Hasil untuk "Ural-Altaic languages"

Ildikó Lehtinen

In the shadow of Greater Finland. The framework of Ilmari Manninen’s scholarly work in Finland The objective of this article is to examine Ilmari Manninen’s position within Finnish ethnology on the basis of archival sources. The material consists mainly of Manninen’s correspondence, and the methodological approach is a close re-reading of his scholarly work. Manninen spent six years in Estonia, where he adapted well to the university and museum life in Tartu. The opening of the Estonian National Museum was a milestone and a testament to the success of the working team. Manninen’s return to Finnish ethnology was not self-evident. Although he maintained contact with Finland through A. M. Tallgren and Kaarle Krohn, he was regarded as an outsider by the Finnish National Museum and the University of Helsinki. By applying the historical research concept of the community of experience, this article situates Manninen within the field of Finnish ethnography. Manninen’s life’s work was evaluated in the context of his application for a professorship. His work in Estonia and his contribution as Head of the Ethnographic Department at the National Museum of Finland seem to have been acknowledged. However, his scholarly research on Estonian folk culture does not appear to have received the same level of recognition. Manninen’s research focused on Estonia and Karelia. Albert Hämäläinen’s research, on the other hand, concentrated on Western and Central Finland. This raises the question of whether it may have been a matter of a confrontation between East and West.

Andriela Rääbis

Other-initiated repair in the phone calls of the TV series Õnne 13 This paper analyzes phone calls from the Estonian television series Õnne 13 (“Happiness Street 13”) using the methodological framework of conversation analysis. The dataset consists of 60 everyday phone calls from various seasons (1994–2024). A defining characteristic of these calls is their one-sidedness, with one participant simulating a dialogue. By applying the core analytical technique of conversation analysis – the next-turn proof procedure – it is possible to reconstruct the missing turns of the interlocutor based on how the speaker interprets the previous turn. In film discourse, the model includes not only the ratified participants but also the television audience. Therefore, turns in film dialogue must be designed with both the fictional addressee and the audience in mind. Since the viewer cannot hear the other participant, it is the visible character’s task to convey their turns to the audience. One technique used for this purpose is the initiation of repair. In the analyzed conversations, 41 repair initiations were identified: 14 initiated by the caller and 27 by the recipient. Most repair sequences occur at the beginning of the conversation. Repair primarily addresses problems of acceptance (17 instances) and understanding (11 instances). The most common strategies for repair initiation are repetition of the trouble source and open-class initiators (e.g., ah? ‘what?’, misasja? ‘what?’). The relationship between problems and strategies in the analyzed telephone conversations differs somewhat from that in authentic conversations. While open-class initiators typically address hearing problems in real-life interaction, here they more often indicate acceptance problems. Most repair initiations are prosodically marked – expressed in a louder voice, with a tone of surprise, fear, disappointment, or laughter, often stretched and/or strongly emphasized. Marked prosody is also applied to types of repair initiations that are typically unmarked in authentic conversation.

Külli Prillop, Külli Habicht, Kristiina Praakli

Palatalization is not indicated in standard Estonian orthography. In the 1820s, Otto Wilhelm Masing proposed marking palatalization with a small dot placed beneath the vowel preceding the palatalized consonant. This article examines the extent to which Masing’s proposal was adopted and explores the reasons why the palatalization mark ultimately failed to become part of standard written Estonian. Masing also introduced the letter õ to distinguish between the sounds ö /ø/ and õ /ɤ/ in writing. That innovation was successful, even though – much like palatalization – õ varied regionally in pronunciation and the new character made printing more costly. Only a few printers and authors experimented with the palatalization mark, and all but two soon abandoned it. The only ones who remained committed to the idea were Heinrich Rosenplänter and Masing himself. However, they were unable to provide clear rules for when the palatalization mark should be used and were inconsistent in applying it. As a result, neither any printed texts nor the spoken language of the time offered a reliable model or standard for marking palatalization. Although the palatalization mark never caught on in general writing, it was adopted to some extent by authors of primers, who used it in the earliest stages of reading instruction.

Pärtel Lippus, Maarja-Liisa Pilvik, Kaidi Lõo et al.

Kõne on isikuti varieeruv ja suur osa sellest, kui jutukas keegi on või kui kiiresti ta räägib, sõltub tema isikuomadustest. Individuaalse varieeruvuse kõrval on aga leitud ka sotsiodemograafilisi mustreid, näiteks et vananedes kõnetempo aeglustub, aga ka et naised räägivad meestega võrreldes aeglasemalt, selgemalt ja ilmekamalt. Artiklis vaatame kahe eesti keele spontaanse kõne korpuse põhjal, kuidas suhtlussituatsioonis kõnetempo sõltuvalt vanusest, soost ja vestluspartnerist muutub, ning kõrvutame tulemusi loetud kõne andmetega. Kuna kõnetempot on seostatud ilmekusega, siis vaatame ka kõnelejate soravust, mõõtes takerdumiste, venituste ja sõnakorduste esinemist. Tulemused näitavad, et spontaankõnes on kõnetempo loetuga võrreldes oluliselt kiirem ning vanusest tingitud erinevused väiksemad. Kõige olulisem kõnetempo mõjutaja suhtluses on vestluspartneri kõnetempo. Soravusel ei avaldunud seost kõnetempoga. Teismelised arenevad vanusega soravamaks, kuid täiskasvanutel soravuses muutusi ei ilmnenud. *** "Variation of speech rate and fluency in Estonian" Speech varies from person to person, and much of how talkative someone is or how fast they speak depends on their personal characteristics. However, along with individual variability, sociodemographic patterns have also been found, for example, that the speech rate slows down with age, but also that women speak slower, clearer and more vividly than men. In the article we look at how the speech rate changes depending on age, gender and the interlocutor in a spontaneous communication situation based on the two Estonian speech corpora, Teen Speak in Estonia and the Phonetic Corpus of Estonian Spontaneous Speech. In order to account for the effect of the speaking situation, we compare the spontaneous data of the adult speakers with the read speech data from the Estonian Northwind and tSun corpora. Since speech rate has been associated with expressiveness, we also look at the fluency of speakers by counting the occurrences of segmental lengthening, restarts, and word repetitions. The results show that the speech rate in spontaneous speech is significantly faster and age-related differences are smaller compared to read speech. In spontaneous interaction the speaker’s speech rate is the most influenced by the speech rate of the interlocutor. Speech fluency was not correlated with speech rate. Teenagers become more fluent with age, but adults showed no change in fluency.

Hanna-Ilona Härmävaara, Topi Levänen, Olga Nenonen

Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan Suomeen vastasaapuneiden ukrainalaisten kokemuksia suomen kielen oppimisesta Toisto-tuokioissa. Keräsimme tapaustutkimuksemme aineiston havainnoimalla kahden Toisto-ryhmän toimintaa 10 kuukauden ajan. Toimintaa koskevien muistiinpanojen lisäksi aineistomme koostuu Toisto-tuokioiden videotallenteista sekä osallistujien haastatteluista. Haastattelujen temaattinen analyysi paljasti Toisto-tuokioihin osallistuneiden kokeneen metodin miellyttäväksi ja ilmapiirin hyväksi. Osallistujat kokivat oppineensa hyödyllisiä fraaseja, ja hyväksi koettiin myös puhumisen ja ääntämisen harjoittelu sekä itse toistoon perustuva metodi. Haastavaksi taas koettiin kirjoitetun materiaalin niukkuus sekä se, ettei kielen rakenteita selitetä. Sekä haastattelu- että videoaineistosta ilmeni osallistujien tarve ymmärtää kielen rakenteita syvemmin kuin mihin analysoimattomien konstruktioiden esittelyyn tähtäävä metodi tarjoaa mahdollisuuden. Osallistujat kysyivät itselleen epäselvistä asioista paitsi oppailta myös toisiltaan. Oppailta kysymistä helpottivat oppaiden ja osallistujien yhteiset kielet venäjä ja englanti. "The Toisto-method: Language learning experiences of newly arrived Ukrainians in Finland." This study focuses on how newly arrived Ukrainian refugees to Finland have experienced learning Finnish language with a method called Toisto (’Repetition’). Toisto is a modeling-based method that was developed to enable volunteers to teach the basics of Finnish to newcomers, as linguistic first aid. The Toisto-method is built on the ideas of direct method, communicative teaching, suggestopedic atmosphere, and authenticity in schemata. The method is speech-based, and one does not have to have literacy skills to participate. The case study was conducted by observing two groups for ten months, by interviewing the participants and by videorecording four sessions. All participants were Ukrainian refugees who had an extensive educational background, including learning other languages. In the interviews, the participants reported that they were happy with the sessions, and they found the atmosphere relaxed. They felt that the Toisto-method was novel compared to their previous language learning experiences both in Ukraine and in Finland. The participants reported that the method helped them learn useful phrases for their everyday needs, and they found that the speech-based method was beneficial especially for developing their communicative skills. The participants also recognized that not all their language learning needs were met in Toisto-sessions. The participants reported also wanting to learn how to write Finnish, and they wished to have explicit grammar instruction. Both writing and explicit teaching of grammar are excluded from the method on purpose, and based on the analysis, the expectations of the Ukrainian participants were often different from what the method is set to offer. To better cater for the needs of the participants, the Finnish volunteers had added written modality in the lessons, and they also explained linguistic details when asked. The analysis of the language related questions in Toisto-sessions revealed that instead of focusing on inferring the meanings and structures from the presented materials, the participants asked for translations to Russian and made questions about grammar. These practices had brought the Toisto-sessions closer to more traditional language learning.

Liisa-Maria Komissarov, Helena Lemendik, Eleriin Miilman et al.

Tänapäeva hariduses on kirjutamisel keskne roll ja seetõttu on oluline ka see, kuidas kirjutamist toetatakse ja juhendatakse. Artiklis anname ülevaate Eesti gümnaasiumide ja ülikoolide uurimis- ning lõputööde juhenditest. Kogusime uurimiseks 60 juhendit ja analüüsisime neid, et näha, mida juhendid tavapäraselt sisaldavad ning millist abi need (üli)õpilasele kirjutamisprotsessi eri etappides pakuvad. Analüüsist selgus, et juhendites moodustasid sisuteemad ((üli)õpilastööde liigid; teema valik; kavandamine; allikate valik ja käsitlemine; ülesehitus; keel ja stiil; eetilised põhimõtted) vaid 22% juhendite kogumahust, ülejäänud 78% oli pühendatud vormistusele jm formaalsetele aspektidele. Sisuteemadest käsitleti kõige sagedamini töö ülesehitust, vähim räägiti töö kavandamisest. Rõhuasetused juhendites viitavad kirjutamise mõtestamisele Eesti haridussüsteemis üldisemalt: tähelepanu pööratakse eelkõige lõpptulemusele ja selle nõuetekohasusele, samas tulemuseni jõudmise protsess jäetakse sageli tagaplaanile. *** "Academic writing guidelines: TNR, 12, 1.5 and done?" In the article, we introduce an analysis of guidelines for theses and other written assignments in Estonian high schools and universities. We have collected 60 guidelines and analyzed them quantitatively to see what topics they contain and in which proportions, and qualitatively to see how those topics are presented and explained. The goal of this study was to understand how guidelines assist students throughout the process of writing longer assignments. First of all, it is important to emphasize that written guidelines are only a part of the guidance students receive (in addition to writing courses, seminars etc), yet they are regulated and more centralized at the institutional level compared to other options (e.g selective courses or Bachelor’s/Master’s seminars which can vary by teacher). Our analysis of the guidelines shows that they mainly focus on formal aspects. Only 22% of the total volume of guidelines (in pages) is dedicated to aspects related to the actual writing process and the content of the paper (planning, structure, working with sources, use of language). The rest is concerned with requirements on formatting, citation styles, submitting and defending the thesis etc. Of the content and process-related topics, the most attention is paid to the structure of the paper, which is mentioned in all guidelines, whereas the planning and drafting stage is discussed only in 14 guidelines out of 60. It can thus be concluded from our analysis that the guidelines for writing in Estonian high schools and universities appear to be oriented more toward form than content. The students receive thorough and detailed instructions on what the final text must look like, but the process of creating the text itself is often neglected. Our suggestion is to keep that tendency towards form in mind while creating or updating guidelines in order to make them more content-rich and therefore encouraging and motivating – all that to support (university) students in creation of meaningful texts.

Izzat Matyakubov

Soʻzning kuchi va qudrati insoniyatga, tirik mavjudotga qanday ta’sir qilsa, sozning kuchi va qudrati ham undan kam ta’sir etmaydi. Binobarin soʻz va soz uygʻunlikda ijro qilinsa nafaqat insoniyat, balki butun nabodot olami bundan bahramand boʻladi. Dunyo olimlari buni barcha jihatlarini oʻlchab tadqiqotlar olib borishgan. Ushbu tadqiqotlar kelajakda oʻzining sermahsul natijalarini, turli yangi sohalarni kashf etilishini taqozo etgan. Ushbu cholgʻu va ogʻzaki ijro turkiylarning epik anʼanalari bilan birga bugungi kungacha saqlanib qolgan va ijtimoiy va madaniy oʻzgarishlarni oʻzida mujassam etgan Xuddi o'sha payt har bir dinning kirib kelishi, uning insonlar ongiga ta’sir qilishi, shakllanishi, omma oldiga chiqishi va diniy tadbirlar oʻtkazilishi hamda shu singari jihatlar aynan soz va soʻz uygʻunligida ijro etilgan va ijro etilib kelinmoqda. Otashparastlik, Budda, Xristiyan va Islom kabi dinlarning har jabxasida soʻz va soz uygʻunligi ijrosini kuzatishimiz mumkin. Bundan tashqari insoniyat tarixidagi maishiy hayotida soʻz va soz uygʻunligi ijrosi doimo faol rol oʻynab kelgan. Insonning tugʻilishidan to vafot etguniga qadar boʻladigan marosimlar, an’analar, ma’naviy-ma’rifiy, ta’limiy-tarbiyaviy ishlar shular jumlasidandir. Maqolamizda aynan shu va boshqa tadqiq qilingan dolzarb masalalar haqida soʻz yuritiladi.

Hille Pajupuu, Rene Altrov, Jaan Pajupuu

This study sought to find out which style of radio advertisement performance listeners consider likable, and which acoustic features differentiate the likable from the unlikable. The same spokespersons presented a gender neutral pretend-advertisement in two styles: calm and energetic. Listeners had to rate the likability of the performances. The results showed that listener likability scores were consistent and did not depend on listener gender. The listeners overwhelmingly preferred advertisements presented in a calm style, regardless of the performer or their age or gender. For each advertisement, 88 parameters of the extended Geneva Minimalistic Acoustic Parameter Set (eGeMAPS) were calculated. Most of these significantly differentiated likable and unlikable performances. Likable performances were characterised by lower pitch, faster articulation rate, a quieter voice with no abrupt changes in loudness, and a breathy voice. The study showed the importance of determining which performance style listeners prefer, as the voice of the performer is directly affected by the performance style. Listeners might like a voice in one style, but not the other. *** "Hääle ja esitusstiili eelistus raadioreklaamis" Uurimuse eesmärk oli teada saada, millist raadioreklaamide esitust peavad kuulajad meeldivaks ja millised akustilised tunnused eristavad meeldivat mittemeeldivast. Ühed ja samad reklaamiesitajad (30 naist ja 30 meest) esitasid sooneutraalset reklaami rahulikus ja energilises stiilis. Kuulajad hindasid reklaami esituste meeldivust. Hindajateks olid 18 naist (vanus 35–64 aastat, M = 46,4 aastat, SD = 8,4) ja 18 meest (vanus 34–65, M = 45,7 aastat, SD = 6,9). Tulemused näitasid, et kuulajate meeldivushinnangud olid sarnased ega sõltunud kuulaja soost. Kuulajad eelistasid ülekaalukalt rahulikus stiilis esitatud reklaame, sõltumata esitajast, tema vanusest ja soost. Reklaamiesituste akustiliseks analüüsiks kasutati vabavaralist tööriista openSMILE. Igale reklaamiesitusele arvutati Geneva minimaalse akustiliste parameetrite laiendatud kogumi (eGeMAPS) 88 parameetrit. Neist enamik eristas meeldinud ja mittemeeldinud esitusi oluliselt. Meeldinud esitusi iseloomustas muuhulgas madalam põhitoon, suurem artikulatsiooni kiirus, vaiksem hääl ilma järskude valjuse muutusteta ja kahisev hääl. Samuti oli iseloomulik pigem neutraalne kui emotsionaalne esitus. Analüüsist järeldus, et oluline on leida vastavasse kultuuri sobiv reklaami esitusstiil. Kuna esitaja häälekõla on otseselt seotud esitusstiiliga, siis see võib kuulajale ühes stiilis meeldida, teises aga mitte.

A. Parpola

Volgo-Kama Neolithic resulted from an expansion of the Elshan culture to Lower Kama c. 5700 BCE. Corresponding “Indo-Uralic” linguistic parallels attest to an expansion of pre-Proto-Indo-European speakers to the area of pre-Proto-Uralic speakers. This supports the evidence of linguistic palaeontology (Proto-Uralic words for ‘cembra pine’ and for ‘bee’ and ‘honey’) for the Kama River Valley as the Uralic homeland. Proto-Uralic had loanwords from pre-Proto-Indo-Iranian, whose speakers can now be traced to the Abashevo culture of 2200–2000 BCE: the Abashevo expansion from Lower Kama to the Ural-Tobol interfluve created the Sintashta culture (2000–1900 BCE), which has the earliest archaeological evidence for horse-drawn chariots, matching Proto-Indo-Iranian chariot vocabulary. Between 2200 and 1900 BCE, the Sejma-Turbino network (ST) of warrior-smith-traders distributed high-quality weapons along the border of taiga and steppe between the Upper Ob and Finland. This long but narrow corridor matches the distribution of the intermediate proto-languages of the Uralic family. It is argued that the ST came into being when Abashevo smiths moved from Balanbash on Lower Kama to Turbino on Mid-Kama and there created the ST metal axe-celt to replace the local stone-celt. The metal axe and Abashevo-like lance-heads and other weapons were then traded west and east, to hunter-fisher-cultures of Europe and Siberia (where weapons of tin-bronze were produced), establishing Proto-Uralic as the language of the areas of ST rule.

Tsukasa Shiota, Kazutaka Shimada

Sara Atito, Muhammad Awais, Wenwu Wang et al.

I. Kolegova, I. Levina

The development of the education system in Russia is considered as one of the most important strategic goals of the society. The professionalization of teaching a foreign language at the universities is a global trend. ESP (English for Specific Purposes) has become increasingly important as there has been an increase in vocational training and learning throughout the world. The article reveals the key theoretical and practical aspects of the system of modular learning in the South Ural State University, the Higher School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, as a new design for the teaching and learning cooperation. The principle of modular organization of educational material involves the organization of training in the form of professionally-oriented modules. The paper defines the term “module”, describes the criteria for selecting educational material, outlines the structure of a module and a set of exercises. The aim of our research was to study the satisfaction level of students with the quality of education and to analyze the implementation process of the modular learning. The following tasks were solved: the experience of using modular learning in educational process was analyzed, the level of students’ satisfaction with the quality of education system was evaluated. Theoretical (analysis of modern scientific and methodological literature) and empirical (questionnaire, mathematical processing of the obtained data) methods are applied in the study. The research shows that the implementation of modular learning had a positive impact on students' outcomes and the level of students` satisfaction with the education process increased.

MEHMET MUSTAFA KARACA

It is known that social norms that shape almost every aspect of life in Turkic society and are mostly based on oral tradition also shape business life. It is understood from the historical information and documents that each branch of profession has formed its own internal rules over time and that trade is carried out according to these rules. Anatolian Turkishness applied these rules through institutions such as vocational guilds and Ahi organization. It can be said that there are similar control mechanisms in the commercial life of the Eastern Turks, as can be understood from the dozens of professional treatises in various libraries of the world today. Occupational booklets, especially from the Uyghur Turks, show that both the execution of traditional professions and their transfer to future generations take place according to certain rules. Considering that the aforementioned rules are fed by the traditions, customs and beliefs of the society, it can be said that the booklets do not only contain information about the professions, but also convey some information about the social, economic and cultural structure of the society. In addition, it would not be wrong to say that these works, which were compiled from the society and written, are an important source in revealing the vocabulary of the Turkic language as well as the phonetic and morphological features. In this study, a manuscript registered with the name of Risale-i Baqqalcılık in Berlin Staatsbibliothek Library Ms or oct 1659 was examined. After the translation of the work is done through writing, the remarkable language and orthographic features are revealed. In addition, a grammatical index has been prepared in order to reveal the vocabulary of the work. Keywords: Uighur Turkic, Late Chagatai Turkic, Chagatai Turkic, occupational booklets.

Samip Dahal, Adyasha Maharana, Mohit Bansal

Code generation is the task of generating code snippets from input user specifications in nat-ural language. Leveraging the linguistically-motivated hierarchical structure of the input can benefit code generation, especially since the specifications are complex sentences containing multiple variables and operations over various data structures. Moreover, recent advances in Transformer architectures have led to improved performance with tree-to-tree style generation for other seq2seq tasks e.g., machine translation. Hence, we present an empirical analysis of the significance of input parse trees for code generation. We run text-to-tree, linearized tree-to-tree, and structured tree-to-tree models, using constituency-based parse trees as input, where the target is Ab-stract Syntax Tree (AST) of the code. We evaluate our models on the Python-based code generation dataset CoNaLa and a semantic parsing dataset ATIS. We find that constituency trees encoded using a structure-aware model improve performance for both datasets. We also provide an analysis of those aspects of the input parse trees which are most impact-ful. For instance, we find that structure-aware encodings are better at modelling inputs with multiple variables and capturing long-range dependencies for code generation. 1

Xin Chen, Zhen Hai, Deyu Li et al.

Rhetorical implicit emotion identification is one of important and challenging tasks in nat-ural language processing. We observe that each rhetoric may express certain evidence of semantic and syntactic patterns. Then, we design a gate mechanism based classification module to capture respective rhetorical representation and identify each rhetoric. More-over, sentences carved with rhetoric tends to express emotions in subtle ways. We thus pro-pose a new multi-task learning framework that can encode the categorical correlation between tasks to improve the performance of rhetoric and emotion identification problem. Experimental results validate the benefit of the proposed model over state-of-the-art baselines for rhetoric and emotion identification tasks. In addition, a new Chinese rhetorical implicit emotion dataset was constructed and will be released in this work.

I. Kotlyarova, A. Chuvashova

This study explores how English for specific purposes can be effectively introduced into the training of technical major students to form profession-related skills. Students were provided with an opportunity to introduce acquired language skills into their future professional career when performing such professional task as the development of design and technological documentation which is a real and basic job function. The course was developed on the basis of the interdisciplinary approach to improve the level of integrated knowledge and skills to perform the stated job function. Five groups of fourth-year students consisting of 110 people of Aerospace faculty in South Ural State University took part in the experiment. The course includes interdisciplinary tasks and practice. Before and after the implementation of the course students were assigned the same test and their level of integrated knowledge and skills was measured. A statistical method of applying the Rosenbaum Q criterion to compare and evaluate the data was used. Results show that the level of 3 out of 5 types of integrated knowledge and skills has risen significantly which indicates students’ readiness to perform the stated job function. The suggested course can be introduced into an educational process teaching technical major students.

Kari Alenius

This article analyzes how ethnic minorities were taken into account in the Finnish and Estonian constitutions, and why account was taken precisely in a certain way. At the same time, it approaches what kinds of views were presented by different political parties and interest groups, what kind of debate was being held in Parliament and how the matter was dealt with in the leading media. The outcome of the process in both countries was that exceptionally broad linguistic and cultural rights were given to minorities if the situation was compared with the rest of Europe. There were several factors behind the process. One factor was the relationship between ethnic groups in Finland and Estonia in the historical perspective. Another factor was each country’s internal debate on what kind of social order in general was to be built. The third factor was how the politics in Finland and Estonia was influenced by international trends and theories about how ethnic minorities should have been treated.

Yabei Cao

Norman (1982) proposes that dú 犢 ‘calf’ is a loanword from Altaic languages, and the hypothesis is often cited by later scholars. Based on the recently unearthed documents and texts, a new phonological analysis of Old Chinese, and the cross-language phonetic corresponding rules, this paper argues that dú is not a loanword but a native Chinese word. Unearthed documents from the pre-Qin period provide earlier uses of dú than those from the Han dynasty mentioned previously. Combining the time of early uses, the xiesheng series and character interchanges related to dú, and a new reconstruction of the Old Chinese sources of the Middle Chinese initial *d-, the paper argues that there is no phonetic correspondence between dú and the Altaic t-initial morphemes. The paper also points out that a basic condition of establishing a loanword hypothesis through historical documents is that the cross-language phonetic correspondence should exist at the time reflected by the earliest uses of the word.

Yabei Cao

S. Nafikov

The article is devoted to showing various etymological connections of the Turkic names of the heart (somatism) as part of the anatomical vocabulary of the Turkic and Altaic languages in the context of the nostratic macrofamily. Somatisms as a lexico-semantic group belongs to the oldest layer of vocabulary, in which, on the one hand, the features of categorization and conceptualization of the world in the human mind are manifested clearly, on the other hand, the historical stability of the semantics of words and their phonomorphological appearance is demonstrated. Based on the methodology of comparative reconstruction of proto-forms, the article reveals the etymology of the word köηül, gives its direct and figurative meanings in the Proto-Turkic language. The root proto- form of somatism, according to the author, goes back not to the substantive, but to the verbal basis of көң – “wait”. Also significant in the article is the identification of semantic parallels of somatism in the ancient Turkic and Bashkir languages, the definition of direct and figurative meanings of köηül from syntagmatic connections in phraseological combinations and derived words. In addition, the author establishes historical links between könül and other Turkic somatisms, as well as with lexemes denoting kinship relations. It is important in the article to identify on the basis of this somatism the semantic connections of the Turkic languages, in particular, the Altai family of languages, as a whole with other languages of the world, which confirms the verification of the nostratic theory of languages. A more thorough examination and search for probable isoglosses gives a picture of a very wide distribution of single-root words with the base *QVN / KVN also within the (hypothetical) superfamilies of Indo-European, Sino-Caucasian, Austric and Amerindian languages.