Hasil untuk "Physics"

J. Klauder, B. Skagerstam

G. R. Luckhurst, G. W. Gray

R. G. Lerner, G. L. Trigg, R. Beyer

Fabien Casenave, G. Sylvand

N. Ibragimov

E. Aifantis

D. Hillel

P. Anderson

M. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, R. Saito

D. Neamen

Neamen's Semiconductor Physics and Devices, Third Edition. deals with the electrical properties and characteristics of semiconductor materials and devices. The goal of this book is to bring together quantum mechanics, the quantum theory of solids, semiconductor material physics, and semiconductor device physics in a clear and understandable way. Table of contents Prologue Semiconductor and the Integrated Circuit 1 The Crystal Structure of Solids 2 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics 3 Introduction to the Quantum Theory of Solids 4 The Semiconductor in Equilibrium 5 Carrier Transport Phenomena 6 Nonequilibrium Excess Carriers in Semiconductors 7 The pn Junction 8 The pn Junction Diode 9 Metal-Semiconductor and Semiconductor Heterojunctions 10 The Bipolar Transistor 11 Fundamentals of the Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor 12 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor: Additional Concepts 13 The Junction Field-Effect Transistor 14 Optical Devices 15 Semiconductor Power Devices Appendix A Selected List of Symbols Appendix B System of Units, Conversion Factors, and General Constants Appendix C The Periodic TableAppendix D The Error FunctionAppendix E "Derivation" of Schrodinger's Wave EquationAppendix F Unit of Energy- The Electron-VoltAppendix G Answers to Selected Problems

I. Sokolov

G. Sterman

G. Bayatian, S. Chatrchyan, G. Hmayakyan et al.

C. Wöll

Mikhail I. Dyakonov

K. Ikeda

E. Tandberg-Hanssen, A. Emslie

Larry Partain

Pishdar Mahsa

Transition to renewable electricity faces diverse challenges, the systemic interdependencies of which are still underexplored. This study applies a Pythagorean Fuzzy Cognitive Map (PFCM) to analyze and prioritize challenges of transitioning to the electricity sustainability across five dimensions of economic, technological, policy, social, and geopolitical. The analysis is based on experts’ opinions from Iran’s energy domain. Results indicate that geopolitical constraints such as sanctions and water scarcity, and social challenges like public acceptance and skills gaps are more influential than conventional economic and technological challenges. The analysis reveals that sanctions (C51) and water stress (C52) have cascading effects, disrupting financing (C11), technology imports (C21–C22), and governance coherence (C31–C33). Meanwhile, low public trust (C41) and fossil fuel subsidies (C13) emerge as secondary but pivotal bottlenecks. The study shows that economic or infrastructural improvement alone cannot drive transition. Instead, it argues that geopolitical solutions such as sanctions relief and social preparedness are prerequisites for starting progress in other domains. These findings suggest that policymakers should prioritize diplomatic engagement and social-centric energy campaigns alongside technical investments.

Sundararaman Gopalakrishnan, Krishna K. Osuri, Dev Niyogi et al.

ABSTRACT Over the last decade, tropical cyclone (TC) track and intensity predictions have improved by nearly 50% in the Atlantic and Northern Indian Ocean, driven by advancements in ocean‐coupled numerical models, data assimilation techniques, and an expanding network of observations. However, the prediction of severe weather events driven by convection, particularly those associated with heavy precipitation over land, has not kept pace with these improvements in TC forecasting. While 1–2 km horizontal resolutions are crucial for capturing convection over land and ocean, seamless prediction across scales demands an accurate representation of the coupled evolution of ocean, land, and atmospheric states. To address the complex problem of severe weather across a spectrum of atmospheric motions—including TCs over the ocean and severe convective systems over coastal and inland regions—we have developed the Indian Ocean–Land–Atmosphere (IOLA) Coupled Mesoscale Prediction Framework. This Framework integrates the well‐tested nonhydrostatic model (NMM) dynamical core with advanced nesting techniques from the hurricane weather research and forecast (HWRF) system. It further incorporates ocean coupling from HWRF and physics packages adopted from the WRF community model. This represents the first‐ever coupled modeling system explicitly designed to tackle extreme weather events across multiple domains and scales. Extensive testing of this novel modeling framework demonstrates that a high‐resolution (1–2 km) “all‐purpose” severe weather prediction system can effectively address the challenges of forecasting extreme weather over the Indian region. One of the key focuses of this work is the application of 1‐km horizontal resolution moving nests over the monsoon region, where synoptic‐scale interactions play a critical role in modulating severe weather and heavy precipitation events. With this configuration, the model provides a high equitable threat score (ETS) > 0.18 for heavy to extreme rainfall events for 48 h and above lead times. This framework enables a unified approach to simulating severe weather phenomena accurately and flexibly. Also, it sets a new benchmark for seamless prediction of extreme weather, paving the way for improved resilience against coastal hazards and inland severe weather events.