Hasil untuk "Religious ethics"

Ion Nemteanu, Adir Mancebo, Leslie Joe et al.

Artificial intelligence (AI) offers incredible possibilities for patient care, but raises significant ethical issues, such as the potential for bias. Powerful ethical frameworks exist to minimize these issues, but are often developed for academic or regulatory environments and tend to be comprehensive but overly prescriptive, making them difficult to operationalize within fast-paced, resource-constrained environments. We introduce the Scalable Agile Framework for Execution in AI (SAFE-AI) designed to balance ethical rigor with business priorities by embedding ethical oversight into standard Agile-based product development workflows. The framework emphasizes the early establishment of testable acceptance criteria, fairness metrics, and transparency metrics to manage model uncertainty, while also promoting continuous monitoring and re-evaluation of these metrics across the AI lifecycle. A core component of this framework are responsibility metrics using scenario-based probability analogy mapping designed to enhance transparency and stakeholder trust. This ensures that retraining or tuning activities are subject to lightweight but meaningful ethical review. By focusing on the minimum necessary requirements for responsible development, our framework offers a scalable, business-aligned approach to ethical AI suitable for organizations without dedicated ethics teams.

Aasish Kumar Sharma, Dimitar Kyosev, Julian Kunkel

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming sectors such as healthcare, finance, and autonomous systems, offering powerful tools for innovation. Yet its rapid integration raises urgent ethical concerns related to data ownership, privacy, and systemic bias. Issues like opaque decision-making, misleading outputs, and unfair treatment in high-stakes domains underscore the need for transparent and accountable AI systems. This article addresses these challenges by proposing a modular ethical assessment framework built on ontological blocks of meaning-discrete, interpretable units that encode ethical principles such as fairness, accountability, and ownership. By integrating these blocks with FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) principles, the framework supports scalable, transparent, and legally aligned ethical evaluations, including compliance with the EU AI Act. Using a real-world use case in AI-powered investor profiling, the paper demonstrates how the framework enables dynamic, behavior-informed risk classification. The findings suggest that ontological blocks offer a promising path toward explainable and auditable AI ethics, though challenges remain in automation and probabilistic reasoning.

Haein Kong, Seonghyeon Moon

Large language models (LLMs) have been actively applied in the mental health field. Recent research shows the promise of LLMs in applying psychotherapy, especially motivational interviewing (MI). However, there is a lack of studies investigating how language models understand MI ethics. Given the risks that malicious actors can use language models to apply MI for unethical purposes, it is important to evaluate their capability of differentiating ethical and unethical MI practices. Thus, this study investigates the ethical awareness of LLMs in MI with multiple experiments. Our findings show that LLMs have a moderate to strong level of knowledge in MI. However, their ethical standards are not aligned with the MI spirit, as they generated unethical responses and performed poorly in detecting unethical responses. We proposed a Chain-of-Ethic prompt to mitigate those risks and improve safety. Finally, our proposed strategy effectively improved ethical MI response generation and detection performance. These findings highlight the need for safety evaluations and guidelines for building ethical LLM-powered psychotherapy.

Rohit K. Dubey, Damian Dailisan, Sachit Mahajan

We present an ethical decision-making framework that refines a pre-trained reinforcement learning (RL) model using a task-agnostic ethical layer. Following initial training, the RL model undergoes ethical fine-tuning, where human feedback is replaced by feedback generated from a large language model (LLM). The LLM embodies consequentialist, deontological, virtue, social justice, and care ethics as moral principles to assign belief values to recommended actions during ethical decision-making. An ethical layer aggregates belief scores from multiple LLM-derived moral perspectives using Belief Jensen-Shannon Divergence and Dempster-Shafer Theory into probability scores that also serve as the shaping reward, steering the agent toward choices that align with a balanced ethical framework. This integrated learning framework helps the RL agent navigate moral uncertainty in complex environments and enables it to make morally sound decisions across diverse tasks. Our approach, tested across different LLM variants and compared with other belief aggregation techniques, demonstrates improved consistency, adaptability, and reduced reliance on handcrafted ethical rewards. This method is especially effective in dynamic scenarios where ethical challenges arise unexpectedly, making it well-suited for real-world applications.

James M. Berzuk, Lauren Corcoran, Brannen McKenzie-Lefurgey et al.

Contemporary robots are increasingly mimicking human social behaviours to facilitate interaction, such as smiling to signal approachability, or hesitating before taking an action to allow people time to react. Such techniques can activate a person's entrenched social instincts, triggering emotional responses as though they are interacting with a fellow human, and can prompt them to treat a robot as if it truly possesses the underlying life-like processes it outwardly presents, raising significant ethical questions. We engage these issues through the lens of informed consent: drawing upon prevailing legal principles and ethics, we examine how social robots can influence user behaviour in novel ways, and whether under those circumstances users can be appropriately informed to consent to these heightened interactions. We explore the complex circumstances of human-robot interaction and highlight how it differs from more familiar interaction contexts, and we apply legal principles relating to informed consent to social robots in order to reconceptualize the current ethical debates surrounding the field. From this investigation, we synthesize design goals for robot developers to achieve more ethical and informed human-robot interaction.

Adam Leon Kesner, Anyi Li, Phillip Koo

Healthcare stands at a critical crossroads. Artificial Intelligence and modern computing are unlocking opportunities, yet their value lies in the data that fuels them. The value of healthcare data is no longer limited to individual patients. However, data stewardship and governance has not kept pace, and privacy-centric policies are hindering both innovation and patient protections. As healthcare moves toward a data-driven future, we must define reformed data stewardship that prioritizes patients' interests by proactively managing modern risks and opportunities while addressing key challenges in cost, efficacy, and accessibility. Current healthcare data policies are rooted in 20th-century legislation shaped by outdated understandings of data-prioritizing perceived privacy over innovation and inclusion. While other industries thrive in a data-driven era, the evolution of medicine remains constrained by regulations that impose social rather than scientific boundaries. Large-scale aggregation is happening, but within opaque, closed systems. As we continue to uphold foundational ethical principles - autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice - there is a growing imperative to acknowledge they exist in evolving technological, social, and cultural realities. Ethical principles should facilitate, rather than obstruct, dialogue on adapting to meet opportunities and address constraints in medical practice and healthcare delivery. The new ethics of data stewardship places patients first by defining governance that adapts to changing landscapes. It also rejects the legacy of treating perceived privacy as an unquestionable, guiding principle. By proactively redefining data stewardship norms, we can drive an era of medicine that promotes innovation, protects patients, and advances equity - ensuring future generations advance medical discovery and care.

Billy Wheeler

Like all religious traditions, Buddhism must continually respond to emerging technologies while remaining grounded in its ethical and philosophical foundations. One such technology is cryptocurrency—a decentralized, blockchain-based financial innovation that has reshaped economic life by reducing reliance on traditional banking systems, enhancing user privacy, and offering a hedge against inflation and state-based monetary control. Its adoption has grown rapidly, including among Buddhist communities, where it is used in a variety of ways: as a medium of exchange, as an investment vehicle, and as a means of generating income through mining. For many practitioners, cryptocurrency represents a new and complex challenge in aligning financial management with Buddhist ethical values. For example, critics point to its environmental footprint, its association with illicit trade and financial crime, and its speculative nature, which some argue parallels gambling—an activity explicitly discouraged in Buddhist precepts. This article examines the ethics of cryptocurrency from multiple Buddhist perspectives, drawing on canonical sources such as the Pāli Nikāyas, monastic codes (Vinaya), and recent interpretations by contemporary Buddhist teachers and scholars. It also engages with relevant secular critiques to contextualize Buddhist concerns. The article concludes by proposing a normative framework to assist both lay practitioners and members of the monastic sangha in evaluating the ethical permissibility of engaging with cryptocurrency, guided by key principles such as non-harming, right livelihood, and mindful consumption.

Xin Zhang, Lei Liao, Xubin Xie

This study focuses on Xizi-belief (惜字信仰) and provides a comparative analysis of the religious philosophies of Tianming (天命) and Tianli (天理), using the Hunan region as a case study. Through anthropological methods and fieldwork, this study explores how Classical Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism shape and guide word-cherishing behaviors based on the conceptual philosophies of Tianming and Tianli. The Tianming conception views characters as revelations of heavenly destiny. Through religious rituals, people cherish words to honor heaven and seek to change their destinies through heavenly forces, reflecting worldly desires and spiritual pursuits and emphasizing heaven with personhood. In contrast, the Tianli conception sees words as carriers of moral and natural laws. Guided by Confucian ethics and the concept of karma and retribution, it influences people’s moral norms and behavioral practices, reflecting the metaphysical moral law of a just and righteous heaven. Both conceptions not only involve the worship and protection of words but also profoundly embody a deep understanding and pursuit of the order of the universe, moral norms, the ethics of life, and the meaning of life. This study reveals three modes of influence: the religious philosophy integration model, the ritual practice model, and the architectural embodiment model. These models emphasize the positive impact of Xizi-belief on ethics and social life, prompting people to demonstrate positive guidance in human behavior through reverence for Tianming (mandate of heaven), adherence to Tianli (principle of heaven), and respect for nature. Under the guidance of classical religious ethical principles, the spread of Xizi-belief and the practice of Xizi religious ceremonies promote the harmonious development of individual virtues and social order, achieving harmony between humans and the universe.

A Hashfi Luthfi

The Routledge Handbook of Global Islam and Consumer Culture, edited by Birgit Krawietz and François Gauthier, offers a comprehensive examination of the intersection between Islam, market dynamics, and consumer practices in the contemporary global era. The book’s interdisciplinary contributions demonstrate how Islamic values, authority, and socio-economic realities shape consumer culture across diverse contexts. By bringing together perspectives from law, anthropology, sociology, and religious studies, the volume examines critical themes such as halal markets, financial ethics, identity politics, and digital consumption. This review highlights the book’s strength in offering a nuanced account of Islam’s global entanglement with consumerism, while also pointing to the challenges of addressing regional diversities and normative debates within Islamic law. It concludes that the volume serves as an essential reference for scholars of Islamic law, economics, and cultural studies, enabling them to understand how faith and the market intertwine in contemporary Muslim societies. The Routledge Handbook of Global Islam and Consumer Culture yang dieditori oleh Birgit Krawietz dan François Gauthier menghadirkan eksplorasi komprehensif tentang persinggungan antara Islam, dinamika pasar, dan praktik konsumsi dalam era global. Kontribusi interdisipliner dalam buku ini menunjukkan bagaimana nilai-nilai Islam, otoritas keagamaan, serta realitas sosial-ekonomi membentuk budaya konsumsi di berbagai konteks. Dengan menggabungkan perspektif hukum, antropologi, sosiologi, dan studi agama, buku ini membahas tema-tema penting seperti pasar halal, etika keuangan, politik identitas, dan konsumsi digital. Review ini menyoroti kekuatan buku dalam menawarkan pemahaman mendalam mengenai keterhubungan global antara Islam dan konsumerisme, sekaligus mengkritisi tantangan dalam mengakomodasi keragaman regional serta perdebatan normatif dalam hukum Islam. Disimpulkan bahwa buku ini merupakan rujukan penting bagi akademisi hukum Islam, ekonomi, dan kajian budaya untuk memahami interaksi iman dan pasar dalam masyarakat Muslim kontemporer.

Virginia Grande, Natalie Kiesler, Maria Andreina Francisco R

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) started a serious discussion among educators on how LLMs would affect, e.g., curricula, assessments, and students' competencies. Generative AI and LLMs also raised ethical questions and concerns for computing educators and professionals. This experience report presents an assignment within a course on professional competencies, including some related to ethics, that computing master's students need in their careers. For the assignment, student groups discussed the ethical process by Lennerfors et al. by analyzing a case: a fictional researcher considers whether to attend the real CHI 2024 conference in Hawaii. The tasks were (1) to participate in in-class discussions on the case, (2) to use an LLM of their choice as a discussion partner for said case, and (3) to document both discussions, reflecting on their use of the LLM. Students reported positive experiences with the LLM as a way to increase their knowledge and understanding, although some identified limitations. The LLM provided a wider set of options for action in the studied case, including unfeasible ones. The LLM would not select a course of action, so students had to choose themselves, which they saw as coherent. From the educators' perspective, there is a need for more instruction for students using LLMs: some students did not perceive the tools as such but rather as an authoritative knowledge base. Therefore, this work has implications for educators considering the use of LLMs as discussion partners or tools to practice critical thinking, especially in computing ethics education.

Edward Y. Chang

This research develops advanced methodologies for Large Language Models (LLMs) to better manage linguistic behaviors related to emotions and ethics. We introduce DIKE, an adversarial framework that enhances the LLMs' ability to internalize and reflect global human values, adapting to varied cultural contexts to promote transparency and trust among users. The methodology involves detailed modeling of emotions, classification of linguistic behaviors, and implementation of ethical guardrails. Our innovative approaches include mapping emotions and behaviors using self-supervised learning techniques, refining these guardrails through adversarial reviews, and systematically adjusting outputs to ensure ethical alignment. This framework establishes a robust foundation for AI systems to operate with ethical integrity and cultural sensitivity, paving the way for more responsible and context-aware AI interactions.

Mohammad Baqar

This paper critically examines the ethical implications of integrating AI tools like GitHub Copilot and ChatGPT into the software development process. It explores issues such as code ownership, bias, accountability, privacy, and the potential impact on the job market. While these AI tools offer significant benefits in terms of productivity and efficiency, they also introduce complex ethical challenges. The paper argues that addressing these challenges is essential to ensuring that AI's integration into software development is both responsible and beneficial to society

Rebekah Rousi, Niko Makitalo, Hooman Samani et al.

The emergence of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) and large language models (LLMs) such ChatGPT has enabled the realization of long-harbored desires in software and robotic development. The technology however, has brought with it novel ethical challenges. These challenges are compounded by the application of LLMs in other machine learning systems, such as multi-robot systems. The objectives of the study were to examine novel ethical issues arising from the application of LLMs in multi-robot systems. Unfolding ethical issues in GPT agent behavior (deliberation of ethical concerns) was observed, and GPT output was compared with human experts. The article also advances a model for ethical development of multi-robot systems. A qualitative workshop-based method was employed in three workshops for the collection of ethical concerns: two human expert workshops (N=16 participants) and one GPT-agent-based workshop (N=7 agents; two teams of 6 agents plus one judge). Thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. The results reveal differences between the human-produced and GPT-based ethical concerns. Human experts placed greater emphasis on new themes related to deviance, data privacy, bias and unethical corporate conduct. GPT agents emphasized concerns present in existing AI ethics guidelines. The study contributes to a growing body of knowledge in context-specific AI ethics and GPT application. It demonstrates the gap between human expert thinking and LLM output, while emphasizing new ethical concerns emerging in novel technology.

Saleh Ghobbeh, Armita Atrian

This study explores the impact of spiritual intelligence (SI) on technostress, with a focus on the mediating role of the ethical environment. In an era where technological advancements continually reshape our work and personal lives, understanding the interplay between human intelligence, well-being, and ethics within organizations is increasingly significant. Spiritual intelligence, transcending traditional cognitive and emotional intelligences, emphasizes understanding personal meaning and values. This paper investigates how higher levels of SI enable individuals to integrate technology into their lives without undue stress, and how a robust ethical environment within organizations supports and amplifies these benefits. Through a comprehensive review of literature, empirical research, and detailed analysis, the study highlights the protective role of SI against technostress and the significant influence of an ethical climate in enhancing this effect. The findings offer valuable insights for organizational strategies aimed at promoting a harmonious, stress-free workplace environment.

Florian Neukart

The endeavor of interstellar exploration is a convergence of technical innovation and profound ethical inquiry, challenging humanity to extend its reach beyond the confines of our solar system while contemplating the moral implications of such a leap. This paper explores the multifaceted aspects of interstellar travel, exploring advancements in propulsion systems, habitat construction, and life support alongside the ethical, sociopolitical, and philosophical questions that arise as we consider colonizing extraterrestrial worlds. We underscore the imperative for an integrative framework harmonizing scientific achievements with a deep ethical commitment to responsible exploration, environmental stewardship, and respect for potential extraterrestrial life. Our analysis highlights the dual nature of interstellar exploration as both a technical endeavor and a philosophical journey, advocating for a future in which humanity's expansion into the cosmos is guided by foresight, equity, and the collective well-being of all sentient beings. This synthesis of science and ethics offers a blueprint for navigating the unknowns of space with wisdom and integrity, ensuring that our interstellar aspirations reflect the best of human values.

Muhammad Irfani

The stories of the prophets narrated by the Qur'an have mostly been explained in the Bible. each holy book in narrating the story of the prophet has its own purpose in conveying messages to its followers. Therefore, the stories of the prophets are important to be studied more deeply. This paper aims to analyze the differences in the narration of the story of prophet Ayub in the Qur'an and the Bible. This research uses qualitative methodology through the intertextual approach pioneered by Julia Kristeva in finding a comparison of the two scriptural narratives. This study concludes through the story of prophet Job contained in the Qur'an and the Bible that there is a reduction of narrative by the Qur'an which creates elements of haplology in each fragment. The suffering of prophet Job narrated by the Qur'an is the work of the devil. While the narrative told in the Bible is the devil. However, the general difference between the narratives of the two books is in terms of the themes raised. The Qur'an raises the theme of faithfulness and patience of Prophet Job, while the Bible carries the theme of suffering and piety of Prophet Job.

Perpetua Omemo Oniala

This work focused on the various ways the church may support inclusive education, highlighting the role that the church plays in creating a diverse and fair learning environment. In today’s educational debate, inclusive education has emerged as a critical objective. The church is in a unique position to help bring inclusive education to fruition since it is a societal institution with a long history of community engagement. The study further evaluated the efforts made by the church to implement inclusive education, the progress made, and the possibility of ensuring it extends its services to all parts of the world. This study was guided by the social model theory, and adopted a qualitative method to collect data. Qualitative data pertaining to inclusive education was gathered through a synthesis of the literature and document analysis. Results showed that the church has played a significant role towards promoting inclusive education. The church becomes a vital partner in the quest of educational institutions that accept diversity and empower all learners, ultimately contributing to the construction of a more inclusive and peaceful society, by utilising its influence, resources, and community ties. This study underscored the importance of continued efforts by the church to strengthen inclusive education thus achieving equitable and quality education for all.

Jennifer A. Mather

Ethical behaviour tends to lead to the welfare consideration of animals, but much less so for invertebrates. Indigenous tradition often valued all animals as having an important role in life on the planet, a practical application of modern ecology. The Judaeo–Christian–Islamic tradition postulated ‘man’ as having dominion over all of Earth, resulting in anthropocentrism and careless practices. In contrast, the Buddhist/Hindu belief in rebirth leads to ahisma, or doing no harm. In the face of capitalist systems, practice does not necessarily follow these beliefs, especially in the ‘shepherding’ of domestic animals. Only Jainist beliefs value the lives of all invertebrates. Philosophers are often divorced from the physiological reality of the animals they muse about, and science’s traditions of objectivity and the simplest possible explanation of behaviour led to ignorance of invertebrates’ abilities. Ninety-seven percent of animals on the planet are invertebrates. We have a long way to go to provide moral standing and welfare consideration, which is consistent with the new information about the sentience of some of these animals.

Simon Kolker, Louise Dennis, Ramon Fraga Pereira et al.

We propose the use of the hypothetical retrospection argumentation procedure, developed by Sven Ove Hansson to improve existing approaches to machine ethical reasoning by accounting for probability and uncertainty from a position of Philosophy that resonates with humans. Actions are represented with a branching set of potential outcomes, each with a state, utility, and either a numeric or poetic probability estimate. Actions are chosen based on comparisons between sets of arguments favouring actions from the perspective of their branches, even those branches that led to an undesirable outcome. This use of arguments allows a variety of philosophical theories for ethical reasoning to be used, potentially in flexible combination with each other. We implement the procedure, applying consequentialist and deontological ethical theories, independently and concurrently, to an autonomous library system use case. We introduce a preliminary framework that seems to meet the varied requirements of a machine ethics system: versatility under multiple theories and a resonance with humans that enables transparency and explainability.

Jennifer Park, Rochelle E. Tractenberg

In 2022, the American Statistical Association revised its Ethical Guidelines for Statistical Practice. Originally issued in 1982, these Guidelines describe responsibilities of the 'ethical statistical practitioner' to their profession, to their research subjects, as well as to their community of practice. These guidelines are intended as a framework to assist decision-making by statisticians working across academic, research, and government environments. For the first time, the 2022 Guidelines describe the ethical obligations of organizations and institutions that use statistical practice. This paper examines alignment between the ASA Ethical Guidelines and other long-established normative guidelines for US official statistics: the OMB Statistical Policy Directives 1, 2, and 2a NASEM Principles and Practices, and the OMB Data Ethics Tenets. Our analyses ask how the recently updated ASA Ethical Guidelines can support these guidelines for federal statistics and data science. The analysis uses a form of qualitative content analysis, the alignment model, to identify patterns of alignment, and potential for tensions, within and across guidelines. The paper concludes with recommendations to policy makers when using ethical guidance to establish parameters for policy change and the administrative and technical controls that necessarily follow.