Hasil untuk "Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology"

Radovanović Ivana, Maljković Marija

Adolescence is a critical period for the initiation of drug use, which is associated with many risk factors, including family-related ones. Given the importance of the family as an agent in the socialization process, it is essential to examine which factors in this area deserve the most attention, as well as whether there are gender differences in this process. This study aimed to examine 30 family-related risk factors associated with drug use, as well as to analyse gender differences between male and female adolescents. The data were collected from a representative sample of 1,287 high school students from Belgrade (average age = 17.04, standard deviation = 1.147), of whom 52.5% were girls. The participants completed an anonymous self-assessment questionnaire during school hours, with the assistance of the school psychologist. Drug use was defined as the use of cannabinoids, depressants, stimulants, or hallucinogens either very rarely, occasionally, or when the need arises. Family-related risk factors were reported by participants using a checklist that included 30 experiences identified in relevant literature as risk factors associated with the family context. Canonical discriminant analysis was applied separately to the samples of boys and girls, resulting in two statistically significant discriminant functions. In the sample of boys, this function was defined by seven family-related variables, six of which served as predictors of differences between drug users and non-users. In the sample of girls, thirteen factors influenced the differences between those who had used drugs and those who had not. The only common risk factors for both genders were: frequent arguments with parents, poor communication with family members, and attempts to run away from home. The research results have shown that there are differences in the number and nature of family-related risk factors for drug use between boys and girls. These differences are significant for prevention practices and must be taken into account when designing prevention programs, if we want those programs to be effective.

Prizma Ghimire, Sarah Catherine Patricia Duff Hean, Wenche Hovland

This integrative literature review examines the perspectives of key adults, including social workers, foster parents, and adoptive parents, on sibling relationships of children in contact with Child Protection Services (CPS). A systematic analysis of 13 peer-reviewed papers highlights the significant role sibling relationships play in the well-being, identity development, and stability of children in care. Findings reveal that positive sibling relationships, characterized by warmth, support, and closeness, are often viewed as critical in promoting children’s resilience and sense of continuity. Consequently, both social workers and foster/adoptive parents advocate for the co-placement of siblings when relationship quality is high. However, strained or negative sibling dynamics, including aggression, hostility, or instances of sibling sexual abuse (SSA), frequently lead to decisions for separate placements. Comprehensive therapeutic interventions and strict safety protocols are underscored as essential in such cases to address the emotional and relational needs of all parties involved. Despite the consensus on maintaining sibling bonds, challenges persist due to logistical, bureaucratic, and resource constraints. Social workers cite limited time, restrictive policies, and difficulties in locating suitable foster homes for sibling groups as barriers to supporting these relationships. Similarly, adoptive and foster parents report emotional exhaustion, complex family dynamics, and inadequate agency support as significant obstacles. The findings underscore the necessity of multidisciplinary collaboration, increased training for foster parents on sibling dynamics, and clearer documentation and communication between CPS, caregivers, and other stakeholders. Proactive strategies, including facilitating sibling contact and providing targeted interventions, are deemed critical to sustaining sibling relationships and enhancing child welfare outcomes.

Carlos Enrique Castro Osorio

Objetivo: validar el uso de instrumentos comerciales manuales para la detección de metales, en el proceso de búsqueda y recuperación de proyectiles y elementos metálicos durante la necropsia, a fin de ofrecer alternativas de detección inicial, fáciles y económicas, y fortalecer el proceso de búsqueda y recuperación de proyectiles y elementos metálicos en tejidos biológicos, en un modelo de cadáver humano. Introducción: recuperar evidencias es una actividad crítica durante las necropsias medicolegales; especialmente en las muertes violentas por proyectiles de armas de fuego, en las que los proyectiles y /o elementos metálicos, pueden migrar por cavidades corporales o quedar en vísceras huecas, grandes vasos, prendas, embalaje, entre otros, lo que dificulta su recuperación. Metodología: se utilizó un dispositivo manual de detección de metales para ubicar proyectiles y elementos metálicos en un cadáver; su embalaje, así como en las prendas de ropa. Se cálculo de la sensibilidad y especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo general y especifico por ubicación anatómica. Resultados: se obtuvo una sensibilidad general del 83.33 % y especificidad del 100 %, Valor predictivo positivo =1, tasa de falsos positivos = 0,00; Valor Predictivo Negativo = 0,60; tasa de falsos negativos = 0,17. Para los objetos más pequeños, iguales o menores a 5 mm de diámetro especificidad = 100% y sensibilidad = 62,5%. Conclusión: Se encontró que estos dispositivos pueden ser herramientas útiles para la detección de proyectiles metálicos en necropsias, especialmente para objetos metálicos de 7 mm o más. Su aplicación en las áreas rurales o en espacios abiertos donde disponer de un equipo de rayos X no siempre es posible es factible. Para los objetos más pequeños, iguales o menores a 5 mm de diámetro, aunque la especificidad es del 100%, la sensibilidad del 62,5% en algunas áreas anatómicas, sugiere que se requiere más investigación para trabajar en el mejoramiento de la detección de estos objetos presentes en el cadáver.

Pablo Navarro-Urquiza

Introducción: las investigaciones sobre el abordaje gubernamental del narcotráfico en la provincia de Buenos Aires establecen que la mayoría de los gobiernos desestimaron esta problemática y la afrontaron de manera superficial. Sin embargo, poco se conoce respecto del desempeño del gobierno provincial encabezado por María Eugenia Vidal (2015-2019) en esa materia. Objetivo: en este marco, el trabajo tiene por objeto aportar al conocimiento sobre los discursos y las prácticas gubernamentales en torno al narcotráfico durante la gestión de Vidal. Metodología: se propone una metodología cualitativa basada en la aplicación de un estudio de caso y un enfoque teórico asentado, principalmente, en la noción de políticas públicas de control del narcotráfico. Conclusiones: el artículo evidencia la sobreactuación discursiva y el profundo desconocimiento que predomina en el ámbito provincial en materia de control del narcotráfico, y las deficiencias que exhibieron las acciones institucionales y políticas impulsadas por el gobierno bonaerense durante el periodo señalado.

Minela Kvakic, Karl Kristian Larsson

It is an intrinsic feature of many public agencies that they are dependent on street-level bureaucrats making important decisions regarding their clients. While some have claimed that such decisions are in danger of being corrupted by the bureaucrats’ discretionary powers, Lipsky argued that this discretion was necessary for the proper implication of social policy. However, the digitalization of government has altered the way in which many public servants reach their decisions. For instance, Bovens and Zouridis have argued that digitalization limits or removes bureaucrats’ processional discretion when making decisions, which can have a negative effect on public services. While decisions are singular events, the process of reaching them is complex and drawn out over time. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to explore the process of decision-making in a public service context, and how digitalization has impacted caseworker discretion. The context of this study is the Norwegian child welfare service, where we have conducted focus group interviews with 26 caseworkers. Our analyses of the decision-making process uncovered several points in which digitalization has increased the need for caseworker discretion, i.e., an increased availability of caseworkers, information gathering and the admissibility of private information online. Our study demonstrates how even though digital technology such as social media presents new opportunities for information gathering, it also poses a danger for the creation of discriminatory practices toward citizens that could negatively affect the quality of service provision. Furthermore, conceptually deconstructing the decision-making process was beneficial to understanding how digitalization impacts different aspects of the case-handling process.

Samuel Adesina Okueso, Johnson Fejoh

Background: The increased number of quarry activities in Ogu State Nigeria without the commensurate provision of safety resources is an issue of great concern to public health. This study examines the occupational health and safety risks related to quarrying activities among workers. Methods: A cross-sectional survey research design was used, The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire developed by the researchers which were: The Knowledge of Occupational Safety and Health-Hazards Questionnaire (KOSHQ) (r = 0.75) and Relationship between Occupational Hazards and Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (ROHPWQ) (r = 0.84). Descriptive statistics of percentage/frequency were used to describe the demographic characteristics of the participants while Pearson Product Moment correlation was used to test the hypotheses Results: The findings of the study showed that there was a strong, positive, and significant relationship between knowledge of occupational safety, health hazards, and the health of quarry workers (r = 0.940, p-value < 0.05); also, there was a very strong, positive, and significant relationship between occupational hazards and psychological well-being of quarry workers (r = 0.911, p-value < 0.05). a very strong, positive, and significant relationship was observed between knowledge of occupational safety, health hazards, and the health of quarry workers (r = 0.940, p-value < 0.05), there also exists a very strong, positive and significant relationship between occupational hazards and psychological well-being of quarry workers with (r = 0.911, p-value < 0.05). Conclusion: The study concluded that the level of awareness about occupational hazards was The study, recommends that employers provide more training.

Veronika Paulsen, Stian Thoresen

Abstract Nordic and international research recognises the vulnerabilities and often poor outcomes for care leavers. However, their interrelationship with housing or homelessness as a specific outcome of concern is not well established in Norwegian or Nordic research. Conversely, housing for care leavers has been on the political agenda in Australia for several decades, with an increasing body of research highlighting both structural challenges related to, for example housing affordability and income security, as well as individual vulnerabilities related to individual agency, independent living skills, and supports. In this article we provide an overview of Norwegian and Australian studies to highlight the emerging research in this area and applicability to the Nordic context. Collectively, care leavers are less likely to be able to draw on their biological families for housing or financial support. This lack of a safety net constitutes an innate vulnerability. While support structures, including aftercare support for care leavers, may mitigate some of these vulnerabilities, it is also important to recognise and redress individual challenges related to independent living skills and personal agency. We argue for a more targeted support structure for care leavers, with housing and independent living skills as outcomes of explicit concern.

Mansour Mirahmadi

IntroductionThe research on Waqf (endowment) has a long history, especially from a jurisprudential and sociological point of view. However, so far, the relationship of waqf with governance has not been addressed. What is of great importance is the analysis of the conceptual and structural capacities of waqf for the realization of popular governance. In this regard, the question of these capacities for the transition from non-popular governance to popular governance seems to be fundamental. In response to this question, this article investigates the claim that Waqf has a suitable conceptual and structural capacity for this transition. Waqf has a suitable capacity for the formation and promotion of popular governance, both in terms of the related conceptual words and jurisprudential arguments related to it, as well as in terms of dense historical experience in its structure and how to administer it.Referring to jurisprudential and non-jurisprudential texts and sources about waqf, the author describes the concepts and teachings related to it, and finally analyzes the conceptual and structural capacity of it for the popularization of governance. This analysis is necessarily within the framework of Islamic and structural waqf regulations and considers these regulations as the premise of its analysis. In this regard, after referring to the concepts that make up the conceptual framework of the article and explaining the methodological model, first, the capacity of waqf in proving the right of people's participation in governance, then its capacity in developing people's participation in governance, and finally its capacity in continuing people's participation in governance will be reviewed. Research Methodology Explaining the relationship of waqf with popular governance requires a suitable method that can explain the ratio of the two by extracting the conceptual capacity of waqf. Hence, a descriptive-analytical method is used in this article. For this reason, relying on reports and research about waqf, the article analyzed the concept of waqf to explain its relationship with popular governance. The mentioned method has highlighted the importance of the concept of participation as an intermediate concept through which it has explained the meaningful relationship between waqf and popular governance. Therefore, in this article, waqf is considered an independent variable and popular governance a dependent variable, and the impact of waqf on governance is investigated through the intermediary variable of participation. Research FindingsPopularity of governance entails the right of people to participate, and thus, the concept of waqf from a religious point of view leads to the generation of people's right to participate in governance. In fact, by using the conceptual capacity of waqf, it is possible to argue about the participatory nature of governance and conclude that waqf can propose the theoretical foundations necessary to move from non-popular governance to popular governance.With the development of people's participation through waqf, the position and role of the people in the realization of social justice are strengthened, and as a result, their position and role in governance are enhanced. In this case, waqf becomes one of the most important factors in the popularization of governance.The proposal of this article is the model of people's participation, based on which the organization of waqf and charity affairs should be placed in the position of policy-making and monitoring and create several managerial and executive models in the administration of waqf. From this point of view, as under the supervision of this organization, natural persons undertake the management of endowments as waqifs and trustees, this organization can create the basis for the realization of the people's participation model in the matter of waqf, and in this way, the continuation of people's participation in the waqf will happen. Discussion and conclusionPeople, as the owners of governance, have common rights in the matter of governance, and as a result, the ruler is only placed in the position of trustee or custodian of the waqf. Therefore, the ruler cannot have a proprietary possession in the matter of governance, because such a possession causes the rule to become tyrannical, which is against the teachings of religion. The result of such a perception is to prove the right of people to participate. The popularity of governance entails the right of people's participation, and thus, the concept of waqf from a religious point of view leads to the generation of people's right to participate in governance.Also, according to the new needs, the development of the waqf area can develop the area of ​​popular participation. Currently, the development of people's participation in the matter of waqf requires the development of waqf expenditures in the fields of education, culture, welfare, economy, health, etc. What, however, seems necessary, is the prioritization of waqf expenses according to the main needs of society. From this point of view, it seems that "social justice" is one of these priorities that the capacity of waqf can be used to realize and thus help popularize governance. This connection seems clear from this point that social security leads to the general authority of the society, thus governance becomes efficient.And finally, the history of Waqf has such a capacity that it is possible to rely on it to ensure the continuation of popular participation in governance. As long as people and popular institutions are the main trustees of waqf in various public areas of society, governance will enjoy the nature of the people. Meanwhile, the role of governments will not be to take over the waqf but to facilitate people's participation in it. Through waqf, people can play a role in many public affairs of society as a partner of the government in the matter of governanceBased on this, it can be concluded that Waqf, both conceptually and structurally, has a suitable capacity for popularizing governance. Waqf has a popular character and entrusting at least a part of it to the people can play a significant role in popularizing governance.

Barbara Andraka-Christou, Cory Page, Victoria Schoebel et al.

Abstract Background Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUDs), including methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone, decrease mortality and morbidity for people with opioid use disorder (OUD). Buprenorphine and methadone have the strongest evidence base among MOUDs. Unlike methadone, buprenorphine may be prescribed in office-based settings in the U.S., including by nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) who have a federal waiver and adhere to federal patient limits. Buprenorphine is underutilized nationally, particularly in rural areas, and NPs/PAs could help address this gap. Therefore, we sought to identify perceptions of buprenorphine efficacy and perceptions of prescribing barriers among NPs/PAs. We also sought to compare perceived buprenorphine efficacy and perceived prescribing barriers between waivered and non-waivered NPs/PAs, as well as to compare perceived buprenorphine efficacy to perceived naltrexone and methadone efficacy. Methods We disseminated an online survey to a random national sample of NPs/PAs. We used Mann–Whitney U tests to compare between waivered and non-waivered respondents. We used non-parametric Friedman tests and post-hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to compare perceptions of medication types. Results 240 respondents participated (6.5% response rate). Most respondents agreed buprenorphine is efficacious and believed counseling and peer support should complement buprenorphine. Buprenorphine was generally perceived as more efficacious than both naltrexone and methadone. Perceived buprenorphine efficacy and prescribing barriers differed by waiver status. Non-waivered practitioners were more likely than waivered practitioners to have concerns about buprenorphine affecting patient mix. Among waivered NPs/PAs, key buprenorphine prescribing barriers were insurance prior authorization and detoxification access. Conclusions Our results suggest that different policies should target perceived barriers affecting waivered versus non-waivered NPs/PAs. Concerns about patient mix suggest stigmatization of patients with OUD. NP/PA education is needed about comparative medication efficaciousness, particularly regarding methadone. Even though many buprenorphine treatment patients benefits from counseling and/or peer support groups, NPs/PAs should be informed that such psychosocial treatment methods are not necessary for all buprenorphine patients.

Greg Pogarsky

Onnalin Singkorn, Tawatchai Apidechkul, Bukhari Putsa et al.

Abstract Background Alcohol use impacts several dimensions, including physical health, mental health, families, and social interactions. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and to determine the factors associated with alcohol use among Akha and Lahu hill tribe youths in Chiang Rai, Thailand. Methods An analytic cross-sectional design was applied to obtain key data on these associations. The study sample was Akha and Lahu hill tribe youths aged 15-24 years who lived in 30 selected hill tribe villages. A questionnaire was developed from an in-depth interview and group discussion and tested for validation and reliability before use. Descriptive statistics were used to demonstrate the general characteristics, and Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to detect associations between variables at α=0.05. Results A total of 737 subjects were recruited into the study, of whom 50.0% were Lahu. The average age was 17.9 years, 80.7% were single, 71.1% were Christian, 65.9% graduated secondary school, and 65.7% had their major source of income from their parents. Overall, 17.3% smoked and 45.0% drank alcohol. Among the drinkers, 79.8% drank beer, 61.5% started drinking at an age of 15-19 years, 86.8% had drank for < 5 years, 42.5% were persuaded to drink by their peers, 20.2% suffered an accident after alcohol use, and 17.2% had experienced unsafe sex after drinking alcohol. In the multiple logistic regression, six variables were associated with alcohol use among the Akha and Lahu youths. Males had greater odds of alcohol use than females (ORadj = 3.50, 95% CI = 2.24-5.47). Buddhists had greater odds of alcohol use than Christians (ORadj = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.17-3.04). Participants who were unemployed, employed, and in other categories of occupation had greater odds of alcohol use than those who were students (ORadj = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.23-3.92; ORadj = 6.89, 95% CI = 3.38-13.89; and ORadj = 2.96, 95% CI = 1.01-8.59, respectively). Participants whose fathers were daily wage workers had greater odds of alcohol use (ORadj = 2.89; 95% CI = 1.23-6.79) than those whose parents worked in agriculture, and those whose fathers used alcohol had greater odds of alcohol use than those whose fathers did not use alcohol (ORadj = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.40-3.35). Finally, those who had 6-10 and ≥ 11 close friends living in the same village who used alcohol had greater odds of alcohol use (ORadj = 8.51, 95% CI = 3.10-23.3; and ORadj = 3.84, 95% CI = 1.15-12.77, respectively). Conclusion To reduce the initiation of alcohol use among Akha and Lahu youths, public health intervention programs should focus on males who are not attending school and should be implemented for both their family members and peers.

Marie Peretti-Ndiaye

Arie Dijkstra, Karin Menninga

Introduction: The present study aims to contribute to our knowledge on the causes of variations in experienced craving of (ex)smokers. The general idea is tested that when (ex)smokers are exposed to a smoking-cue, their level of craving is determined by the momentary state of mind through which the smoking-cue is interpreted. Methods: A cue-reactivity paradigm in temporary abstinent smokers is applied to trigger craving responses under different experimentally induced states of mind. Craving is assessed with a three-item self-report measure. In study 1 (N = 120) a self-affirmation procedure is applied right before abstinent smokers were exposed to their own smoking paraphernalia. In study 2 (N = 140) abstinent smokers received bogus feedback inducing a high or low self-efficacy and strong or weak positive outcome expectations. Results: Study 1 showed a significant interaction: When involvement was high, self-affirmation increased the level of craving but when involvement was low self-affirmation lowered craving. Study 2 also showed a significant interaction: Only when the positive outcome expectation of smoking were high, self-efficacy lowered the level of craving. All analyses were controlled for the number of cigarettes smoked a day and number of past quit attempts. Conclusions: The present studies provide experimental evidence that levels of craving can be determined by momentary states of mind. This theoretical perspective can be integrated in existing conditioning and social cognitive learning perspectives on craving and substance use.

N. Khatuntsev, A. Lizorkin

The possibility of research "les of image formats for changes after creation, through Hu#man tables and Quantization tables analysis are discussed.

Ludmila Ribeiro, Luciane Patrício

Este artigo apresenta uma reflexão e uma contribuição instrumental à problemática do monitoramento e da avaliaçãodas políticas públicas municipais. A partir do estudo de um caso de implementação de um plano municipal de segurançapública, procura-se demonstrar como esta experiência pode permitir a construção de um arcabouço conceitual queviabilize a formulação de indicadores de monitoramento e avaliação para políticas públicas de redução da criminalidadee da violência e da melhoria da qualidade de vida no espaço público. A idéia é problematizar e construir, a partir doorganograma de metas, objetivos e estratégias de implementação, indicadores de monitoramento e avaliação de cadauma das intervenções realizadas. Com isso, espera-se verificar a viabilidade de generalização desses indicadores paraoutros municípios brasileiros que estão no processo de implementação de planos municipais de segurança pública.

Will Kymlicka

Czarnecka-Dzialuk Beata

Cel artykułu stanowi pogłębione spojrzenie na nowe regulacje dotyczące mediacji w sprawach nieletnich. Na wstępie artykułu autorka powołuje się na skuteczne skutki postępowań mediacyjnych oceniane przez jej uczestników, wśród których wymienia się zarówno pokrzywdzonych jak i sprawców. Problem podkreślony w opracowaniu związany jest z wciąż niewystarczającą ilością praktycznego kierowania spraw nieletnich do mediacji powodowanych przede wszystkim niedoskonałościami regulacji prawnych, które nowy projekt ustawy z 2008 roku próbuje zniwelować. Przedmiot tekstu stanowi zatem pogłębiona analiza nowych przepisów. Autorka podkreśla między innymi zmiany takie jak: poszerzenie kręgu osób mogących wystąpić z wnioskiem o skierowanie postępowania do mediacji (o dyrektora zakładu poprawczego czy też schroniska dla nieletnich), dobrowolność wycofania się z postępowania mediacyjnego na każdym etapie, czy rozszerzenie modelu mediacji o działania wychowawcze inne niż jedynie zadośćuczynienie. Dodatkowo B. Czarnecka-Dzialuk zwraca uwagę na ustanowienie zasady bezstronności mediatora i prawa do wyłączenia sędziego, którego bezstronność może być wątpliwa w analizowanym postepowaniu, czy wreszcie wprowadzenie w nowym projekcie zapisu gwarantującego poufność mediacji i zakaz przesłuchiwania mediatora odnośnie uzyskanych podczas mediacji informacji. B. Czarnecka-Dzialuk w swoim artykule zwraca przede wszystkim uwagę czytelnika na kwestię unormowań, które należałoby poprawić i wprowadzić do ustawy w celu praktycznej możliwości stosowania tych pomysłów w przyszłości.

Gorm Gabrielsen, Peter Kramp

See abstract in article.

Betty Morris