Researchers build scaling laws to forecast the training performance of expensive large-scale runs with larger model size N and data size D. These laws assume that other training hyperparameters are optimally chosen, which can require significant effort and, in some cases, be impossible due to external hardware constraints. To improve predictability across a broader set of hyperparameters and enable simpler tuning at scale, we propose learning a \textit{Configuration-to-Performance Scaling Law} (CPL): a mapping from the \textit{full training configuration} to training performance. Because no simple functional form can express this mapping, we parameterize it with a large language model (LLM), and fit it with diverse open-source pretraining logs across multiple sources, yielding a \textit{Neural} Configuration-to-Performance Scaling Law (NCPL). NCPL accurately predicts how training configurations influence the final pretraining loss, achieving 20-40% lower prediction error than the configuration-agnostic Chinchilla law and generalizing to runs using up to 10 x more compute than any run in the training set. It further supports joint tuning of multiple hyperparameters with performance comparable to hyperparameter scaling law baselines. Finally, NCPL naturally and effectively extends to richer prediction targets such as loss-curve prediction.
Environmental legal policy is a legal framework that aims to protect and manage the environment to ensure the sustainability of natural resources and the quality of human life. This policy includes various legal instruments, such as laws, government regulations, and regional regulations, which are designed to regulate human activities that have an impact on the environment. Through a preventive approach and strict law enforcement, environmental legal policy seeks to reduce pollution, protect biodiversity, and promote the sustainable use of natural resources. In Indonesia, environmental legal policy is also influenced by developments in international law, such as the global climate agreement and the biodiversity convention that Indonesia has ratified. The research method used is normative legal research. That in international regulations requires countries to strengthen the regulation and implementation of environmental policies at the national and local levels. However, challenges in law enforcement, low public awareness, and conflicts of interest between economic development and environmental conservation, often become obstacles to the effectiveness of this policy. Therefore, synergy is needed between the government, society, and the private sector in optimizing the implementation of fair and sustainable environmental legal policies.
In September 2024, the United Nations published a report titled “Governing AI for Humanity,” which addressed the international governance of artificial intelligence. In March 2024, the European Union adopted the Artificial Intelligence Act, which establishes uniform legal rules governing the use of artificial intelligence systems. Governments and companies throughout the world are continuously adopting strategies, laws, and guidelines, resulting in a disparate array of global approaches to AI. Amid this global regulatory diversity, the role of AI in company law raises pressing questions about its governance within corporate structures. This article will give an overview of international and EU standards regarding liability issues that arise through the use of artificial intelligence in company law with the aim of identifying potential opportunities and challenges that could be anticipated in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Are robot-directors and AI board members the future of modern companies? If so, how should their liability be treated? This paper analyses several possibilities for AI liability adding to the discussion of a two-fold problem that will emerge in company law: who is liable if AI is used as a tool to help management and board members in decision making, and second, can AI participate in decision-making without human intervention. This paper argues that AI liability should be approached through an extension of traditional addressees of liability’ under the existing doctrines such as duty of care for directors’ liability, and the piercing of the veil doctrine for shareholder liability. It establishes suggestions regarding which situations the veil of the corporate entity should be lifted and when shareholders’ liability should be extended. It suggests that the focus on AI should be on whether the human actors in the company acted reasonably and with the duty of care in using the technology.
Private international law. Conflict of laws, Criminal law and procedure
Lisa Ariemma, Cecilia Bailliet, Nayelli Torres-Salas
This essay explores three approaches to understanding international solidarity in contexts of migration: as a human right, as a shared goal, or as community-driven action. From a legal perspective, international solidarity has been enumerated as an enabling right that facilitates the exercise of other substantive human rights. An international solidarity-based approach to rights expands the range of actors, incorporating civil society groups as rights-holders, and international organizations and non-state actors as duty bearers. A social science lens might foreground a transversal approach to international solidarity, embracing difference in pursuit of equity. In other words, international solidarity can be conceptualized as a plurality of actors pursuing shared goals across different struggles while rejecting homogeneity. From the vantage of activism, international solidarity can be understood as a force that can enable migrants and deportees who have been excluded and invisibilized to connect particular and local struggles to different local struggles and even transnational struggles. It can counteract dehumanization and portend hope by highlighting the ripple effect that social movements and their work can have on a range of disadvantaged communities. In all three approaches, international solidarity reinforces human connection but with a different emphasis: on the expansion of opportunities to exercise rights, on the recognition and valuing of pluralism, and on the collective power that can be leveraged to encourage social change.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Private international law. Conflict of laws
Reparations aim to rectify historical harms by compensating victims, or their descendants. Even when such harms have a transnational aspect, as with the case for climate change reparations, they often stem from entrenched domestic political stalemates. In a common pattern, vested interest groups oppose reforms that, although supported by majorities and beneficial to society as a whole, threaten their own material interest. Such groups hold a mobilization advantage that allows them to effectively obstruct change. Left unresolved, these domestic stalemates can compound harm over time in a way that eventually forms the basis of demands for reparations.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Private international law. Conflict of laws
Nearly every aspect of our life is impacted by digital technologies manufactured and sold by companies. Legislative frameworks to limit the harms of such technologies have been slow to develop and remain entangled in controversy.1 The expanding role of digital technologies has been accompanied by a disturbing descent into authoritarianism in many countries that is also, in part, fueled by these very same tools.2 The decline of liberal democratic institutions is said to be linked to various properties of the digital ecosystem—from security flaws in popular applications used by states to engage in covert and remote surveillance3 to the development and exploitation of social media algorithms that push violent and divisive content.4 There is no doubt, then, that digital accountability research—which we define as evidence-based research seeking to track and expose risks to civil society in the digital ecosystem—is critical. This essay highlights the legal and ethical challenges faced in digital accountability research and concludes that a comprehensive and global ethical framework for such research is a critical step forward. As legal frameworks and norms continue to shift with respect to digital accountability research, such collaborative, international norm-setting would help ensure that digital accountability research continues.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Private international law. Conflict of laws
ABSTRACT International disputes often require determining, as a preliminary matter, the content of rights and obligations at the municipal level. These rights and obligations are varied and include inter alia the rights in tangible and intangible property, domicile, status of foreign corporations, contractual and tortious obligations. However, the method of determining these matters is unclear. International tribunals rarely elaborate on the precise source of the conflict-of-laws rules they apply and their practice is at times inconsistent and incoherent. Nor are their constituent instruments necessarily determinative. The article examines the various sources of conflict-of-laws rules applicable before international arbitral tribunals, with lessons that could be useful for other international courts and tribunals. The article’s key contribution is to offer guidance, even if descriptive, for the determination of the governing law by international arbitral tribunals.
In order to implement the idea of fair business competition, this article will analyze the function and legal obligations of online marketplaces in limiting commercial actors as 'official stores'. Normative juridical law research with statutory and conceptual techniques was used to create this study. According to the results, the distribution of commodities from producers to consumers has been altered by digital disruption. Currently, a number of online marketplace platforms offer 'official store' services to a small group of business players so they can expand their enterprises exclusively. Applying 'official stores' terms and conditions to business actors is prohibited by both Law No. 5 of 1999, which prohibits unfair business competition, and Government Regulation 29 of 2021, which relates to the implementation of the trade sector. Distributors and agents of associated producers will face unfair economic rivalry as a result of producers entering the online market as 'official stores'. Producers are prohibited from selling their products in retail settings, whether offline or online, in accordance with the relevant legislation. The findings of this study should benefit the parties involved in the online marketplace by fostering fair commercial competitiveness.
Private international law. Conflict of laws, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
The right to defense is one of the essential principles of the criminal process. Violation of this right affects the fairness of the process and leads to procedural sanctions. In this article, the role of international and national legislation and practice will be analyzed regarding the application and observance of the principle of ensuring the right to defense, the role of the Constitutional Court and other legal institutions in this regard. Or, states are obliged to effectively guarantee the accused persons the right to defense, as this is a condition for the realization of the act of justice in a democratic state. Following the analysis carried out, we come with recommendations and explanations regarding the content of this principle, because it should not be seen as simple legal assistance, but has a more complex content.
Private international law. Conflict of laws, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Since 2017, Xi Jinping’s thought on Socialism with Chinese characteristics for a ‘New Era’ has been the guiding principle for the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). President Xi has been able to synthesize his vision and mission to restore China to its ancient preeminence and glory. This book is more inspiring than any vision emerging in the 21st century. More than 60 million people lifted out of poverty and over 13 million urban jobs created yearly are life- affirming. China is impressive as a torch bearer in the global endeavor to build an economic civilization through green development, national parks and solidarity with the struggling majority. With the economic opening up, Xi Jinping’s insistence on building a moderately prosperous society in all its respects has crystallized the Party's wisdom and the people's alignment with its history, theory and practice. “When the Great Way rules, this land under heaven belongs to the people.
International relations, Private international law. Conflict of laws
Il presente contributo intende approfondire la tematica del rapporto tra intesa antitrust e fideiussione omnibus conforme allo schema predisposto dall’Associazione Bancaria Italiana. Particolare attenzione viene data alla sentenza n. 41994 del 2021 delle Sezioni Unite della Suprema Corte di Cassazione. / 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑚𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑚𝑛𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐼𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑛. 41994 𝑜𝑓 2021 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠.
Finance, Private international law. Conflict of laws
This paper’s aim is to further current thinking around young men’s perceptions and understanding of violence, and the use of boxing as a vehicle in the prevention of repeat victimization. The focus is on the use of bodily or physical capital, and the ways in which men draw upon this resource to ward off attacks to identity and psyches, especially those perceived as disrespectful. It will draw on data from The Criminology of Boxing, Violence and Desistance (Jump 2020), and present overarching ideas from Tyrone, a psychosocial case study highlighting the underpinning theory and its development. This paper disrupts common discourses that argue that boxing is a panacea for all violence, and thus presents more subjective nuanced accounts of men’s lives in the gym, and the streets. In using the term “physical capital”, I employ Wacquant’s (1995) theory, and suggest that boxers not only use their body as a “form of capital” (p. 65), but that the physical capital accrued through the corporeal praxis of boxing, is actually a way to disavow prior victimization, and invest in the prevention of repeated traumatic scenarios.
AbstractResearch on value of doctrine in law stems from a question about the sources of the positive law. The fundamental question is Do the rules made by legal scholars have such a status that they are directly a source of law without being included in the law? Doctrine has always played an important role in deepening our understanding of concepts, organizations, and legal rules. Basically, a source of law is an authority that can set general, universal and binding rules on behalf of the general public, and the product of its work must be binding on all. The doctrine hardly fits into this definition. Today the doctrine is not a direct source of law and the courts cannot put the opinion of legal scholars under the same title. However, in the present era, in Iran, the views of legal scholars have been accepted to a limited extent under the heading of "valid fatwas" as a source of law. In this article, while examining the conceptual realm of doctrine, its position as a source of law has been criticized.KeywordsSource of law, doctrine, opinions of the scholars, interpretation of laws, introduction to the law.
This paper examines the early years of systematic refugee claim processing in Canada to explore the ways neoliberal bureaucratic practices rely on and (re)produce racialization in their day to day operations. I argue that due to the rise of neoliberalism, systematic refugee protection in Canada has come to exclude claimants who have borne the label of economic migrant. Furthermore, I argue that the exclusion of economic migrants from refugee protection has been a racialized and racializing project. The institutional procedures that worked to exclude these migrants inherited, drew upon, and reproduced racialized knowledges about certain national groupings. Racialization of economic migrants provided the claim processing bureaucracy with quick and efficient means of screening large numbers of claimants out of their workload. Thus, I argue that neoliberal governance of refugee claims in Canada has been a racialized and racializing bureaucratic practice. <br /><br /> El artículo examina los primeros años de proceso sistemático de solicitudes de asilo en Canadá para explorar la forma en que las prácticas burocráticas neoliberales se apoyan en, y (re)producen, la racialización en sus actividades cotidianas. Argumento que, debido al auge del neoliberalismo, la protección sistemática a los refugiados en Canadá ha terminado excluyendo a solicitantes que llevan la etiqueta de migrantes económicos, y que la exclusión de los migrantes económicos de la protección a los refugiados ha sido un proyecto racializado y racializante. Los procedimientos institucionales que han servido para excluir a dichos migrantes heredan conocimiento racializado sobre determinados grupos nacionales. La racialización de los migrantes económicos ha proporcionado a la burocracia de procesamiento de solicitudes unos medios rápidos y eficaces de excluir a numerosos solicitantes del sistema. Por tanto, argumento que la gobernanza neoliberal de solicitudes de asilo en Canadá ha sido una práctica burocrática racializada y racializante. <br /><br /> <strong>Available from:</strong> <a href="https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1047" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1047</a>
It is shown that invariants and relativistically invariant laws of conservation of physical quantities in Minkowski space follow from 4-tensors of the second rank, which are four-dimensional derivatives of 4-vectors, tensor products of 4-vectors and inner products of 4-tensors of the second rank. Two forms of the system of equations of conservation laws for a number of physical quantities in Minkowski space are obtained. The four-dimensional law of conservation of energy-momentum combines the three-dimensional laws of conservation of energy, momentum and angular momentum. The equations of the four-dimensional laws of conservation of physical quantities in explicit or implicit form contain the wave part Based on a system of four-dimensional kinematic conservation equations, the reason for the stability of vortex rings in liquids and gases is explained.
This article seeks to develop a descriptive and critical analysis of the situation of the institute of proof of foreign law and its treatment in Civ. Proc. Code §376 (2015), seeking to prove the hypothesis that the maintenance of the wording of revoked Civ. Proc. Code §337 CPC (1973) creates a stagnation detrimental to the dynamics of legal relations of the 21st Century. With this scope, the study is divided into the understanding of the procedural nature of foreign law and the meaning of the term "proof" when associated with it; and, later, it analyzes how this nature influenced the legislative formula that is still used today, which the §376 CPC is its latest manifestation, trying to demonstrate how this is a mistake in dealing with foreign law proof.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Тащиян Аршак Андраникович, Демьянова Людмила Михайловна, Дьяченко Евгений Александрович
В статье рассмотрены особенности регулирования агентской деятельности в
спорте на корпоративном уровне. Становление и функционирование правового аспекта
трудовой деятельности спортивного агента в современный период вызывает большое
количество вопросов, поскольку в действующем российском законодательстве отсутствует достаточная нормативно-правовая регламентация данных отношений, при
этом существуют значительные противоречия между актами корпоративного уровня и
федеральным законодательством, устанавливающим исходные положения относительно деятельности спортивного агента.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Civil law
In the paper is analyzed the implementation of the Programa Crédito Argentino del Bicentenario (PRO.CRE.AR) in the city of La Plata. Specifically, it is studied how did the state deal with the urban land demands of PRO.CRE.AR’s beneficiaries, and their role in the policy making process. From a socio-legal perspective is reconstructed/analyzed the social process prior to the state’s legal response, recovering the political scope of the legal phenomenon. It also considered how the actor’s strategies were restructured facing into account their legal expectative and its influence in the urban legislation. It is concluded that the ways of resolving the land problem by local government, validated by the provincial state, were based mainly on the relaxation of urban legislation and enabled peripheral urbanization processes, with low quality urban environmental and appropriation of urban surplus values.
Donald R. Short, William F. Welsh, Jerome A. Orosz
et al.
Recently there has been a renewed interest in the power-2 limb darkening law for modeling exoplanet transits. This law provides a better match to the intensities generated by spherical stellar atmosphere models than other 2-parameter laws. To help facilitate a wider use of the power-2 law we correct a minor error and, expanding on previous work, suggest a parametrization that can improve the sampling required by some numerical methods such as MCMC.