands. Our results suggest a possible correlation between dune orientation, wind regime and the role of uplands as deflective barriers to longitudinal dune migration; dune spacing and sediment supply, likely relating to the location of both ephemeral and abandoned fluvial channels; and Y-junction frequency with underlying topography. Our study provides a framework for understanding process-based interactions between dunes and other landforms, as well as the first completely open-source approach which can be applied to linear dunefields worldwide.

Beata Konopska

W historii polskiej kartografii można wskazać momenty, kiedy pod wpływem zewnętrznego impulsu, zazwyczaj wywołanego sytuacją społeczno-polityczną, znacząco rosła liczba twórców map i ich wydawców. Nie był to stan długotrwały, epizodyczni autorzy próbujący wpłynąć na konkretne wydarzenie nie wiązali się długofalowo z kartograficzną formą przekazu, a oficyny poszerzały swoją ofertę o mapy wyłącznie z potrzeby chwili. Jednym z takich momentów był przełom XIX i XX w. Celem artykułu jest scharakteryzowanie map wydanych z myślą o kształtowaniu wiedzy o dawnych ziemiach polskich masowego odbiorcy z tych terenów w końcu XIX i na początku XX w. przechowywanych w Archiwum Narodowym w Krakowie. Postawiono tezę, że mapy tematyczne, których treść wychodziła poza oficjalny, narzucony przez zaborców schemat myślenia społecznego, wpływały na lepsze rozumienie przez mieszkańców dawnych ziem polskich idei i procesu kształtowania polskiej państwowości. Podejmując próbę potwierdzenia tej tezy, odniesiono się do faktu, że mapa jako jedna z form komunikacji wizualnej z jednej strony obrazuje zasięg geograficzny i relacje przestrzenne, z drugiej pomaga podtrzymać poczucie tożsamości narodowej, kiedy przedstawienie granic i obszaru, z którym dana społeczność się identyfikuje, jest niemożliwe lub niejednoznaczne. W artykule wykorzystano źródła kartograficzne pochodzące z kolekcji kartograficznej systematycznie gromadzonej przez Archiwum Narodowe w Krakowie.   Maps outside social thinking. A few thoughts after an inquiry in the cartographic collection of the National Archives in Krakow In the history of Polish cartography, it is possible to indicate moments that, under external influences, usually created by the social-political situation, there was a significant increase in the number of map creators and publishers. This was not a long-lasting state, as the authors trying to influence particular events were not connected with cartography in the long term, and publishers extended their offers with maps exclusively for the needs of the moment. One such moment was the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The aim of the article is to characterize the maps issued at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century with the idea of shaping knowledge of the masses regarding former Polish lands, stored in the National Archives in Krakow. It presents the thesis that thematic maps, with content outside the official line of social thinking imposed by the partitioning powers, led to a better understanding by inhabitants of former Polish lands of the idea and process of shaping the Polish state. Attempting to confirm this thesis, reference is made to the fact that a map as a form of visual communication depicts the geographical range and spatial relations on one hand, while on the other it helps to maintain a feeling of national identity when presenting borders and regions, which a given society identifies with, is impossible or inconclusive. The article uses sources from the cartographic collection systematically gathered by the National Archives in Krakow. KEY WORDS: history of cartography, old maps, propaganda maps, independent Poland, National Archives in Krakow

Anne Griffond-Boitier, Sophie Mariani-Rousset, Thierry Ramadier

M. Lapaine, Terje Midtbø, G. Gartner et al.

Abstract. Cartography has undergone great changes in the last 40 years. Many web platforms and location-based services are offering increasing opportunities, paper maps have been largely supplemented by multimedia and digital maps, and spatial databases. The definition of a map has changed throughout history and the differences in their definitions are presented. This paper aims for new central cartographic definitions, corresponding to contemporary cartographic development after presenting the current situation of the topic. Definitions of cartographic mapping, cartography and cartographer are proposed, as well as a new definition of the map. All they are made on the base of logical analyses including different types of maps from traditional and real to virtual, 3D, animation, and digital.

S. Abdurakhmonov, I. Abdurahmanov, Dilrabo Murodova et al.

Nowadays we can clearly see the activeness of the methodological and technological aspects of the new geoinformation direction in the field of cartography. The development of modern mapping methods is closely related to the development of geoinformation systems and technologies. The importance of geoinformation cartography and geoinformation systems is significant in creating databases and digital maps based on GIS software instead of analog methods for creating maps. There are the most important tasks such as improvement of modern method in obtaining cartographic information, and development of ways to quickly transmit and distribute cartographic information about nature and society. The application of GIS technologies in the field of demographic cartography will lead to drastic changes in the scope of work, as well as improve product design and increase the accuracy as a result of the performed tasks. The study shows that there is a need to develop a new method for mapping a new generation based on GIS technology, reflecting demographic processes. This article will focus on creating a database for development of maps based on GIS technologies, rapid identification, monitoring spatial changes using data from aerospace and other sources, and development of demographic digital mapping methods based on GIS technologies. Mapping demographic processes based on GIS technologies aims at implementing a number of practical tasks and research related to population. Based on this, a systematic method has been developed to analyse the demographic situation in the southern region of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and a digital demographic map has been created by applying the developed method.

Istvan G. Lauko, Adam Honts, Jacob Beihoff et al.

Measuring the amount of vegetation in a given area on a large scale has long been accomplished using satellite and aerial imaging systems. These methods have been very reliable in measuring vegetation coverage accurately at the top of the canopy, but their capabilities are limited when it comes to identifying green vegetation located beneath the canopy cover. Measuring the amount of urban and suburban vegetation along a street network that is partially beneath the canopy has recently been introduced with the use of Google Street View (GSV) images, made accessible by the Google Street View Image API. Analyzing green vegetation through the use of GSV images can provide a comprehensive representation of the amount of green vegetation found within geographical regions of higher population density, and it facilitates an analysis performed at the street-level. In this paper we propose a fine-tuned color based image filtering and segmentation technique and we use it to define and map an urban green environment index. We deployed this image processing method and, using GSV images as a high-resolution GIS data source, we computed and mapped the green index of Milwaukee County, a 3,082 $$k{m^2}$$ urban/suburban county in Wisconsin. This approach generates a high-resolution street-level vegetation estimate that may prove valuable in urban planning and management, as well as for researchers investigating the correlation between environmental factors and human health outcomes.

Luis Fernando Sandoval Murillo, Carlos Morera Beita, Iván Sandoval Hernández

En los últimos años, la incidencia de ataques por cocodrilos en Costa Rica, se han incrementado, lo cual está asociado al desarrollo de las actividades humanas en áreas consideradas como óptimas en lo que determinó como hábitat potencial de la especie. Dado lo anterior, la presente investigación plantea la identificación de zonas de interacción entre el cocodrilo y el ser humano a partir de la integración de variables físico-geográficas por medio de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). De esta manera, se realizó una recopilación teórica para la identificación de las variables físico-geográficas que integran el hábitat del cocodrilo (pendiente, red de drenaje, áreas de inundación y coberturas de uso de la tierra), así como las variables socioambientales que influyen en la alteración y la pérdida del hábitat de la especie (cantidad de poblados, densidad de población, densidad de caminos, y coberturas de uso de la tierra). Así mismo, se integraron los registros de casos con cocodrilos atendidos por el cuerpo de bomberos. Se logró evidenciar que la mayoría de incidentes se presentan en zonas con una alta interacción (áreas adonde se realizan una amplia varie- dad de actividades antrópicas), dentro del hábitat potencial de este reptil. Adicionalmente, los resultados obtenidos en la investigación constituyen un insumo importante en la toma de decisiones a nivel de política y ordenamiento territorial en la Región Pacífico Central, ya que en esta zona el turismo es una de las principales actividades económicas que puede llegar a ser amenazada por un ataque de ésta especie.

A. Lucchesi

This paper highlights works created by Indigenous cartographers throughout history and reflects on the ways in which they engage ideas of space, nation, territory, and relationships to land, as well as resist colonial occupation and epistemologies. In this sense, it also asserts the technological and theoretical interventions Indigenous cartographers have contributed, and continue to contribute, to the fields of cartography and geography. Lastly, this paper makes the argument that an increase in cartographic training in Indigenous communities is necessary in ongoing efforts to document indigenous histories and cultures, as well as efforts to strengthen tribal sovereignty and mobilize towards restorative justice.

Andrew Grant

Mikhaela Aloísia Jéssie Santos Pletsch, Thales Vaz Penha, Celso Henrique Leite Silva Junior et al.

O fogo é um dos principais causadores de degradação nos ecossistemas Amazônicos, sendo amplamente utilizado para o manejo e transformação da cobertura da terra em diferentes usos. A sua utilização indiscriminada torna os ambientes afetados mais vulneráveis a impactos climáticos e antrópicos. Durante a queima, a combustão do material orgânico libera o gás dióxido de carbono (CO2), principal responsável pelo efeito estufa. Embora o seu controle seja de extrema relevância, há muitas incertezas associadas às ferramentas de detecção e mapeamento de áreas queimadas por meio de sensoriamento remoto. Uma das mais difundidas abordagens utilizadas para o mapeamento de queimadas na Amazônia Brasileira é o Modelo Linear de Mistura Espectral (MLME), baseado na resposta espectral de alvos puros. Este trabalho analisou o desempenho da integração do algoritmo Fmask aplicado ao MLME, uma vez que o algoritmo Fmask pode refinar os dados gerados pelo MLME. Foram testadas imagens do sensor Operational Land Imager (OLI - Landsat 8) e do sensor Multispectral Instrument (MSI - Sentinel-2A) em coberturas de Floresta e Não Floresta para subsidiar a detecção de áreas queimadas. A área de estudo está localizada no sul do estado do Pará, no bioma Amazônia. Os resultados apresentaram uma exatidão global acima de 99% para o mapeamento gerado a partir do refinamento dos dados do MLME pelo Fmask em ambos os sensores. A acurácia do produtor foi acima de 97%, enquanto que a acurácia do usuário foi entre 77,54% e 95%. O resultado do índice Kappa no mapeamento via Fmask na imagem do sensor OLI para áreas de cobertura de Floresta e Não Floresta foi de 0,93, e 0,97, respectivamente. Para o sensor MSI, os resultados do índice Kappa para as duas classes foram 0,87 e 0,88, respectivamente. A integração do algoritmo Fmask ao MLME possibilitou diminuir o tempo de processamento dos dados com alta acurácia nos resultados finais. Esta abordagem se apresenta como uma potencial ferramenta de automatização do refinamento do mapeamento de áreas queimadas na Amazônia Brasileira podendo ser aplicada inclusive em uma perspectiva de multi-sensores.

G. Stockman, Steven Kopstein, Sanford Benett

J. Gagnepain, C. Roques-carmes

La Paperson