Hasil untuk "Public law"

Virginia H. Gray

Rogers M. Smith

M. Bovens, S. Zouridis

T. Tyler, J. Jackson

E. Thrane, J. Romano

We propose a graphical representation of detector sensitivity curves for stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds that takes into account the increase in sensitivity that comes from integrating over frequency in addition to integrating over time. This method is valid for backgrounds that have a power-law spectrum in the analysis band. We call these graphs “power-law integrated curves.” For simplicity, we consider cross-correlation searches for unpolarized and isotropic stochastic backgrounds using two or more detectors. We apply our method to construct power-law integrated sensitivity curves for second-generation ground-based detectors such as Advanced LIGO, space-based detectors such as LISA and the Big Bang Observer, and timing residuals from a pulsar timing array. The code used to produce these plots is available at https://dcc.ligo.org/LIGO-P1300115/public for researchers interested in constructing similar sensitivity curves.

F. A. Hayek

Karina Utenkova

Internal audit in banks is a key tool for enhancing the efficiency and resilience of the banking system, providing an independent assessment of governance, control, and risk management systems. The activities of internal audit units are regulated by international standards, particularly the Global Internal Audit Standards (GIAS) 2024, adapted to the Ukrainian context. Problem statement. Under conditions of economic instability and external challenges, including martial law, the harmonization of national approaches to internal audit with international standards has become especially relevant, as it will improve control efficiency, transparency, and trust in the banking system. Unresolved issues. Despite the existing regulatory framework, problems remain in resource provision, staff qualification levels, implementation of modern audit technologies, and the readiness of bank management to actively cooperate with internal audit units. The adaptation of GIAS to the public sector also remains insufficiently explored. Purpose of the article. To substantiate the prospects for implementing the GIAS 2024 in the Ukrainian banking sector, considering international experience, national regulatory specifics, and current financial security challenges. Main material. The article presents a comparative analysis of the structure and content of the GIAS 2024 and previous standards, highlighting the five domains of the new standards, their principles, requirements, and implementation guidelines. The difficulties of adapting the requirements - particularly in resource provision, communication with supervisory boards, and the introduction of KPIs for evaluating audit effectiveness—are analyzed. Practical aspects of implementing new procedures are identified, including strengthening the role of internal audit in risk management systems and supporting the digital transformation of banks. Conclusions. The implementation of GIAS 2024 in the Ukrainian banking sector has the potential to significantly improve the quality of internal control, align with international standards, and strengthen investor confidence. Successful realization requires methodological guidelines, a clear system of performance indicators, updated internal bank regulations, adequate financial and human resources, and integration of the standards into the daily practice of internal auditors.

Iryna Koval

The article discusses the issues of legal protection and enforcement of industrial property rights. The concept and content of administrative legal protection and administrative legal enforcement of industrial property rights are defined. The concept of administrative legal protection is based on the concept and structure of the mechanism of administrative legal regulation. The components of the mechanism of administrative legal regulation of industrial property relations include: administrative legal norms; legal facts which are the basis for administrative legal relations; administrative legal relations; acts of realization of rights and obligations by the subjects of these legal relations; and activities of authorized bodies for the application of legal norms. The author outlines the range of bodies authorized by the state to carry out administrative legal enforcement of these rights: customs authorities of Ukraine, bodies of the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine, which ensures state protection of competition in business and public procurement, the Appeals Chamber of the Ukrainian National Office for Intellectual Property and Innovations, and local courts. It is established that the peculiarities of administrative legal enforcement of industrial property rights lies, firstly, in the combination of protection of public and private interests in the area of legitimate exercise of these rights; secondly, the administrative legal procedure for enforcement of industrial property rights is based on a combination of actions of authorized bodies and actions of right holders who initiate the procedure. In view of this, it is proposed to exclude the provision of Part 5 of Article 397 of the Customs Code of Ukraine on the exemption of customs authorities from liability for failure to take measures for the enforcement of intellectual property rights. To improve the administrative legal enforcement of industrial property rights, it is also proposed to bring the content of actions recognized as unfair competition in Art. 164-3 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses and the Law of Ukraine ’’On Protection Against Unfair Competition’’ into line.

Sahadžić Maja

The growing influence of Big Tech, backed by technological advancement and platformization, poses significant challenges to traditional concepts of the rule of law and the separation of powers. By privately accumulating functions typically reserved for the state, Big Tech now assumes functions traditionally assigned to the state. In light of this, this paper explores the limitations imposed on the rule of law and the separation of powers. It first revisits the classical understanding of these constitutional principles and then assesses the contemporary challenges posed by Big Tech. The analysis then shifts to the rising private (technological) power of Big Tech as a fourth pillar in the separation of powers. Finally, the paper argues for cooperation and coordinated governance between the state and Big Tech, ultimately concluding with final insights on the adaptiveness of the traditional concepts of the rule of law and the separation of powers.

Mohammadreza Salari, Fazlollah Mousavi

Environmental impact assessment is the most important practical tool for governments in order to achieve economic development goals and comply with environmental considerations concurrently or in other words, sustainable development. Environmental impact assessment has been recognized in the Iranian legal system from a long time ago. However, dispersion of laws and regulations in this area, lack of detail and lack of effective sanctions have turned the environmental impact assessment mechanism into a mere formality for obtaining construction and operation permits for development projects. While using a descriptive-analytic method, this article will describe the legal aspects of environmental impact assessment in People's Republic of China, International Finance Corporation and the Islamic Republic of Iran with a comparative manner. Then, by analyzing the requirements of this institution in Iranian laws and regulations, it will try to provide suggestions for improving the position of environmental impact assessment in the legal system of Iran. To address this challenge, it is recommended to draft a specific code with a focus on environmental impact assessment, specify details such as cumulative impacts, information disclosure and follow-up reports in the environmental impact assessment process as the responsibilities of project owners and implement effective and deterrent sanctions. These suggestions will not only strengthen the position of sustainable development in the legal system of Iran in a practical way, but will also lead to an improvement in the environmental situation of the country over the long term.

Stuart G. Hall

Benjamin G. Edelman, D. Geradin

Michael Cary

Abstract Although the 2022 cryptocurrency market crash prompted despair among investors, the rallying cry, “wagmi” (We’re all gonna make it.) emerged among cryptocurrency enthusiasts in the aftermath. Did cryptocurrency enthusiasts respond to this crash differently compared to traditional investors? Using natural language processing techniques applied to Twitter data, this study employed a difference-in-differences method to determine whether the cryptocurrency market crash had a differential effect on investor sentiment toward cryptocurrency enthusiasts relative to more traditional investors. The results indicate that the crash affected investor sentiment among cryptocurrency enthusiastic investors differently from traditional investors. In particular, cryptocurrency enthusiasts’ tweets became more neutral and, surprisingly, less negative. This result appears to be primarily driven by a deliberate, collectivist effort to promote positivity within the cryptocurrency community (“wagmi”). Considering the more nuanced emotional content of tweets, it appears that cryptocurrency enthusiasts expressed less joy and surprise in the aftermath of the cryptocurrency crash than traditional investors. Moreover, cryptocurrency enthusiasts tweeted more frequently after the cryptocurrency crash, with a relative increase in tweet frequency of approximately one tweet per day. An analysis of the specific textual content of tweets provides evidence of herding behavior among cryptocurrency enthusiasts.

GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 1 This Law shall regulate the planning of space, the types and content of the plans, the designing and procedure of adoption of the plans, allocation of construction land, determination of the terms for constructing and supervision over the Law enforcement. Article 2 The spatial and urban planning is continuous process provided through designing, adoption and implementation of spatial and urban development plans that comply with each other. Adoption of State Spatial Plan and urban development plan is required. Article 3 The designing and adoption of spatial and urban development plans shall be considered as issues of public interest. Article 4 The spatial and urban planning shall provide more equal spatial development, rational arrangement and use of the space, as well as living and working conditions for the citizens. The spatial and urban planning shall involve measures for protection and promotion of the environment and nature, protection from war destruction, natural and technological catastrophes. Article 5 The following terms used in this law shall designate: spatial plan is a plan for arranging and use of land in wider area, such as: area of the municipality and the city of Skopje; region, national park or the state territory; urban development plan is a plan for arranging and using land in narrower area, such as town, district, village or other area planned to be constructed; purpose of land is the purpose for using the land or constructing particular types of facilities on the land, determined by a plan;

David Sudnow

Guoming Du, Ru Zhang, Yuheng Li et al.

There are two types of land systems in China: collective-owned and state-owned. Under both systems, differences in land ownership have led to different land-use and management systems, resulting in urban–rural dual structures under the jurisdiction of local governments and urban–rural unitary structures in reclamation areas of the state-owned land system. This has significantly changed the relationship between the rural population and land, which has been intensified by rapid urbanization and industrialization. Therefore, based on the rural population and remote sensing data, this study uses the Tapio decoupling model to determine the relationships between the rural population and residential land under different land systems. The main results indicate that the evolution of the rural population and residential land area under different land systems presents an obvious inverse relationship. From 1995 to 2020, under the jurisdiction of the local government, the land area and population of rural dwellers declined, with the decline in population being faster than that in residential areas. At the same time, the spatial agglomeration of residential areas from the middle to the south of the province expanded. In contrast, the population and residential land area showed significant reverse changes in state-owned domains. Rural residential land area declined, and the rural population increased, most notably in the eastern region. Furthermore, strong negative decoupling between the rural population and rural residential land was observed in areas under local government jurisdiction (accounting for 89.61%), meaning that the population declined while the living area increased, which is not conducive to increasing intensive land-use and productivity. Simultaneously, in state-owned domains, only 33.33% of the rural population and residential land areas presented the above-mentioned negative decoupling, with the remaining 66.67% being coordinated. After 2010, due to the socio-economic gap, the proportion of coordination in local government jurisdiction areas continued to decrease, whereas coordination in reclamation areas remained stable. Therefore, the data suggest that a single land allocation and governance regime across urban and rural domains under the state-owned land system is more helpful in enabling populations and efficient land-use. This suggests that, in the future, it will be helpful to consider promoting the effective integration of urban and rural land markets, optimizing the allocation of urban and rural land resources, and enhancing the reform of the rural land system in order to realize synergistic interactions between the urban and rural populations and construction land in Heilongjiang Province.

Anna Maria Tri Anggraini, Maya Indrasti Notoprayitno

The existence of a consumer protection law and the ratification of the CRPD by the Indonesian government is expected to guarantee the safety and comfort of consumers, including persons with disabilities. Therefore, the problem of comparative regulation and institutional, as well as the supervision of the implementation of public services for persons with disabilities, is raised in Indonesia and Australia. Australia was chosen as a comparison because this country already has a comprehensive protection system for persons with disabilities and is fully committed to providing public service facilities. This research is a prescriptive normative research using secondary data consisting of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. This study concludes that similar to Indonesia, the formation of regulations and policies in Australia in the public service sector for persons with disabilities has reached a technical level and is carried out in a coordinated manner between the center and the regions. The basic difference is that the institutional system that handles the planning, implementation, and supervision of public services for persons with disabilities in Indonesia is separated into various ministries and/or agencies so that it requires strengthening synergies at the central and regional levels so that the implementation of public services is guaranteed optimally.

Hangfeng Lin, Naiqing Bu

Analysis of network public opinion can help to effectively predict the public emotion and the multi-level government behaviors. Due to the massive and multidimensional characteristics of network public opinion data, the in-depth value mining of public opinion is one of the research bottlenecks. Based on Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) and deep learning technologies, this paper proposes an advanced TF-IDF mechanism, namely TF-IDF-COR, to extract text feature representations of public opinions and develops a CNN-based prediction model to predict the tendency of publics' emotion and mental health. The proposed method can accurately judge the emotional tendency of network users. The main contribution of this paper is as follows: (1) based on the advantages of TF-IDF mechanism, we propose a TF-IDF-COR mechanism, which integrates the correlation coefficient of word embeddings to TF-IDF. (2) To make the extracted feature semantic information more comprehensive, CNN and TF-IDF-COR are combined to form an effective COR-CNN model for emotion and mental health prediction. Finally, experiments on Sina-Weibo and Twitter opinion data sets show that the improved TF-IDF-COR and the COR-CNN model have better classification performance than traditional classification models. In the experiment, we compare the proposed COR-CNN with support vector machine, k-nearest neighbors, and convolutional neural network in terms of accuracy and F1 score. Experiment results show that COR-CNN performs much better than the three baseline models.

Shravan Luckraz, Bruno Antonio Pansera

Using the concept of informational digraphs, we propose a “no redundant information sets” property that can characterize the exact class of extensive games which can be time structured. Our result can be applied to define time-dependent solution concepts like the Open-Loop and the Closed-Loop Nash Equilibrium in extensive games with imperfect information.

Chea Hankalo N, Alemayehu A, Fikre R et al.

Nana Chea Hankalo,1 Akalewold Alemayehu,1 Rekiku Fikre,2 Edilu Shona3 1School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; 2Departments of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; 3School of Law, College of Law and Governance, Hawassa University, Hawassa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Nana Chea Hankalo, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia, Email nanachea@hu.edu.et; cheanana2007@gmail.comBackground: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease with high attack and case fatality rate. Since WHO’s declaration of disease as pandemic in March 2020, the unprecedented global crises have been happening. To curb and reduce such crises, multi-dimensional international efforts have been made, particularly, infection prevention measures has been developed. However, there was a wide gap of implementing COVID-19 prevention measures from rural to urban, from institution to institution and from person to person. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure the level of prevention practice towards COVID 19 and associated factors in prison, in Sidama National Regional State, Ethiopia.Methods: A cross-sectional study using quantitative method of data collection was conducted in November, 2020 among 422 prisoners in two prisons. Data were collected by trained nurses using structured questionnaires. We analyzed data using SPSS version 24 software. Descriptive statistics and bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to identify factors associated with prevention practices of COVID-19.Results: More than one-fifth (22%; 95% CI: 19%, 26%) of respondents had good preventive practice. Participants who had a history of alcohol intake were 1.79 times less likely to implement good preventive practice for COVID-19 (AOR = 1.79; 95% CI; 1.09, 2.93). The respondents who had negative attitude towards COVID-19 infection were 1.69 times more likely to have poor prevention practice (AOR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.81).Conclusion and Recommendation: In this study, COVID-19 prevention practice among prisoners was very low. Negative attitude and previous alcohol taking history were factors associated with poor prevention practice. Accordingly, the researchers recommends to the concerned body to design educational intervention to change the attitude towards COVID-19 and other infectious diseases and behaviors of the prisoners.Keywords: COVID-19, prevention practice, prison, Sidama, Ethiopia