The title of this Symposium ‘From Mendel’s factors to the genetic code’ emphasizes a single aspect of genetic research. That is unfortunate in a subject of such wide scope. Even in the most general terms, it naturally involves far more than analysing the fine structure of the genetic material and the physiological paths by which the genes produce the characters for which they are responsible. For it is of course essential to study the functions of those characters: the ways in which they influence the adjustment of organisms to their environment and provide both the heritable variability and stability needed in evolution. A few aspects of that work are indeed reviewed in the papers contributed on this occasion. Consequently a proportion of them treat of subjects far beyond the range of the Symposium title, and the present article is of this kind. Genetic polymorphism comprises a distinct type of variation, recognizable and endowed with predictable properties. It is defined as, ‘The occurrence together in the same habitat of two of more discontinuous forms, or phases, of a species in such proportions that the rarest of them cannot be maintained merely by recurrent mutation’ (Ford 1940). The significance of this definition becomes apparent on analysis. Evidently it excludes geographical and seasonal forms, as well as comtinuous variation falling within a curve of normal distribution. It excludes also rare mutants, whether recessive or not, that are eliminated by selection and maintained in the population merely by mutation pressure. Such discontinuous variation must be controlled by some switch mechanism. This is nearly always provided by a gene or a super-gene, which latter may of course include an inversion or, in special circumstances, even a whole chromosome or group of chromosomes. In theory it might be, but hardly ever is, environmental. It is true that very distinct seasonal forms may be produced in that way, such as the spring and summer emergence of the butterfly Araschnia levana (Nymphalidae). But these involve whole generations. A much more delicate adjustment would be required to evoke sharply contrasting phases within the same brood, while it is difficult indeed to see how their proportions could be accurately adjusted to meet changes in the ecological situation, a drawback apparently fatal to the environmental control of polymorphism (Ford 1965).
Abstract Bullying is an education and health priority. The existing evidence has primarily focused on mainstream schools, with few studies conducted in special education schools. The present study aimed to quantify school staff's observations of bullying in special schools, also presenting by school specialism. The second part measured school staff self‐efficacy when dealing with bullying. A total of 72 school staff sampled from special schools in England participated in an anonymous survey with closed‐ and open‐ended questions. Results indicated that physical, verbal, and relational bullying were all evident in special schools, yet the observed frequency pattern changed when schools were split by specialism. Moreover, t ‐test showed no significant difference between classroom and non‐classroom staff, gender or years of experience regarding self‐efficacy when dealing with bullying, but significant differences were found showing higher self‐efficacy for those who had received training on dealing with bullying. An understanding of bullying from the special school staff perspective provides insight for the development of anti‐bullying programmes or training on dealing with bullying, specifically designed for learners or school staff in special schools.
We derive a singular diffusion limit for the position of a tagged particle in zero range interacting particle processes on a one dimensional torus with a Sinai-type random environment via two steps. In the first step, a regularization is introduced by averaging the random environment over an $\varepsilon N$-neighborhood. With respect to such an environment, the microscopic drift of the tagged particle is in form $\frac{1}{N}W_\varepsilon'$, where $W_\varepsilon'$ is a regularized White noise. Scaling diffusively, we find the nonequilibrium limit of the tagged particle $x^\varepsilon_t$ is the unique weak solution of $d x_t^{\varepsilon} = 2\frac{Φ(ρ^{\varepsilon}(t, x_t^{\varepsilon}))}{ρ^{\varepsilon}(t, x_t^\varepsilon)} \,W_{\varepsilon}'(x_t^\varepsilon) + \sqrt{\frac{Φ(ρ^{\varepsilon}(t, x_t^\varepsilon))}{ρ^{\varepsilon}(t, x_t^\varepsilon)}} \,dB_t$, in terms of the hydrodynamic mass density $ρ^\varepsilon$ recently identified and homogenized interaction rate $Φ$. In the second step, we show that $x^\varepsilon$, as $\varepsilon$ vanishes, converges in law to the diffusion $x^0$ described informally by $d x_t^0 = 2\frac{Φ(ρ^{0}(t, x_t^{0}))}{ρ^{0}(t, x_t^0)} \,W'(x_t^0) + \sqrt{\frac{Φ(ρ^{0}(t, x_t^0))}{ρ^{0}(t, x_t^0)}} \,dB_t$, where $W'$ is a spatial White noise and $ρ^0$ is the para-controlled limit of $ρ^\varepsilon$ also recently identified, solving the singular PDE $ \partial_t ρ^0 = \frac{1}{2}ΔΦ(ρ^0) - 2\nabla \big(W' Φ(ρ^0)\big)$.
Unsupervised Environment Design (UED) formalizes the problem of autocurricula through interactive training between a teacher agent and a student agent. The teacher generates new training environments with high learning potential, curating an adaptive curriculum that strengthens the student's ability to handle unseen scenarios. Existing UED methods mainly rely on regret, a metric that measures the difference between the agent's optimal and actual performance, to guide curriculum design. Regret-driven methods generate curricula that progressively increase environment complexity for the student but overlook environment novelty -- a critical element for enhancing an agent's generalizability. Measuring environment novelty is especially challenging due to the underspecified nature of environment parameters in UED, and existing approaches face significant limitations. To address this, this paper introduces the Coverage-based Evaluation of Novelty In Environment (CENIE) framework. CENIE proposes a scalable, domain-agnostic, and curriculum-aware approach to quantifying environment novelty by leveraging the student's state-action space coverage from previous curriculum experiences. We then propose an implementation of CENIE that models this coverage and measures environment novelty using Gaussian Mixture Models. By integrating both regret and novelty as complementary objectives for curriculum design, CENIE facilitates effective exploration across the state-action space while progressively increasing curriculum complexity. Empirical evaluations demonstrate that augmenting existing regret-based UED algorithms with CENIE achieves state-of-the-art performance across multiple benchmarks, underscoring the effectiveness of novelty-driven autocurricula for robust generalization.
Wiebke Rösler, M. Altenbuchinger, B. Baessler
et al.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is influencing our society on many levels and has broad implications for the future practice of hematology and oncology. However, for many medical professionals and researchers, it often remains unclear what AI can and cannot do, and what are promising areas for a sensible application of AI in hematology and oncology. Finally, the limits and perils of using AI in oncology are not obvious to many healthcare professionals. In this article, we provide an expert-based consensus statement by the joint Working Group on “Artificial Intelligence in Hematology and Oncology” by the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO), the German Association for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (GMDS), and the Special Interest Group Digital Health of the German Informatics Society (GI). We provide a conceptual framework for AI in hematology and oncology. First, we propose a technological definition, which we deliberately set in a narrow frame to mainly include the technical developments of the last ten years. Second, we present a taxonomy of clinically relevant AI systems, structured according to the type of clinical data they are used to analyze. Third, we show an overview of potential applications, including clinical, research, and educational environments with a focus on hematology and oncology. Thus, this article provides a point of reference for hematologists and oncologists, and at the same time sets forth a framework for the further development and clinical deployment of AI in hematology and oncology in the future.
Analogously to de Bruijn sequences, Orientable sequences have application in automatic position-location applications and, until recently, studies of these sequences focused on the binary case. In recent work by Alhakim et al., recursive methods of construction were described for orientable sequences over arbitrary finite alphabets, requiring 'starter sequences' with special properties. Some of these methods required as input special orientable sequences, i.e. orientable sequences which were simultaneously negative orientable. We exhibit methods for constructing special orientable sequences with properties appropriate for use in two of the recursive methods of Alhakim et al. As a result we are able to show how to construct special orientable sequences for arbitrary sizes of alphabet (larger than a small lower bound) and for all window sizes. These sequences have periods asymptotic to the optimal as the alphabet size increases.
Fluoride is one of the important trace elements of human life and health. A proper amount of fluoride is beneficial to health. Excessive intake of fluoride will lead to dental fluorosis, bone fluorosis and urolithiasis, and serious excessive intake will affect the human central nervous system, endocrine hormone levels and reproductive system. The same lack of fluorine can also cause dental caries, Kaschin-beck disease signs and osteoporosis symptoms and cause hematopoietic dysfunction. Due to the chemical characteristics of fluorine, the forms of fluorine in the natural environment are very complex, and the transformation between different forms needs further study. How to quickly and accurately determine the content of fluorine in soil, rocks and minerals is of great significance for evaluating regional geochemical behavior and preventing fluorine-related diseases in humans.In this paper, the research progress of fluorine analysis and testing technology in soil, rocks and minerals in recent years is described. The methods, reagents and processes of sample pretreatment are summarized. The matrix correction, interference control, performance and application status of different testing methods are reviewed. In order to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the test results, it is necessary to eliminate the interference of metal cation, matrix effect and particle size validity, select the appropriate pretreatment and detection technology, reduce the detection limit, and constantly improve the accuracy and precision of the test.At present, the commonly used pretreatment methods mainly include pressed powder pellet, fusion, steam distillation, high temperature combustion hydrolysis, alkali fusion and acid dissolution. Among them, the pressed powder pellet method is simple, employs nondestructive analysis, has high sample preparation efficiency, and can meet the requirements of pretreatment of fluorine in large quantities of soil. The fusion method can effectively reduce the particle size effect and mineral effect, but different matrix samples need to use different oxidants, the preparation process is complicated, and requires high experience of the sample maker. Steam distillation and high temperature combustion hydrolysis are mainly used in rock sample treatment. The interference of metal ions can be effectively reduced by steam distillation or high temperature combustion hydrolysis. The test results of the samples treated by the alkali fusion method are stable and widely used, but there is metal ion interference, which leads to low fluorine test results. The acid dissolution method is used mainly for the decomposition of some specific ore samples, such as phosphate ore, and is rarely used at present.The commonly used determination methods include the ion selective electrode method, ion chromatography, XRF method, spectrophotometry, colorimetric method and liquid chromatography. Among them, the ion selective electrode method is mature and widely used because of its high accuracy and good stability. The detection limit of ion chromatography is low, but the test efficiency is low. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry uses lossless injection, simple environmental protection and can measure multiple elements at the same time. The colorimetric method is not accurate enough, the stability of the method is poor, the analysis steps are more complicated, and it is not suitable for the analysis of daily samples. Liquid chromatography is rarely used at present because of the expensive pretreatment equipment.At present, the alkali fusion method (accounting for 26%) is widely used as the most important pretreatment means, but it has many shortcomings, such as large reagent consumption, long process, complicated steps and cationic interference. Further research and practice are needed to optimize testing techniques and methods. The high temperature combustion hydrolysis method (accounting for 13%) and steam distillation method (accounting for 18%) can reduce cationic interference, but their cumbersome steps and special expensive equipment are currently used less. The ion selective electrode method accounted for more than one third of the test methods. Currently, the pre-treatment method using alkali fusion-ion selective electrode method is one of the most effective test technologies for the determination of fluorine content in soil, rocks and minerals.Pressed powder pellet method (accounting for 17%) has potential research value because of its unique non-destructive injection, simple, fast and environmental protection, and the matching XRF method (accounting for 29%) can realize multi-element combined measurement, which has significant advantages in stability and precision. The future research direction of fluorine determination by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry will be how to reduce the detection limit of the method and eliminate the particle size effect and mineral effect. Other analysis and testing techniques are not recommended because of cumbersome procedures, expensive pre-treatment equipment, only certain types of samples can be processed, and limitations of testing methods.As fluorine is a light element and its occurrence forms are complex and diverse, it is necessary to select appropriate analysis and testing techniques according to the characteristics of sample types.The main research directions of fluorine analysis and testing technology in soil, rocks and minerals and pretreatment methods are focused on non-destructive analysis of samples, safety and environmental protection, rapid and other aspects, and the main research directions of testing technology are focused on the establishment of multi-element simultaneous determination. In conclusion, the determination of fluorine in soil, rocks and minerals by pressed powder pellet-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry has important research value.
Modern life overloaded with information and events leads to a regular ranking of events in the urban space according to the principle of exceeding information noise. Similarly, cultural and leisure events are also subject to perceived ranking, leading to socio-cultural festivities identification. As a remarkable event in public cultural life, special events take over part of the socially significant functions of traditional events. However, for effective event implementation, it's necessary to understand their specifics, their content and implementation features. The article highlights three approaches to the identification of special events in city socio-cultural event structure. Based on the analysis of specifics of existing approaches to the definition, the types of special events in the urban space are analyzed and the event structure of the city of Ekaterinburg is characterized, including various types of events, as well as types of event subjects. Comparing the data obtained, the specifics of Ekaterinburg events were distinguished based on two factors: the coexistence of various types based on various methods of forming the "extraordinary happening" and various means of working with the audience, as well as significant contribution of initiative associations in thematic events creation. In conclusion, the development potential of urban special events based on these features is revealed. The presence of various levels and subjects of events forms attractive environment for visiting, and contains the potential for further development into a single interconnected system, the elements of which act in concert with each other to achieve socially significant goals. The formation of such a system and the use of the advantages of the audience diversity will allow working with visitors in a more personalized way, in accordance with the peculiarities of motivation and individual perception of the "specialty" of event.
Economic theory. Demography, Regional economics. Space in economics
Somasundaram Chandra Kishore, Suguna Perumal, Raji Atchudan
et al.
Hydrogen energy is converted to electricity through fuel cells, aided by nanostructured materials. Fuel cell technology is a promising method for utilizing energy sources, ensuring sustainability, and protecting the environment. However, it still faces drawbacks such as high cost, operability, and durability issues. Nanomaterials can address these drawbacks by enhancing catalysts, electrodes, and fuel cell membranes, which play a crucial role in separating hydrogen into protons and electrons. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have gained significant attention in scientific research. The primary objectives are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, particularly in the automotive industry, and develop cost-effective methods and materials to enhance PEMFC efficiency. We provide a typical yet inclusive review of various types of proton-conducting membranes. In this review article, special focus is given to the distinctive nature of nanomaterial-filled proton-conducting membranes and their essential characteristics, including their structural, dielectric, proton transport, and thermal properties. We provide an overview of the various reported nanomaterials, such as metal oxide, carbon, and polymeric nanomaterials. Additionally, the synthesis methods in situ polymerization, solution casting, electrospinning, and layer-by-layer assembly for proton-conducting membrane preparation were analyzed. In conclusion, the way to implement the desired energy conversion application, such as a fuel cell, using a nanostructured proton-conducting membrane has been demonstrated.
Particle size and chemical composition are the basic parameters of nanomaterials. The nanoscale size endows nanomaterials with special properties different from bulk materials, such as surface and interface effect, small size effect, quantum size effect, macroscopic quantum tunneling effect and dielectric confinement effect. The type and content of chemical components determine the chemical properties of nanomaterials, such as chemical activity, catalytic selectivity, adsorption selectivity and biological affinity. To a large extent, particle size and chemical composition determine the application of nanomaterials in energy, electronics, environment, sensing, biomedicine and other fields. Therefore, the particle size and composition analysis of nanomaterials are of great significance for the optimization and application of their preparation process. Mass spectrometry is one of the main analytical techniques, which is used to detect the mass, elemental composition and chemical structure of particles or molecules, and it can analyze almost all types and forms of materials, with the characteristics of high analysis accuracy and high detection sensitivity. It has been more widely applied in nano-coating thickness analysis, nanomaterials composition analysis, trace impurity analysis and composition distribution analysis. In some recent research studies, mass spectrometry has also been used to analyze the number concentration, particle size and particle size distribution of nanoparticles, demonstrating its potential for particle size measurements in suspensions over a large size range. In this paper, the advances in studies on mass spectrometry in the analysis of the composition and particle size of nanomaterials were reviewed. The basic principles, advantages and disadvantages, range of application and application cases of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, glow discharge mass spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry techniques applicable to the analysis of nanomaterials were introduced, demonstrating the potential of mass spectrometry in the characterization of nanomaterials. Finally, this paper summarized the challenges faced by mass spectrometry analysis technology in environmental interference, size characterization of particles with complex morphology, spatial resolution of components and insitu analysis. The strategies to overcome the above problems by designing special instruments for characterization of nanomaterials and combining with other separation and detection techniques were proposed, trying to provide some reference for the development of mass spectrometry characterization techniques of nanomaterials.
Recent studies on the environmental dependence of Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) luminosity focus on the local environment where the SN exploded, considering that this is more directly linked to the SN progenitors. However, there is a debate about the local environmental, specifically local star formation rate (SFR), dependence of the SN Ia luminosity. A recent study claims that the dependence is insignificant ($0.051 \pm 0.020$ mag; $2.6σ$), based on the local SFR measurement by fitting local $ugrizy$ photometry data. However, we find that this photometric local SFR measurement is inaccurate. We argue this based on the theoretical background of SFR measurement and the methodology used to make that claim with their local $ugrizy$ photometry data, especially due to a limited range of extinction parameters used when fitting the data. Therefore, we re-analyse the same host galaxies with the same fitting code, but with more physically motivated extinction treatments and global $ugriz$ photometry of host galaxies. We estimate global stellar mass and SFR. Then, local star formation environments are inferred by using the method which showed that SNe Ia in globally passive galaxies have locally passive environments, while those in globally star-forming low-mass galaxies have locally star-forming environments. We find that there is significant local environmental dependence of SN Ia luminosities: SNe Ia in locally star-forming environments are $0.072\pm0.021$ mag ($3.4σ$) fainter than those in locally passive environments, even though SN Ia luminosities have been further corrected by the BBC method that reduces the size of the dependence.
Abstract Faced with the severe challenge of water resources contaminated by oily organic solvents and dyes, water pollution has caught the attention of the world. Materials with special wettability to deal with oily pollution have been successively reported, but the multifunctional materials with separation multi-type oil/water emulsions and water-soluble dyes are still rare. In this work, a multifunctional separation membrane was prepared through depositing pine powders (PPs) onto the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. The as-prepared membrane can achieve switchable wettability between underwater superoleophobicity and underoil superhydrophobicity, even in the harsh environments (acid, alkali and salt environments), to separate at least 12 types of surfactant-stabilized oil/water emulsions (oil-in-water and water-in-water) with separation efficiency as high as 99.7%. After 500 times bend tested, the membrane material did not have any cracks, showing excellent mechanical robustness. Moreover, the separation membrane can also adsorb at least 3 types of anionic and cationic dyes (Methylene blue, Congo red and crystal violet) from waste water with adsorption efficiency still up 99.75% even multiple cycles. Therefore, this economy membrane-making strategy can promote the extensive development of multifunctional superwetting materials and open up new prospects for the preparation of novel membrane materials.
Underground river basins in peak-cluster depressions are main water supply sources of villages in Guangxi. But there exist problems of groundwater exploitation, groundwater pollution and natural disasters in these areas due to a special geological structure. Besides, the karst hydrological process is critical driving force for the sustainable development of ecological environment in karst areas; therefore, understanding mechanism of hydrological process is the key to the problem of ecological environment. Hydrochemical characteristics are closely related to hydrodynamics in a karst groundwater system, and hydrochemical tracers have been successfully used to indicate recharging sources, flow paths and water flow velocities.Taking Maocun underground river basin in peak-cluster depression in Guilin, Guangxi as an example, we interpret water flow characteristics in the study area based on the hydrodynamic processes indicated by hydrochemical environmental tracers. Temporal and spatial variations of isotopes and their influence factors, especially those of stable environmental isotopes as natural tracers of water cycle, are suitable for indicating water flow characteristics and hydrodynamic processes in karst areas. Variation ranges of δD and δ18O of karst water samples fall in the ranges of local precipitation, indicating that precipitation is the main recharge source in the study area. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in karst water is approximately equal to \begin{document}${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$\end{document}, and the concentration of \begin{document}${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$\end{document} is mainly affected by dissolution of carbonates and soil CO2. Based on isotopes of δ13CDIC and the linear mass conservation, the average value of DIC from carbonates dissolution is 52.13‰, which can be used to interpret the water-carbonate interaction.In southwestern karst areas, karst is well developed with the characteristics of special dual structure. Surface water and shallow groundwater is well connected, the retention time of shallow groundwater is short, and hydrological processes are sensitive to precipitation or artificial influences. 222Rn with the half-time of 3.82 d is the decay product of radioactive uranium and radium, which can be used to determine the characteristics of karst hydrological processes on a short-time scale. Different types of water bodies are of significant differences in the values of 222Rn, which can indicate the seasonal variation characteristics of groundwater levels, fractured karst networks, karst water cycles and water flow patterns.Electrical conductivity (EC) in the karst groundwater system is determined by interaction time of water and carbonate, which could be used to interpret ratios of recharing sources, groundwater flow patterns and structure characteristics of aquifer system. The complex spatial structures of karst aquifers interpreted by the responding characteristics of 222Rn and EC values to the precipitation show that karst water is recharged by different sources and water flow paths under different meteorological and hydrological conditions.Precipitation is driving force of water flow in karst areas. Accumulated precipitation can drive fractured water of deep karst flow to the downstream with strong dilution. The larger the amount of precipitation is, the faster the velocity of karst water flow is. The dispersed fissure flow is the main pattern in the karst aquifer system under the situation of less precipitation in August. Because the flow time in the conduit is longer than the half-time of 222Rn (3.82 d), decay characteristics of 222Rn (3.82 d) cannot be used to calculate the flow velocity of karst water. Accumulated precipitation could drive fractured water of the deep karst and conduit water to flow to the downstream under the situation of heavy precipitation in June. The flow time of conduit water from Dayanqian to outlet is 0.82 d (<3.82 d). The influence of water-carbonate interaction on 222Rn can be ignored, and the decay characteristics of 222Rn can be used to interpret flow patterns of conduit water in the rainy season. Based on the decay model of 222Rn in June, the effective water flow velocity in the underground conduit is 2,427.49 m·d−1, which is in the same order of magnitude as the results calculated by artificial tracers. Therefore, the decay characteristics of 222Rn can effectively reflect water flow patterns of conduits in the rainy season.Water flow patterns in the underground river of southwest China are similar to those of surface water, and the underground river responds sensitively to precipitation. Due to the limitations of spatial characteristics indicated by artificial tracers, they cannot be used to interpret spatial structure characteristics of a karst aquifer system. However, hydraulic connection of the karst aquifer system can be interpreted by the interrelationships among SI, 222Rn, δ18O and δ13CDIC of water samples located in the transition zone from non-karst areas to karst areas. Karst water in Xiaolongbei, Laolongshui, Bianyan and Shanwan are well connected hydraulicly. The good linear relationships among Beidiping-Shegengyan-Outlet and Laolongshui-Dayanqian-Outlet by environmental tracers indicate that there are complex water flow paths recharging the outlet in the underground river basin. Environmental isotopes can divide karst water samples into several groups, and better interpret water flow paths and spatial structure characteristics of karst aquifer system. Therefore, hydrochemical environmental tracers can provide important information of a karst aquifer system, interpret multiple flow characteristics and compensate for drawbacks of hydrodynamic methods.
This paper contributes to the conjecture of R. Scott and R. Styer which asserts that for any fixed relatively prime positive integers $a,b$ and $c$ all greater than 1 there is at most one solution to the equation $a^x+b^y=c^z$ in positive integers $x,y$ and $z$, except for specific cases. The fundamental result proves the conjecture under some congruence condition modulo $c$ on $a$ and $b$. As applications the conjecture is confirmed to be true if $c$ takes some small values including the Fermat primes found so far, and in particular this provides an analytic proof of the celebrated theorem of Scott [R. Scott, On the equations $p^x-b^y=c$ and $a^x+b^y=c^z$, J. Number Theory 44(1993), no.2, 153-165] solving the conjecture for $c=2$ in a purely algebraic manner. The method can be generalized for smaller modulus cases, and it turns out that the conjecture holds true for infinitely many specific values of $c$ not being perfect powers. The main novelty is to apply a special type of the $p$-adic analogue to Baker's theory on linear forms in logarithms via a certain divisibility relation arising from the existence of two hypothetical solutions to the equation. The other tools include Baker's theory in the complex case and its non-Archimedean analogue for number fields together with various elementary arguments through rational and quadratic numbers, and extensive computation.
Stochastic processes offer a fundamentally different paradigm of dynamics than deterministic processes, the most prominent example of the latter being Newton's laws of motion. Here, we discuss in a pedagogical manner a simple and illustrative example of stochastic processes in the form of a particle undergoing standard Brownian diffusion, with the additional feature of the particle resetting repeatedly and at random times to its initial condition. Over the years, many different variants of this simple setting have been studied, all of which serve as illustrations of non-trivial and interesting static and dynamic features that characterize stochastic dynamics at long times. We will provide in this work a brief overview of this active and rapidly evolving field by considering the arguably simplest example of Brownian diffusion in one dimension. Along the way, we will learn about some of the general techniques that a physicist employs to study stochastic processes. Relevant to the special issue, we will discuss in detail how introducing resetting in an otherwise diffusive dynamics provides an explicit optimization of the time to locate a target through a special choice of the resetting protocol. We also discuss thermodynamics of resetting, and provide a bird's eye view of some of the recent work in the field of resetting.
In obesity, persistent low-grade inflammation is considered as a major contributor towards the progression to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes while in lean subjects the immune environment is non-inflammatory. Massive adipose tissue (AT) infiltration by pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and several T cell subsets as obesity develops leads to the accumulation - both in the AT and systemically - of numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α, IL-17 and IL-6 which are strongly associated with the progression of the obese phenotype towards the metabolic syndrome. At the same time, anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages and Th subsets producing the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-5 and interferon-γ, including Th2 and T-reg cells are correlated to the maintenance of AT homeostasis in lean individuals. Here, we discuss the basic principles in the control of the interaction between the AT and infiltrating immune cells both in the lean and the obese condition with a special emphasis on the contribution of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines to the establishment of the insulin-resistant state. In this context, we will discuss the current knowledge about alterations in the levels on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, in humans and animal models. Finally, we also briefly survey the recent novel therapeutic strategies that attempt to alleviate or reverse insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes via the administration of recombinant inhibitory antibodies directed towards some pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Learning is an activity designed for the student learning process. Learning is a process of interaction between students and teachers by utilizing learning resources in a learning environment. One of the learning objectives is to build the character and character of students. In building character, it cannot be done once, but requires a long process. Character in other terms is said to be character or character. By implementing character education in inclusive schools, students are expected to have the same potential and do not feel that they are differentiated from normal children. Inclusive education requires a good environment so that students can emulate and habituate from childhood and provide reinforcement. The environment is the first and foremost shape of the child's character from the womb, birth, and until adulthood. Through parenting and the environment (family-community-school), the process of intervention and character habituation is formed. Inclusive education or children with special needs is very unique and special. In some aspects, adjustments, patience, and enthusiasm from the teacher are needed in guiding, guiding, and modeling. In this article, it is necessary to study character building, character education, types of character, inclusive education, and the implementation of character education in inclusive schools in order to get a clear picture for all parties.