Hasil untuk "Special situations and conditions"

G. Sih

S. Shen, Huai-na Wu, Yu-Jun Cui et al.

Jürgen Dengler, M. Janišová, P. Török et al.

Abstract This article introduces a Special Issue on biodiversity of Palaearctic grasslands and provides a synthesis of the current knowledge on this topic. Four major categories of grasslands can be distinguished in the Palaearctic biogeographic realm: (a) zonal steppes (in areas too dry for forests), (b) arctic-alpine grasslands (in areas too cold for forests), (c) azonal and extrazonal grasslands (where hydrology, soil conditions, relief or natural disturbances within the forest biomes prevent tree growth locally) and (d) secondary grasslands (which replace natural forests in consequence of human land use). We summarize the present knowledge about species richness patterns (mainly of vascular plants) along abiotic and land use gradients. Further, we highlight the usefulness of diversity measures not based on species richness, namely functional diversity, phylogenetic diversity and within-species diversity. The strong differences observed for diversity patterns according to analyzed biodiversity parameter, spatial scale or taxonomic group call for comparative studies and caution when generalizing results. A particular challenge are the extreme plot-scale species richness values found in grasslands of a few European regions. We propose a conceptual model that explains the findings by an interplay of various factors acting at different levels: (i) The largest species pool is expected for habitats under conditions that prevailed over the last few million years, with a slight shift towards intermediate positions, i.e. for the Palaearctic in open, semi-dry, base-rich situations. (ii) The landscape-level species pool is increased by continuity of a grassland patch in space and time and heterogeneity of the surrounding landscape. (iii) The coexistence of regionally available species at a plot scale is due to reduced competitive exclusion according to Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, mowing once a year without fertilization being particularly effective. Ecosystem functions and services of Palaearctic grasslands are often positively connected to their biodiversity. At the same time, these communities and their biota are nowadays highly endangered. The semi-natural (High Nature Value) grasslands of Europe are mainly threatened by agricultural intensification or abandonment on low-productive sites in remote areas, while the natural steppes of the Palaearctic have largely been destroyed by conversion into arable land. Finally, we present some promising conservation and management approaches and call for a strong and comprehensive Convention on Grassland Conservation.

E. Assadpour, Seid Mahdi Jafari

Abstract Today, there is an ever-growing interest on natural food ingredients both by consumers and producers in the food industry. In fact, people are looking for those products in the market which are free from artificial and synthetic additives and can promote their health. These food bioactive ingredients should be formulated in such a way that protects them against harsh process and environmental conditions and safely could be delivered to the target organs and cells. Nanoencapsulation is a perfect strategy for this situation and there have been many studies in recent years for nanoencapsulation of food components and nutraceuticals by different technologies. In this review paper, our main goal is firstly to have an overview of nanoencapsulation techniques applicable to food ingredients in a systematic classification, i.e., lipid-based nanocarriers, nature-inspired nanocarriers, special-equipment-based nanocarriers, biopolymer nanocarriers, and other miscellaneous nanocarriers. Then, application of these cutting-edge nanocarriers for different nutraceuticals including phenolic compounds and antioxidants, natural food colorants, antimicrobial agents and essential oils, vitamins, minerals, flavors, fish oils and essential fatty acids will be discussed along with presenting some examples in each field.

A. Przybyłowski, Sandra Stelmak, M. Suchanek

The COVID-19 pandemic, like an earthquake, shocked our civilization and is still having a devastating effect on our lives. Guaranteeing an appropriate level of safety in the conditions of an epidemic is a highly problematic issue due to the subjectivism of social individuals, their diverse attitudes, and past life experiences. Taking into account the World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines regarding the pandemic, authorities all around the world have reacted by issuing the necessary sets of advice and legal acts. This resulted in immediate and severe implications on mobility styles. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on mobility behaviours with special regard to public transport users, in terms of their willingness to travel and their safety criteria perceptions. The city of Gdansk, in Poland, located on the Baltic Sea, has been taken as an example. The hypothesis was as follows: the epidemic phenomenon may substantially affect mobility behaviours in terms of subjective levels of safety and the mental comfort of public transport users, resulting in avoiding this form of transport. In accordance with the survey results, carried out among the users, 90% of respondents resigned or limited their usage. Almost 75% of them plan to return to using public transport when the epidemic situation has stabilized. The others, unfortunately, have completely lost hope that public transport will ever be safe. These results indicate decisively that the future of public transport in cities, and the willingness of passengers to use it once the epidemic is over, depends majorly on the perceived comfort and safety during the epidemic. This means that transport policies should be focused on enhancing these perceptions and making sure that the image of public transport is not in further decline; otherwise, it could mean an almost impossible effort to encourage passengers to return to using sustainable modes of transport in the future.

L. Nissinen, V. Kähäri

Kai Biedermann, Gian-Andri Baumann, Christina M. Spengler et al.

Introduction Advanced Footwear Technology (AFT) enhances running economy, which is partly attributed to midsole foam properties such as high resilience (the ability of a material to absorb and recover energy under elastic deformation) and high compliance (the tolerance of a material to deformation). While compliant midsoles are known to improve running economy over non-compliant ones, the impact of further increasing compliance in already compliant midsoles remains unclear. Also unclear is the effect of increased compliance on the perception of effort and comfort during running, as this might transform a feeling of cushioning into one of instability. This study aimed to address these issues by comparing three current AFT models with similar resilience but varying compliance: Nike AlphaFly 2 (NAF), Nike VaporFly 3 (NVF), and On Cloudboom Echo 3 (CBE), with the NAF being the most compliant shoe, and thus the one with the highest level of energy return (11.1J) compared with both the NVF (6.5 J) CBE (6.0 J). Methods Sixteen well-trained runners (age 31 ± 5 years, height 178 ± 9 cm, body mass 66 ± 10 kg, body fat 14 ± 4%, V̇O2peak 59 ± 4 ml･kg-1･min-1) performed, on different days, sub-maximal running for 6 min at 16 km·h-1 (80 ± 7% V̇O2peak) on a treadmill and a 400-m track. Treadmill tests included two runs each in NAF and NVF, while track tests included three runs each in NAF, NVF and CBE, with shoe order varied systematically. Gas exchange was continuously monitored while perceived exertion and comfort were rated post-run using a 100mm visual analogue scale. Spatiotemporal data, including impact loading, ground contact time, and cadence, were assessed using accelerometry. Results The NVF improved running economy compared with the NAF (-0.8 ± 0.3 ml･kg-1･min-1, P < 0.05) and CBE (-0.7 ± 0.2 ml･kg-1･min-1, P < 0.05). These findings were corroborated by lower heart rate and ventilation with NVF, present during both treadmill and overground running. However, there was no correlation between the shoe differences seen on both surfaces. No significant differences were found between the shoes concerning perceived effort and comfort. Participants experienced lower impact magnitudes in the NVF (5.4 ± 1.5 g) compared with the NAF (5.6 ± 1.5 g, P < 0.05) and CBE (5.5 ± 1.5 g, P < 0.05). No changes in spatiotemporal data were associated with the differences in running economy between the shoes. Discussion/Conclusion These findings indicate that improvements in running economy with AFT are not a matter of endlessly pursuing increased compliance and energy return. Furthermore, perception seems to be unaffected by higher midsole compliance when different shoe models are tested, suggesting that many other factors are at play. As perception of exertion did not differ between shoes despite noticeable differences in physiological variables, it remains to be seen whether such minute differences are relevant for performance, or whether perhaps longer trials are needed to detect differences in exertion.

Maryem Arraji, Nadia Al Wachami, Younes Iderdar et al.

Objectives This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of medication adherence and its determinants among Moroccan patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods A multicenter cross-sectional survey was conducted from February to June 2024, involving 584 patients from the Casablanca-Settat and Rabat-Sale-Kenitra regions of Morocco. Medication adherence was assessed using the general medication adherence scale. Associations between independent variables and adherence were analyzed using chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression. Results Medication adherence was observed in 96.2% of participants. Multivariate analysis revealed significantly lower medication adherence among patients using 2 or more oral antidiabetic drugs (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.026; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.001–0.642; p=0.026) and those with a diabetes duration of 11 to 15 years (aOR, 0.037; 95% CI, 0.001–0.956; p=0.047). Conclusion Despite a high overall adherence rate, patients on dual or polytherapy and those with longer disease duration exhibited lower adherence in multivariate analysis. Targeted interventions are needed to improve adherence in these high-risk groups.

Thomas W. Fenn, M.D., Dominic M. Farronato, M.D., Douglas K. Wells, M.D. et al.

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of ChatGPT’s responses to frequently asked questions (FAQs) about hamstring injuries and to determine, if prompted, whether ChatGPT could appropriately tailor the reading level to that suggested. Methods: A preliminary list of 15 questions on hamstring injuries was developed from various FAQ sections on patient education websites from a variety of institutions, from which the 10 most frequently cited questions were selected. Three queries were performed, inputting the questions into ChatGPT-4.0: (1) unprompted, naïve, (2) additional prompt specifying the response being tailored to a seventh-grade reading level, and (3) additional prompt specifying the response being tailored to a college graduate reading level. The responses from the unprompted query were independently evaluated by two of the authors. To assess the quality of the answers, a grading system was applied: (A) correct and sufficient response; (B) correct but insufficient response; (C) response containing both correct and incorrect information; and (D) incorrect response. In addition, the readability of each response was measured using the Flesch-Kinkaid Reading Ease Score (FRES) and Grade Level (FKGL) scales. Results: Ten responses were evaluated. Inter-rater reliability was 0.6 regarding grading. Of the initial query, 2 of 10 responses received a grade of A, seven were graded as B, and one were graded as C. The average cumulative FRES and FKGL scores of the initial query was 61.64 and 10.28, respectively. The average cumulative FRES and FKGL scores of the secondary query were 75.2 and 6.1, respectively. Finally, the average FRES and FKGL scores of the third query were 12.08 and 17.23. Conclusions: ChatGPT showed generally satisfactory accuracy in responding to questions regarding hamstring injuries, although certain responses lacked completeness or specificity. On initial, unprompted queries, the readability of responses aligned with a tenth-grade level. However, when explicitly prompted, ChatGPT reliably adjusted the complexity of its responses to both a seventh-grade and a graduate-level reading standard. These findings suggest that although ChatGPT may not consistently deliver fully comprehensive medical information, it possesses the capacity to adapt its output to meet specific readability targets. Clinical Relevance: Artificial intelligence models like ChatGPT have the potential to serve as a supplemental educational tool for patients with orthopaedic to aid medical-decision making. It is important that we continually review the quality of they medical information generated by these artificial models as the evolve and improve.

Paramita Roy, S. Pal, Rabin Chakrabortty et al.

The problem of drought in India is a major issue in terms of various adverse impacts on livelihood of society. Drought Early Warning System (DEWS), a real-time drought-monitoring tool, has reported that over a fifth of India's geographical area (21.06 %) is suffering drought-like situations. This is 62 % larger than the drought-affected area during the same period last year, which was 7.86 %. Drought affects 21.06 %, with conditions ranging from unusually dry to extremely dry. While 1.63 % and 1.73 % of the area are experiencing 'extreme' or 'exceptional' dry conditions, 2.17 % is experiencing 'severe' dry conditions. Under 'moderate' dry circumstances, up to 8.15 % is possible. In this perspective groundwater vulnerability assessment in the overall country is needed for implementing the sustainable and long-term strategies for escaping from this type of hazardous situation. The main objective of this study is to estimate the drought vulnerability in changing climate which eventually influences the food security of India. The groundwater overdraft is one of the crucial elements in agricultural drought vulnerability. Various related parameters have been selected for estimating the drought vulnerability and its impact to food security in India. Here, MaxEnt (maximum entropy) and ANN (analytical neural network) has been considered in this perspective. The AUC values for the training datasets in the ANN and MaxEnt model are 0.891 and 0.921, respectively. The AUC values in ANN and MaxEnt model for the validation datasets are 0.876 and 0.904, respectively. Here MaxEnt model is most optimal than ANN considering predictive accuracy. From this study analysis it is established that western, south and middle portion of country is very much prone to drought vulnerability. So, special emphases in terms of the regional planning have to be taken into consideration for sustainable planning.

I. A. Zolotova

Objectives. The growing number of children with mental health needs leads to an increase in the need for research on this issue. The subjective phenomenon of "burdened" motherhood is considered as an environmental risk factor for child mental health disorders. The article presents the results that allow us to consider the attitude to the newborn and the pronounced neurotic states of the mother among the unfavorable factors in the formation of the "mother-child" dyad. Methods. A total of 228 women participated in the study. Comparison groups of 173 respondents were formed. The unifying criterion of the groups is the special conditions for the formation of the "mother-child" system in the situation of "burdened" motherhood. 55 women with preserved reproductive function, whose pregnancy ended with the birth of a healthy child, are classified as "conditional norm". The Pregnant Woman's Attitude Test by I.V. Dobryakov, the Clinical Questionnaire of Neurotic States by K.K. Yakhin and D.M. Mendelevich, the method of semi-structured interview, the methods of statistical processing of empirical data Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used. Results. Women in a situation of "burdened" motherhood are more likely to transmit an anxious attitude towards the newborn (U = 210.0; p = 0.004235). Positive correlations between anxious and depressive attitudes towards the newborn and indicators on the asthenia scale of the Neurotic States Questionnaire (r = 0.39; <0.05) are described. Empirical data have confirmed the presence of pronounced neurotic states in women in the situation of "burdened" motherhood on the following scales: "anxiety", "hysterical type of reaction", "obsessive-phobic disorders" and "vegetative disorders". Conclusions. The obtained data indicate that the features of the attitude towards the newborn and the level of severity of neurotic states in women in the situation of "burdened" motherhood, can be considered among the risk factors for mental health disorders in infancy and young age.

Pongsakorn Thawornpan, Justin Nicholas, Chayapat Malee et al.

Fanny Monnet, Lara Pivodic, Charlèss Dupont et al.

Abstract Background People with dementia and their family caregivers often encounter challenges in engaging in advance care planning (ACP), such as a lack of information and difficulties in engaging in ACP conversations. Using a user-centred design, we developed two interactive web-based tools as part of an ACP support website to stimulate ACP reflection and communication: (1) the ‘Thinking Now About Later’ tool, with open-ended questions about ‘what matters most’, and (2) a digital version of the ‘Life Wishes Cards’, a card tool with pre-formulated statements that prompt reflection about wishes for future care. This study aimed to evaluate the use of and experiences with two web-based tools by people with dementia and their family caregivers. Methods During an eight-week period, people with dementia and family caregivers were invited to use the ACP support website in the way they preferred. The mixed-methods evaluation of the ACP tools involved capturing log data to assess website use and semi-structured qualitative interviews to capture experiences. Analyses included descriptive statistics of log data and framework analysis for qualitative data. Results Of 52 participants, 21 people had dementia and 31 were family caregivers. The ‘Thinking Now About Later’ tool and ‘Life Wishes Cards’ were accessed 136 and 91 times respectively, with an average session duration of 14 minutes (SD = 27.45 minutes). 22 participants actively engaged with the tools, with the majority using the tools once, and seven revisiting them. Those who used the tools valued the guidance it provided for ACP conversations between people with dementia and their family caregivers. Participants reported that people with dementia experienced barriers to using the tools on their own, hence family caregivers usually facilitated the use and participation of people with dementia. Some highlighted not knowing what next steps to take after completing the tools online. Conclusions Although less than half the people used the ACP tools, those who used them found them helpful to facilitate communication between people with dementia and their family. Family caregivers of people with dementia played a crucial role in facilitating the use of the web-based tools.

D. Hanidziar, E. Bittner

To the Editor Management of patient sedation and analgesia to alleviate anxiety and pain and facilitate mechanical ventilation is one of the key roles of every intensivist. During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, unprecedented numbers of patients require sedation in intensive care units (ICUs) and other hospital locations due to their ventilator dependence. However, pharmacologic sedation in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 has thus far received very little attention in the critical care literature, with minimal mention in the Society of Critical Care Medicine’s COVID-19 guidelines or clinical reviews.1,2 We propose that sedation of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 poses unique challenges and has multiple important implications that we would like to briefly outline: Unusually high sedation requirements in a large proportion of COVID-19 patients are observed in current clinical experience. These high sedation requirements are likely related to younger age and good health of many patients before the onset of COVID19, high respiratory drive, and intense inflammatory responses previously linked to tolerance.3 This translates into the need to administer combinations of multiple agents (eg, propofol, ketamine, hydromorphone, dexmedetomidine, and midazolam), increasing potential risks of side effects (eg, QT interval prolongation, hypertriglyceridemia, hypotension, and delirium) and requiring vigilance of the ICU staff. When these are administered in combinations, the typical requirements to ensure patient comfort and ventilator synchrony in adult patients range between 25 and 50 μg/kg/min for propofol, 10 and 20 μg/kg/min for ketamine, 2 and 4 mg/h for hydromorphone, and 2 and 5 mg/h for midazolam. There are currently no sedation guidelines specific for this patient population requiring high doses and prolonged drug administrations. Deeper sedation levels may be required to facilitate ventilator synchrony in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and may also be favored by ICU staff to reduce risk of patient selfextubation, which is particularly problematic in this population given the need for emergent reintubation and risk of exposure to coronavirus. Subsequent tolerance to sedatives (eg, dexmedetomidine) from their use early in the course of illness and high doses will also limit the effectiveness of these drugs during ventilator weaning. Intermittent administration of certain drugs (eg, narcotics) tailored to individual needs of each patient may not always be feasible in situations of overwhelmed health care systems (eg, when one nurse is required to attend to multiple critically ill patients). In these situations, continuous infusions of sedative drugs are favored for their practicality, but this practice further increases the risks of side effects. A subset of patients with severe ARDS is likely to require prolonged sedation (often >2 weeks)4 to facilitate lung-protective mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy and subsequent weaning. These prolonged periods of time may lead to drug accumulation (midazolam), tolerance and tachyphylaxis (dexmedetomidine), hypertriglyceridemia (propofol), QT interval prolongation (haloperidol), psychomimetic effects (ketamine), hyperalgesia or opioid dependence (fentanyl and/or hydromorphone), and delirium (midazolam). Increased precision in monitoring the depth of sedation (eg, processed electroencephalogram [EEG]) is required in patients with high sedation requirements who also require neuromuscular blockade to improve respiratory system compliance. While these neuromonitoring technologies exist,5 they may not be widely available given the number of patients who would benefit. Patient awareness under these conditions (eg, paralysis or prone position) may result in significant psychological trauma. Prolonged infusions of opioids that are often required to facilitate strict lung-protective ventilation are known to result in gut hypomotility, leading to intolerance to feeding, interruptions in feeding, and malnutrition during prolonged ICU stay. These gastrointestinal side effects of opioids may also result in abdominal distension, which can impair ventilation and/or contribute to nausea/vomiting, increasing the risk of aspiration. High doses of opioids, sometimes required to facilitate lung-protective ventilation in patients with ventilator dyssynchrony, may paradoxically complicate ventilation management by inducing breathing patterns with large tidal volumes that may further injure lungs. Prolonged infusions of high doses of sedatives and analgesics in large numbers of patients have already resulted in drug shortages at hospital, regional, and state levels. In these situations, providing sedation with less commonly used agents (barbiturates, methadone, clonidine, chlorpromazine, and propranolol) Sedation of Mechanically Ventilated COVID-19 Patients: Challenges and Special Considerations

Udc, Voronenko I. Doсtor, Пріоритетні Напрями Підвищення et al.

Abstract. Given the complexity of the global epidemiological situation, the struggle for the competitiveness of national economies is exacerbated. For Ukraine, whose economy has now taken the form of deindustrialization, the intensification of innovation is a necessary, extremely important condition for its further development. It was previously thought that the socio-economic development and growth of countries depended mainly on their capital and labor resources, while other lesstangible resources, such as information, training, infrastructure development were treated as external factors influencing market behavior only indirectly. However, overtime, the idea that knowledge management is a determining factor in productivity in both modern and traditional economies is becoming increasingly entrenched. The paper proposes results of the research of Ukraine’s positioning in the global innovation space. It also determines the necessity of priority development of the innovative sphere of the country against the backdrop of crisis phenomena and assesses the position of Ukraine in the Indices characterizing the level of development of the innovative component of the competitiveness of the country’s economy. It underlines the insufficient level of innovation infrastructure development in the country. The authors consider that the basis of Ukrainian innovative competitiveness is the development of institutions, infrastructure and business. These areas need special state support, as their effective implementation is the main competitive advantage of Ukraine. The research was conducted according to the Global Innovation Index sub-indices on the horizon of 2013—2021. Econometric methods are used to generalize the positioning of Ukraine in the global innovation space and the DEA method to study the relative individual effectiveness of the innovation environment and innovation activities in Europe. Keywords: innovation, innovation potential, digitalization, digital transformation, competitiveness, Global Innovation Index. JEL Classification O32, D24, F63 Formulas: 1; fig.: 4; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 20.

Tal Michael, Elkana Kohn, Sharon Daniel et al.

Abstract Background Numerous studies have suggested significant associations between prenatal exposure to heavy metals and newborn anthropometric measures. However, little is known about the effect of various heavy metal mixtures at relatively low concentrations. Hence, this study aimed to investigate associations between prenatal exposures to a wide range of individual heavy metals and heavy metal mixtures with anthropometric measures of newborns. Methods We recruited 975 mother–term infant pairs from two major hospitals in Israel. Associations between eight heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, nickel, lead, selenium, and thallium) detected in maternal urine samples on the day of delivery with weight, length, and head circumference at birth were estimated using linear and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models. Results Most heavy metals examined in our study were observed in lower concentrations than in other studies, except for selenium. In the linear as well as the BKMR models, birth weight and length were negatively associated with levels of chromium. Birth weight was found to be negatively associated with thallium and positively associated with nickel. Conclusion By using a large sample size and advanced statistical models, we could examine the association between prenatal exposure to metals in relatively low concentrations and anthropometric measures of newborns. Chromium was suggested to be the most influential metal in the mixture, and its associations with birth weight and length were found negative. Head circumference was neither associated with any of the metals, yet the levels of metals detected in our sample were relatively low. The suggested associations should be further investigated and could shed light on complex biochemical processes involved in intrauterine fetal development.

Assimina Tsibidaki

Background According to World Health Organization, the COVID-19 pandemic sweeps across the world inducing considerable fear, worry and concern in the population. Aims This study explores anxiety, meaning in life, self-efficacy and resilience in university students belonging to families with one or more members with SEND during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece, the differences between participants and the regression coefficients. Methods & procedures Study population consisted of 61 participants, aged 20–58 years. A Self-report Questionnaire, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, the Resilience Scale and the Brief Resilience Scale were used for data collection. Outcomes & results Participants presented higher levels of anxiety, meaning in life (presence), general self-efficacy and resilience (than average scale). Parents had higher values than university students in state anxiety, state-trait anxiety (total), meaning in life (presence) and resilience. Individuals with higher levels of resilience and meaning in life had lower anxiety levels. A significant correlation was observed for the regression coefficients according to pathway analysis. Conclusions and implications Families having members with SEND, although experiencing difficult situations and anxiety due to the unprecedented conditions of the pandemic, activate mechanisms, such as self-efficacy, meaning in life and resilience, to maintain their balance and mental health.

N. Al-Habeeb, N. Goga, H. Ali et al.

Voting is the important procedure in different countries worldwide and is essential to any consensus-dependent society [1]. Especially in the context of COVID pandemic where people stays home, such systems are very relevant today. Elections can happen for different reasons, involving choosing leaders, finishing political problems, choosing a substantial government, etc. [2]. The phenomenal using of Information Technology in the process of election is quickly earning momentum. This growth in voting systems indicated to as evoting comes with more benefits than the voting system based on paper. While there are many efforts in different parts of world regarding implementations and trials for electronic voting, there are not many researches regarding this in Asia Minor, especially Iraq. It can be noted that Iraq has several regions with difficult access and where sometime it is difficult to collect votes in the traditional way because of access reasons and post-war conditions. We want to fill this gap through the research presented in this paper. In this paper we describe an application for m-voting targeting the specific conditions of Iraq in the COVID situation. In the current society, the application of which we are talking about, can also be seen as a significant help for a numerous amount of countries during the pandemic of COVID-19. The application is based on Mobile technology. We choose mobile technology motivated by the fact that although people do not have computers, almost everyone has a mobile phone in Iraq. Moreover, the usefulness of mobiles can represent a proper way for people with disabilities to execute their legal right to vote for the future of their country.

James F. Sallis, Deepti Adlakha, Adewale Oyeyemi et al.

K. Shin, L. Moreno-Uribe, V. Allareddy et al.

AIM The functional and structural complexities accompanying syndromic craniosynostosis make dental care for these patients particularly challenging. We report a case of long-term care for a syndromic craniosynostosis patient. The objective of this report is to introduce special care guidance and clinical recommendation, so that oral health care providers, as key members of a multidisciplinary care team, can provide optimal diagnosis, treatment, and management for the patient with syndromic craniosynostosis. CASE REPORT The patient of this case report had a medical history of syndromic craniosynostosis involving multiple comorbidities. Over the past 20 years, a multidisciplinary care team has successfully treated the patient. Dental and medical procedures that the patient has received include cranial surgeries, prophylactic dental care, caries control, growth hormone therapy, comprehensive orthodontic treatment in conjunction with orthognathic surgeries, and plastic surgery. CONCLUSION Oral health care providers can play essential roles in multidisciplinary care for patients with craniosynostosis by understanding the patients' unique oral health conditions and dentofacial deformities. To provide optimal oral health care in a multidisciplinary team, clear communication between the members of the care team is crucial.