Hasil untuk "Asian. Oriental"

Jing Liu, Guang Rao, Hui Zhou

Given a bridgeless graph $G$, let $\mathbb{D}(G)$ be the set of all strong orientations of $G$, and define the oriented diameter $f(G)$ of $G$ to be the minimum of diameters $diam(D)$ among all the strong orientations $D\in \mathbb{D}(G)$, i.e., $f(G)=\min\{diam(D)\mid D\in \mathbb{D}(G)\}$. In this paper, we determine the oriented diameter of complete tripartite graph $K(3,p,q)$ for $p\geqslant 5$. Combining with the previous results, the oriented diameter of complete tripartite graph $K(3,p,q)$ are known.

Roland Meyer, Jakob Tepe

In syntax-guided synthesis, one of the challenges is to reduce the enormous size of the search space. We observe that most search spaces are not just flat sets of programs, but can be endowed with a structure that we call an oriented metric. Oriented metrics measure the distance between programs, like ordinary metrics do, but are designed for settings in which operations have an orientation. Our focus is on the string and the bitvector domains, where operations like concatenation and bitwise conjunction transform an input into an output in a way that is not symmetric. We develop several new oriented metrics for these domains. Oriented metrics are designed for search space reduction, and we present four techniques: (i) pruning the search space to a ball around the ground truth, (ii) factorizing the search space by an equivalence that is induced by the oriented metric, (iii) abstracting the oriented metric (and hence the equivalence) and refining it, and (iv) improving the enumeration order by learning from abstract information. We acknowledge that these techniques are inspired by developments in the literature. By understanding their roots in oriented metrics, we can substantially increase their applicability and efficiency. We have integrated these techniques into a new synthesis algorithm and implemented the algorithm in a new solver. Notably, our solver is generic in the oriented metric over which it computes. We conducted experiments in the string and the bitvector domains, and consistently improve the performance over the state-of-the-art by more than an order of magnitude.

Jaime Romero Leo

Resumen: El presente artículo tiene como objetivo situar el contexto social e intelectual en el que en el Japón moderno (1868-1912) se tradujo y trató de asumirse, por primera vez en la historia de una nación no-occidental, el concepto de “estética” [bigaku] (entendida esta como uno de los campos de la filosofía en Europa). Dicho concepto corrió en paralelo a la introducción de otros complejos términos como el de filosofía [tetsugaku] o bellas artes [bijutsu], entre otros, y evidencia hasta qué punto Japón trató de comprender y replicar ciertos esquemas intelectuales de las potencias occidentales con las que en aquellos años trató de equipararse. Para llevar a cabo el análisis se pondrá el acento en algunos elementos de la tradición de Asia Oriental que algunos intelectuales de la época como Fukuzawa Yukichi consideraban que debía ser superada en pos del abrazo a la occidentalización; así como algunas de las dificultades que conllevó la definitiva aprehensión de un concepto, el de estética, inserto en una tradición, la europea, completamente alejada de las cosmovisiones de aquella parte de Asia. Abstract: The purpose of the current paper is to establish the social and intellectual context in which the concept of “aesthetics” [bigaku] was translated, in modern Japan (1868-1912) (under- stood as a field of philosophy in Europe). This was the first time in history that a non-Western nation made such an assimilation effort. The concept was taken from Western tradition alongside other complex terms like “Philosophy” [tetsugaku] or “Fine Arts” [bijutsu]. This is evidence of how Japan tried to understand and apply several intellectual schemes from the Western nations it tried to be on a pair with. To carry out the analysis, several elements from East Asian culture will be addressed. Elements which Japanese intellec- tuals of modern Japan, for example Fukuzawa Yukichi, considered should be overcome in order to fully embrace the westernization of Japan. Additionally, it will be shown how difficult the proper apprehension of the concept of "aesthet- ics" was, since it belonged to such a foreign tradition like the European one.

Citlalli Orizaga-de-la-Cruz, Francisco Alejandro Lagunas-Rangel, Anel Gómez-García et al.

Background: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a histopathological lesion characterized by scarring in specific sections of some glomeruli, accompanied by podocyte injury. Worldwide, the prevalence of FSGS and its temporal trends have not been sufficiently studied. However, some reports suggest an increase in the frequency of FSGS in recent decades. Understanding the epidemiology of FSGS is crucial for clinicians to improve diagnosis and treatment. Objective: This study critically evaluates global prevalence trends of FSGS over the past 32 years (1992–2024), highlighting variations between countries through a systematic review. Methods: A systematic search of Medline, Embase and ScienceDirect was conducted to identify relevant studies. The reliability of prevalence data was assessed by critical appraisal of selected publications. Results: The prevalence of FSGS varies significantly between regions. East Asian countries have a relatively low prevalence, with a mean around 7%. In contrast, countries in South Asia, the Middle East and the Americas have a higher prevalence of around 18%. European countries show an intermediate prevalence of about 11%. African countries do not show a clear pattern, with high and low prevalence rates in different countries. Conclusions: The prevalence of FSGS differs by geographic region and ethnicity. While South Asian countries have maintained a consistently low prevalence, other regions have experienced an increase in FSGS cases over time. This study improves the understanding of global patterns of FSGS, providing valuable epidemiological insights for clinicians and researchers. Resumen: Antecedentes: La glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria (GEFS) es una lesión histopatológica caracterizada por la cicatrización en secciones específicas de algunos glomérulos, acompañada de lesión de podocitos. A nivel mundial, la prevalencia de la GEFS y sus tendencias temporales no han sido suficientemente estudiadas. Sin embargo, algunos informes sugieren un aumento en la frecuencia de la GEFS en las últimas décadas. Comprender la epidemiología de la GEFS es crucial para que los médicos mejoren el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. Objetivo: Este estudio evalúa críticamente las tendencias de prevalencia mundial de FSGS en los últimos 32 años (1992-2024), destacando las variaciones entre países a través de una revisión sistemática. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en Medline, Embase y ScienceDirect para identificar estudios relevantes. La fiabilidad de los datos de prevalencia se evaluó mediante una evaluación crítica de publicaciones seleccionadas. Resultados: La prevalencia de la GEFS varía significativamente de una región a otra. Los países de Asia Oriental tienen una prevalencia relativamente baja, con una media de alrededor del 7%. En contraste, los países del sur de Asia, Medio Oriente y las Américas tienen una mayor prevalencia, con un 18%. Los países europeos muestran una prevalencia intermedia de alrededor del 11%. Los países africanos no muestran un patrón claro, con tasas de prevalencia alta y bajas en diferentes países. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de la GEFS difiere según la región geográfica y la etnia. Mientras que los países del sur de Asia han mantenido una prevalencia sistemáticamente baja, otras regiones han experimentado un aumento de los casos de GEFS a lo largo del tiempo. Este estudio mejora la comprensión de los patrones globales de FSGS, proporcionando información epidemiológica valiosa para médicos e investigadores.

Eranda Dhananjaya, Wei-Tian Li

An undirected graph $G$ is said to admit an antimagic orientation if there exist an orientation $D$ and a bijection between $E(G)$ and $\{1,2,\ldots,|E(G)|\}$ such that any two vertices have distinct vertex sums, where the vertex sum of a vertex is the sum of the labels of the in-edges minus that of the out-edges incident to the vertex. It is conjectured by Hefetz, Mütze, and Schwartz that every connected graph admits an antimagic orientation. A weak version of this problem is to require the distinct vertex sums only for the adjacent vertices. In that case, we say the graph admits a local antimagic orientation. Chang, Jing, and Wang~\cite{CJW20} conjectured that every connected graph admits a local antimagic orientation. In this paper, we give an affirmative answer to the conjecture of Chang et al., and show that almost every graph satisfies the conjecture of Hefetz et al.

Todd Morrill, Zhaoyuan Deng, Yanda Chen et al.

There are many settings where it is useful to predict and explain the success or failure of a dialogue. Circumplex theory from psychology models the social orientations (e.g., Warm-Agreeable, Arrogant-Calculating) of conversation participants and can be used to predict and explain the outcome of social interactions. Our work is novel in its systematic application of social orientation tags to modeling conversation outcomes. In this paper, we introduce a new data set of dialogue utterances machine-labeled with social orientation tags. We show that social orientation tags improve task performance, especially in low-resource settings, on both English and Chinese language benchmarks. We also demonstrate how social orientation tags help explain the outcomes of social interactions when used in neural models. Based on these results showing the utility of social orientation tags for dialogue outcome prediction tasks, we release our data sets, code, and models that are fine-tuned to predict social orientation tags on dialogue utterances.

Hatice Kamalı

This study aims to explore the transformation of Hawran following its incorporation into theDamascus province as a sanjak in 1864 within the context of Ottoman frontier expansion. Theintegration of Hawran into the heart of the Ottoman Empire can be attributed to a set of interconnected factors. First, in the encouraging atmosphere created by infrastructural initiativesand the sedentarization of nomads, the merchants, who were rather integrated into internationalmarkets in cities such as Mosul, Damascus, and Nablus, extended their trading activitiesto the newly established regions. This dynamic created a mutually beneficial relationshipbetween the Ottoman government and these merchants concerning the frontier regions. Asthe traditional patronage system proved inadequate for this trade, Hawrani peasants directlyengaged as business partners with the newly prosperous Damascene merchants. Particularlynoteworthy was the establishment of enduring trading alliances between Druze sheikhs andthese affluent merchants, which gradually evolved into significant socio-cultural associations.

Jiban Mani Poudel

Rain, a droplet of water that comes from the sky, appears as a singular object with multiple ontologies among Gurung, an indigenous people of Nepal dwelling in the mountain region. This paper offers an ethnographic analysis of the relationships between society and the environment through the names of rains among the Gurung based on the nine months of fieldwork between 2012 and 2018. In the article, Gurung’s nomenclature for rains strongly raises the question of universal and quantitative scaling to nature and natural phenomena, particularly a water droplet from the sky. For the Gurung, names for rain, which are grounded on land and expressed autochthonously, have cultural meanings that play an important role in comprehending the indigenous notion of the environment. However, global climate change is not only affecting the precipitation pattern in the Himalayan region but also uprooting the nomenclature of rain that is rooted in ancestral thick and insightful observation of the environment.

Sarah Magnatta

This essay explores works by contemporary artist Sonam Dolma Brauen through two lenses: as the result of ongoing and changing functions of an object, and as part of a broader dialogue about indexical imagery in contemporary art. Sonam Dolma’s family escaped from Tibet to India when she was young, carrying few possessions on their difficult journey through the Himalayas. One of these items, a small metal tsa tsa mold used in Tibetan Buddhist rituals, would later become an instrument of creation in Sonam Dolma’s art practice. Comprised of multiple plaster casts made from the original object, the artworks mark the former presence of the object—they are indexical. I examine two works, My Father’s Death (2010) and Red Carpet (2011), exploring this indexical nature and asking, how might new functions emerge from old forms?

Jan Brunson

In interviews with leading emergency medicine doctors and developers of a national system of pre-hospital care in Nepal, they allude to the significance of treating trauma patients during “the golden hour”. This flash ethnography highlights the intersubjective meaning making of an outsider ethnographer, whose familiarity with the metaphor comes from photography, and doctors, who use the phrase in its emergency medicine application to describe the brief window of opportunity to intervene after a traumatic injury.

R. Corlett

Abstract Seed dispersal is a key process in plant communities and frugivory is very important in vertebrate communities. This paper updates a review of frugivory and seed dispersal by vertebrates in the Oriental Region (tropical and subtropical Asia) published in 1998. The major conclusions remain the same. Small fruits are consumed by a wide range of potential seed dispersal agents, including species that thrive in small forest fragments and degraded landscapes. Larger and larger-seeded fruits are consumed by progressively fewer dispersers, and the largest depend on a few species of mammals and birds which are highly vulnerable to hunting, fragmentation, and habitat loss. Controlling hunting in both forest areas and the agricultural matrix must be a top priority for conservation. A lot more natural history information has been added to the literature since 1998. This reinforces previous evidence for the importance of hornbills, bulbuls, elephants, gibbons, civets, and fruit bats in seed dispersal, and suggests that the roles of green pigeons, macaques, rodents, bears, and deer were previously underestimated. The taxa for which additional natural history observations would be most valuable include fish, pheasants, pigeons, babblers, rodents, and even-toed ungulates. For other animal taxa, future frugivory and seed dispersal studies need to focus more on the fitness consequences for both the plants and the animals.

Yiwei Ge, Xiaonan Liu, Zhiyu Wang

In this paper, we show that the oriented diameter of any $n$-vertex $2$-connected near triangulation is at most $\lceil{\frac{n}{2}}\rceil$ (except for seven small exceptions), and the upper bound is tight. This extends a result of Wang et.al. on the oriented diameter of maximal outerplanar graphs, and improves an upper bound of $n/2+O(\sqrt{n})$ on the oriented diameter of planar triangulations by Mondal, Parthiban and Rajasingh.

Megha Bhat, Nicholas G. Vlamis

We prove that every orientation-preserving homeomorphism of Euclidean space can be expressed as a commutator of two orientation-preserving homeomorphisms. We give an analogous result for annuli. In the annulus case, we also extend the result to the smooth category in the dimensions for which the associated sphere has a unique smooth structure. As a corollary, we establish that every orientation-preserving diffeomorphism of the real line is the commutator of two orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms.

Oinam Premchand Singh

Oinam village in the state of Manipur in India, is known for its enduring tradition of pottery, defined by the cord-marked design on the pots. Cord-marked pottery is also found in various archaeological sites in Northeast India. Scholars have argued that pottery remains with cord-marked designs could be traced back to the Neolithic period. However, while these hand-made, earthen pots were once in high demand, they have been replaced by durable plastic and metallic vessels in recent times. Further, once considered a viable source of income, especially for women, today this tradition is seen as labor-intensive and monetarily unrewarding. As such, this tradition is preserved only by a few women of the older generation, as an act of preservation, rather than for income generation. The fifteen recent photographs in this essay document and preserve the surviving pottery-making tradition in Oinam.

Arif Tapan

Zezhou Yang, Tianyi Chen

Arniko—the celebrated traveler, painter, architect, and sculptor—traveled to the court of the Yuan Empire in the 13th century, centuries before the modern states of Nepal and China came into existence. Arniko’s journey traverses boundaries and borders, including those of modern nation-states. However, modern myths invented and circulated between the 1940s to the 1980s prune and flatten this complexity into a framework based on European languages and norms to impose order and control over diverse local viewpoints and interpretations. Nepaliness is constructed by attributing ethnicity and citizenship to Arniko, and projected onto an ancient past, to impute a long-standing friendship between Nepal and China. We investigate the myths through a transcultural lens and show how a variety of actors use Arniko to fulfill their agendas of decolonization and nationalization and how these nuanced agendas have affected their construction of Arniko. Moreover, based on an analysis of art that is attributed to Arniko, we introduce methodology from art history to provide an alternative transcultural method for “reconstructing” Arniko. We argue that the modern myths about Arniko are constructed, maintained, and performed as ideological and territorialization processes of control over disputed geography and ethnic cultural identities.

A. V. Mikhalev

This article studies the dynamics of geopolitical imagination of Inner Asian borders. This concept originated in the 19th century as a synonym for Central Asia. However, the new international order and the cold War in mid-20th century changed its meaning. The article is an attempt to analyze changes of Inner Asian borders in the Oriental discourse over the past 70 years. The article contemplates key definitions of the region that appeared in 20th century in response to changes in the political situation. Information on the main research institutes studying this territory has been systematized. The focus was not only on the very borders of the region yet also on regional ascriptive political attributes. The study has revealed the special role of the cultural and civilizational factor in the formation of the geopolitical imagination and, accordingly, ideas on the region. As a result, optimal consistent criteria were identified. We propose our own logical definition of Inner Asia based on these criteria. This frontier region comprises Mongolia, the Chinese regions: the Inner Mongolia, the Tibetan Autonomous Region, the territory of Dongbei (historical Manchuria), as well as the Russian regions: the Republic of Altai, the Republic of Buryatia, the territory of the Buryat Ust-Ordynsky District within the Irkutsk Region, the Zabaykalsky Krai and the Republic of Tyva. This approach to understanding Inner Asia makes it a large-scale frontier space, where many economic and cultural exchanges between Russia, Mongolia and China take place.

Karmen Martinic, Mateja Dumbovic, Manula Temmer et al.

The configuration of the interplanetary magnetic field and features of the related ambient solar wind in the ecliptic and meridional plane are different. Therefore, one can expect that the orientation of the flux-rope axis of a coronal mass ejection (CME) influences the propagation of the CME itself. However, the determination of the CME orientation, especially from image data, remains a challenging task to perform. This study aims to provide a reference to different CME orientation determination methods in the near-Sun environment. Also, it aims to investigate the non-radial flow in the sheath region of the interplanetary CME (ICME) in order to provide the first proxy to relate the ICME orientation with its propagation. We investigated 22 isolated CME-ICME events in the period 2008-2015. We determined the CME orientation in the near-Sun environment using the following: 1) a 3D reconstruction of the CME with the graduated cylindrical shell (GCS) model applied to coronagraphic images provided by the STEREO and SOHO missions and; 2) an ellipse fitting applied to single spacecraft data from SOHO/LASCO C2 and C3 coronagraphs. In the near-Earth environment, we obtained the orientation of the corresponding ICME using in situ plasma and field data and also investigated the non-radial flow (NRF) in its sheath region. The ability of GCS and ellipse fitting to determine the CME orientation is found to be limited to reliably distinguish only between the high or low inclination of the events. Most of the CME-ICME pairs under investigation were found to be characterized by a low inclination. For the majority of CME-ICME pairs, we obtain consistent estimations of the tilt from remote and in situ data. The observed NRFs in the sheath region show a greater y direction to z direction flow ratio for high-inclination events, indicating that the CME orientation could have an impact on the CME propagation.

Claire Maes

This paper identifies and examines a Jain narrative that frames Jain tenets as being in line with some of the most impactful COVID-19 measures. It demonstrates how during the early stages of the pandemic (i.e., mid-March 2020 to January 2021), some Jains drew parallels between various Jain principles and the WHO guidelines, finding agreement, for instance, between the <i>muhpattī</i> (“face cloth”) and the public face mask and the <i>dig-vrata</i> (a Jain vow of restraint) and social distancing. This paper shows how some also viewed several unintentional consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic (such as not being able to go shopping during the lockdown) as being in line with Jain practices (here the practice of <i>aparigraha</i> or non-possessiveness). By means of an analysis of two Jain writings on the WHO guidelines, I demonstrate how some Jains framed several COVID-19 measures within a distinctive Jain worldview. I argue that the equation of Jain practices with the WHO guidelines should be understood within the ongoing universalization and scientization of Jainism, processes that present Jainism as a universal and scientific solution to global disasters, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Chandra Chiara Ehm