Hasil untuk "Plant ecology"

F. D. de Vries, R. Griffiths, C. Knight et al.

Root-associated microbes can improve plant growth, and they offer the potential to increase crop resilience to future drought. Although our understanding of the complex feedbacks between plant and microbial responses to drought is advancing, most of our knowledge comes from non-crop plants in controlled experiments. We propose that future research efforts should attempt to quantify relationships between plant and microbial traits, explicitly focus on food crops, and include longer-term experiments under field conditions. Overall, we highlight the need for improved mechanistic understanding of the complex feedbacks between plants and microbes during, and particularly after, drought. This requires integrating ecology with plant, microbiome, and molecular approaches and is central to making crop production more resilient to our future climate.

M. Rajkumar, N. Ae, M. Prasad et al.

Irina S Druzhinina, V. Seidl‐Seiboth, A. Herrera-Estrella et al.

M. Govindarajulu, P. Pfeffer, Hairu Jin et al.

K. Saikkonen, S. Faeth, M. Helander et al.

D. Sylvia

H. Maherali, J. Klironomos

R. John, J. Dalling, K. Harms et al.

M. Dietze, A. Sala, M. Carbone et al.

T. Mahanty, S. Bhattacharjee, Madhurankhi Goswami et al.

A. Gentry

J. Weiner

E. Nelson

M. Westoby, M. Leishman, J. Lord

Hikmat HISORIEV, Yaoming LI, Wenjun HUANG et al.

ABSTRACT: Livestock farming is a critical pillar of Tajikistan’s national economy and livelihood security. However, significant economic challenges in the country have led to the degradation of grassland ecosystems. This degradation has not only reduced the productivity of grassland ecosystems but also severely impacted their ecological functions. A particularly concerning consequence is the threat to biodiversity, as the survival and persistence of endemic, rare, and endangered plant species are at serious risk, thereby diminishing the value of species’ genetic resources. Based on the data from multiple sources such as literature reviews, field observations, and national statistics, this study employed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to investigate the current status, causes of degradation, and restoration measures for grassland ecosystems in Tajikistan. The results revealed that Tajikistan’s grassland ecosystems support exceptionally high plant species diversity, comprising over 4500 vascular plant species, including nearly 1500 endemic and sub-endemic taxa that constitute a unique genetic reservoir. These ecosystems are experiencing severe degradation, characterized by significantly reduced vegetation cover and declining species richness. Palatable forage species are increasingly being displaced by unpalatable, thorny, and poisonous species. The primary drivers of degradation include excessive grazing pressure, which disrupts plant reproductive cycles and regeneration capacity, habitat fragmentation due to urbanization and infrastructure development, and uncontrolled exploitation of medicinal and edible plants. Climate change, particularly rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns, further exacerbates these anthropogenic pressures. Ecological restoration experiments suggested that both ecosystem productivity and plant species diversity are significantly enhanced by systematic reseeding trials using altitude-adapted native species. These findings underscore the necessity of establishing scientifically grounded approaches for ecological restoration.

Ghulam Murtaza, Najmaldin Ezaldin Hassan, Muhammad Usman et al.

Cadmium (Cd2+) pollution is a persistent problem in the agricultural sector. Plants can be treated with nanoparticles (NP) to reduce heavy metal stress. MXene nanoparticles (MX-NPs) were tested for wheat Cd stress relief. Comparative confocal microscopy was used to examine the morphology, physiology, yield, biochemistry, antioxidant enzyme activity, and cell viability of the wheat plants. Cd-stressed plants exhibited a decline in morphological parameters and yield attributes, including leaf area (-49 %), root length (-35 %), shoot length (-18 %), seed weight (-37 %), seeds per plant (-69 %), root and shoot fresh weight (-55 % and −64 %), carotenoid levels (-40 %), total chlorophyll (-13 %), total soluble sugar (-29 %), total soluble protein (-39 %), antioxidant enzymatic activities (APX, CAT, and SOD by −16 %, −5 %, and −14 %, respectively), and nitrate reductase activity (-65 %) compared to the control group. Stress markers, including MDA (+270 %) and proline (+201 %), increased in plants exposed to Cd. Levels of total flavonoids (+481 %) and phenols (+92 %) were greater in the Cd-treated groups. Foliar application of MX-NPs (1000 ppm) significantly alleviated Cd-induced stress, as demonstrated by increases in shoot length and root length (+41 % and +39 %, respectively), seed weight (+69 %), seeds per plant (+99 %), carotenoid concentration (+30 %), chlorophyll content (+39 %), nitrate reductase activity (+60 %), and total soluble protein (+19 %) compared with the control group. The supplementation of 1000 ppm-MX-NPs with Cd (250 μM) in exposed plants led to an enhancement in antioxidant enzymes, with APX, CAT, and SOD increasing by 76 %, 81 %, and 84 %, respectively. Confocal microscopy revealed that MX-NPs increased cell viability following Cd exposure. In conclusion, MX-NPs foliar spray effectively reduced Cd-induced stress in wheat, promoting sustainable agriculture under 500 μM Cd stress.

T. Young, D. Petersen, J. Clary

Mohamed T. El-Saadony, Ahmed M. Saad, Dina Mostafa Mohammed et al.

Climate change has exacerbated the impact of abiotic stresses, mainly drought, on plant production. Plant selection, breeding, and genetic engineering to increase drought tolerance are costly and time-consuming. To mitigate drought stress, plants employ adaptive mechanisms and interact with beneficial microorganisms, such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Inoculating plant roots with various PGPR species promotes drought tolerance through a network of cellular, physiological, and biochemical mechanisms, including enhanced root elongation, increased phytohormone production, and synthesis of volatile organic compounds. PGPR colonization represents an environmentally sustainable agricultural technique that enhances plant growth, development, and yield by facilitating improved tolerance to environmental challenges. The current review provides an overview of the impact of drought stress on plant growth and development, detailing how PGPR induce physiological, morphological, and molecular responses to mitigate drought stress.

Shurooq Abdullah Najim, Hussain Ali Jabbar, Basil Yousuf Mahdi

The red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier, 1790), which belongs to the family Curculionidae, order Coleoptera, is one of the most important palm pests, which leads to heavy losses in date palms. In the last few years, it has been recorded in Iraq, from Safwan city south of Iraq, where it was detected on date palm trees (Phoenix dactylifera L, Arecales: Arecaceae). In the current study, specimens of adult weevils were collected from infested date palms (Phoenix dactylifera), that showed signs of infection in Safwan district, south of Basra province. The results of the investigation showed the presence of phoretic mites associated with the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier, 1790). Two genera of Uropodid mites, deutonymph, were attached by anal pedicel to body parts of adult red palm weevils. They were collected and identified as Centrouropoda (Uropodidae), and Uroovbovella (Urodinychidae), according to accurate taxonomic keys. The differentiation between two genera of mites was  studied. The deutonymphs were examined and photographed by an AM Scop camera installed on a light microscope, and the insects were photographed by a LEICA microscope. The infestation symptoms were illustrated with pictures.

Xingyun Yi, Kristian Koefoed Brandt, Shudan Xue et al.

Abstract Bathyarchaeia (formerly Bathyarchaeota) is a group of highly abundant archaeal communities that play important roles in global biogeochemical cycling. Bathyarchaeia is predominantly found in sediments and hot springs. However, their presence in arable soils is relatively limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate the spatial distributions and diversity of Bathyarchaeia in paddy soils across eastern China, which is a major rice production region. The relative abundance of Bathyarchaeia among total archaea ranged from 3 to 68% in paddy soils, and Bathy-6 was the dominant subgroup among the Bathyarchaeia (70–80% of all sequences). Bathyarchaeia showed higher migration ability and wider niche width based on the neutral and null model simulations. Bathy-6 was primarily assembled by deterministic processes. Soil pH and C/N ratio were identified as key factors influencing the Bathyarchaeia composition, whereas C/N ratio and mean annual temperature influenced the relative abundance of Bathyarchaeia. Network analysis showed that specific Bathyarchaeia taxa occupied keystone positions in the archaeal community and co-occurred with some methanogenic archaea, including Methanosarcina and Methanobacteria, and ammonia-oxidizing archaea belonging to Nitrososphaeria. This study provides important insights into the biogeography and niche differentiation of Bathyarchaeia particularly in paddy soil ecosystems.