Hasil untuk "United States"

B. Plassman, K. Langa, Gwenith G Fisher et al.

D. Friedman, R. Wolfs, Benita J. O’Colmain et al.

C. Farquhar, C. Steiner

A. Jemal, Elizabeth E. Ward, Yongping Hao et al.

J. Trussell

This review provides an update of previous estimates of first-year probabilities of contraceptive failure for all methods of contraception available in the United States. Estimates are provided of probabilities of failure during typical use (which includes both incorrect and inconsistent use) and during perfect use (correct and consistent use). The difference between these two probabilities reveals the consequences of imperfect use; it depends both on how unforgiving of imperfect use a method is and on how hard it is to use that method perfectly. These revisions reflect new research on contraceptive failure both during perfect use and during typical use.

E. Blakely, M. Snyder

Gated communities are a new "hot button" in many North American cities. From Boston to Los Angeles and from Miami to Toronto citizens are taking sides in the debate over whether any neighborhood should be walled and gated, preventing intrusion or inspection by outsiders. This debate has intensified since the hard cover edition of this book was published in 1997. Since then the number of gated communities has risen dramatically. In fact, new homes in over 40 percent of planned developments are gated n the West, the South, and southeastern parts of the United States. Opposition to this phenomenon is growing too. In the small and relatively homogenous town of Worcester, Massachusetts, a band of college students from Brown University and the University of Chicago picketed the Wexford Village in November of 1998 waving placards that read "Gates Divide." These students are symbolic of a much larger wave of citizens asking questions about the need for and the social values of gates that divide one portion of a community from another.

B. Kasiske, J. Snyder, D. Gilbertson et al.

A. Fothergill, L. Peek

H. El‐Serag

D. Cayan, S. A. Kammerdiener, M. Dettinger et al.

F. Mettler, Mythreyi Bhargavan, K. Faulkner et al.

N. Knowles, M. Dettinger, D. Cayan

M. Shiels, R. Pfeiffer, M. Gail et al.

R. Uehara, E. Belay

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis that mainly affects children younger than 5 years. Although Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki first reported KD over 40 years ago, the cause of the disease remains unknown. Currently, KD has been diagnosed in more than 60 countries, including those in Asia, the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa, as well as in North America and Europe. The purpose of this review is to describe the epidemiologic features of KD—particularly its incidence, seasonality, and the occurrence of coronary artery abnormalities—primarily in Japan and the United States, but also in Europe and other Asian countries.

Recep Evrim Ozgen, Ahmet Yazar, Mustafa Serdar Osmanca

Future sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks are expected to evolve beyond traditional communication infrastructures and incorporate native sensing and environmental awareness capabilities. While previous generations primarily focused on connectivity metrics such as data rate, latency, and radio-frequency (RF) coverage, emerging applications increasingly require networks that can perceive physical environments and support context-aware decision making. This paper introduces the concept of sensing coverage as a complementary performance dimension to conventional RF coverage in sensing-enabled wireless systems. Within this perspective, a unified 6G vision is presented in which wireless infrastructure operates as a distributed sensing platform enabled by integrated sensing and communication (ISAC). The complementary paradigms of Network for Sensing, Sensing for Network, and Sensing-as-a-Service are systematically analyzed to clarify their roles in sensing-centric wireless architectures. The paper further reviews heterogeneous sensing technologies including cellular sensing, Wi-Fi sensing, visible-light communications (VLC), non-terrestrial networks (NTN), terahertz (THz) communications, and reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted sensing, illustrating how these technologies jointly enable multi-layer sensing coverage. In addition, quantitative foundations and performance metrics for sensing coverage are presented, and an illustrative evaluation is provided to highlight the fundamental differences between RF communication coverage and sensing coverage. Finally, the roles of AI-native intelligence, digital twins, and sensing-oriented service models are discussed in the context of sensing-enabled 6G networks. The presented framework provides a structured view of the emerging sensing-centric 6G ecosystem and highlights key research directions for future wireless systems that jointly integrate communication, sensing, computation, and intelligent services.

Huan Ning, Zhenlong Li, Manzhu Yu et al.

Traditional population datasets are largely static and therefore unable to capture the strong temporal dynamics of human presence driven by daily mobility. Recent smartphone-based mobility data offer unprecedented spatiotemporal coverage, yet translating these opportunistic observations into accurate population estimates remains challenging due to incomplete sensing, spatially heterogeneous device penetration, and unstable observation processes. We propose a Stable-Attendance Anchor Calibration (SAAC) framework to reconstruct hourly population presence at the Census block group level across the United States. SAAC formulates population estimation as a balance-based population accounting problem, combining residential population with time-varying inbound and outbound mobility inferred from device-event observations. To address observation bias and identifiability limitations, the framework leverages locations with highly regular attendance as calibration anchors, using high schools in this study. These anchors enable estimation of observation scaling factors that correct for under-recorded mobility events. By integrating anchor-based calibration with an explicit sampling model, SAAC enables consistent conversion from observed device events to population presence at fine temporal resolution. The inferred population patterns are consistent with established empirical findings in prior mobility and urban population studies. SAAC provides a generalizable framework for transforming large-scale, biased digital trace data into interpretable dynamic population products, with implications for urban science, public health, and human mobility research. The hourly population estimates can be accessed at: https://gladcolor.github.io/hourly_population.

Boniphace Kutela, Frank Ngeni, Cuthbert Ruseruka et al.

Over-speeding is a pivotal factor in fatal traffic crashes globally, necessitating robust speed management strategies to augment road safety. In 2021, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported over 12 000 speed-related fatalities in the United States alone. Previous studies aggregated over-speeding tendencies; however, the extent of over-speeding has a significant implication on the crash outcome. This study delves into the prevalence and magnitude of over-speeding in various scenarios, utilizing data from traffic cameras in Edmonton, Canada, and employing a negative binomial statistical model for analysis. The model elucidates the significance and likelihood of over-speeding tendencies by incorporating temporal and built environment variables, i.e., year, month, number of lanes, dwelling unit types, school-related, and open green space. Study results indicated that the aggregation of the over-speeding data tends to underestimate the influence of various factors. Notably, the estimated impact of the posted speed limit for the disaggregated models is up to over two times that for the aggregated model. Further, the summer months exhibit a roughly 25% uptick in speed limit violations for aggregated models while about a 40% uptick in the speed limit violations for disaggregated approaches. Conversely, a discernible decline in over-speeding tendencies is observed with camera enforcement, showcasing a 25% reduction over four years. Built environment variables presented mixed results, with one-unit dwellings associated with a 12% increase in over-speeding, while proximity to schools indicated a 10% decrease. These pivotal findings provide policymakers and practitioners with valuable insights to formulate targeted interventions and countermeasures to curtail speed limit violations and bolster overall road safety conditions.