Hasil untuk "Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects"

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DOAJ Open Access 2025
Struktura arki Noego (Rdz 6,14-16) w pismach św. Augustyna

Piotr Kochanek

Augustyn rekonstruował strukturę arki Noego na podstawie Rdz 6,14-16 oraz pism kilku swoich poprzedników. Rekonstrukcja ta wywarła bardzo duży wpływ na następne pokolenia łacińskich pisarzy kościelnych. Biskup Hippony z jednej strony zebrał dorobek swych poprzedników w tej materii, z drugiej zaś dodał wiele istotnych, nowych elementów. W ten sposób stworzył on swój własny obraz struktury arki Noego. Obraz ten jest jednak rozproszony po wielu jego pismach. Można by rzec, że Augustyn kilkakrotnie powracał do zagadnienia struktury arki Noego. Najważniejsze opisy tej struktury zostały przedstawione w czterech jego dziełach. W porządku chronologicznym są to: „Contra Faustum”, „De baptismo”, „De civitate Dei” i „Quaestiones in Heptateuchum”. Godne uwagi fragmenty poświęcone strukturze arki są również w (porządek alfabetyczny): „Contra Secundinum”, „De doctrina christiana”, „Enarrationes in Psalmos”, „Epistula ad Catholicos de secta Donatistorum”, „In Ioannis Evangelium tractatus CXXIV” i w „Sermones”. Generalnie Augustyński obraz struktury arki, miał na celu nie tylko „zadowolenie” ówczesnych znawców teologii biblijnej, lecz także obraz ten miał zaspokoić ciekawość zwykłych ludzi, przez których arka Noego mogła być postrzegana jako swego rodzaju interesujący, biblijny szczegół techniczny.

Early Christian literature. Fathers of the Church, etc., Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
DOAJ Open Access 2023
Ailelere Yönelik Manevi Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik: Aile ve Dini Rehberlik Büroları

Hatice KILINÇER

Toplum için vazgeçilmez olan aile dinler için de önemini her zaman korumaya devam etmiştir. Din ve aile arasındaki yakın ilişkinin varlığı bilinse de bilim dünyası ihmal ettiği bu alana son yıllarda ilgi göstermeye başlamıştır. Çalışmamız Türkiye’de aileye Manevi Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Hizmeti vermekle yükümlü olan Aile ve Dini Rehberlik Merkezlerinin (ADRB) kurulma gerekçesi, görev ve faaliyetleri, ADRB’de görev yapan uzmanların eğitimi, mesleki yeterlilikleri, zorlandıkları alanlar, destek alan kişilerin talep ve beklentileri ile ilgili genel bir resim ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmanın, ADRB ile ilgili yapılacak çalışmalar için kaynak oluşturmanın yanı sıra ADRB’nin mevcut sorun ve ihtiyaçların tespiti, gerekli iyileştirmenin yapılması ve sunulan dini-manevi danışmanlık hizmetinin etkililiğinin artırtılmasına da katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Philosophy. Psychology. Religion, Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
DOAJ Open Access 2023
Evaluating the documentary and content validity of the hadith "Qulub al-Muluk" in the sources of Shiite and Sunni

Meysam Kohantorabi

Among the documents that those who believe in passivity in the political system cling to is a narrative known as "Qulob al-Muluk" in which the people are advised to avoid cursing and confronting cruel and oppressive kings and only ask God through prayers and supplications. Make the hearts of the kings kind to them. The most important issue of this narrative is to be content with praying and not taking action to reform rulers and undesirable political affairs. The present research aims to answer the question of inactivity with a descriptive-analytical method and a critical approach, after mentioning the date of transmission of this hadith in the sources of the parties, it has investigated its documentary and textual validity. The authenticating of this narration shows that the aforementioned hadith has weak authenticity because its first appearance was in Sunni sources in the third century, and then it was transferred to Shiite sources and gradually entered the commentary and theological texts. Validation of the content of the narrative also shows that the Holy Quran and other religious teachings not only support this content, but also invite active participation in politics and criticism and supervision of the rulers. There are also authentic narrations in front of the said narration, which makes it a serious challenge in the test of presenting the hadith on the authentic Sunnah.

Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
DOAJ Open Access 2022
The Review of the Semantics of Moral Virtues and Vices from the Perspective of Allameh Tabatabai

Hossein Ahmadi

Moral semantics is one of the topics of moral philosophy that studies the definition of moral concepts, explains the truth, and determines the range of these concepts. Based on an analytical approach and an intellectual explanation, this study addresses the questions of the significance of moral virtues and vices and how we should understand them from the viewpoint of Allameh Tabatabai. Because of its unrealistic and relativistic nature, which leads to chaos, Allameh rejects the sociological approach to the semantics of moral virtues and vices. Instead, he explains the virtue-based and after-life-based approaches through perfection. In his view, the virtue-based and after-life approaches aim to attain worldly and after-life perfection. In moral semantics, however, the monotheistic approach emphasizes divine love as a means of approaching God. According to Allameh, virtues and vices are determined through comparison; therefore, they are philosophical concepts. Hence, the same method applied to philosophical concepts should be used here. In this respect, Allameh abstracts the meaning of these concepts by comparing voluntary behavior with the aim of the Islamic specific morality that is commensurate with human nature. It seems that Allameh has not specified the role of custom and intuition in the semantics of virtues and vices.

Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
DOAJ Open Access 2021
Nefret Söylemi Pratiği Olarak İslamofobi: Fransa’da Yükselen İslamofobik Söylemlerin Türk Yazılı Basınında Yansıtılma Biçimleri

Betül Karadeniz, Şükrü Balcı

Hem İslamofobinin hem de nefret söyleminin insanların zihinlerini etkileyerek yönlendirebilme gücüne sahip olan medya aracılığıyla kitlelere aktarılması; bu olguların meşrulaştırılmasına, yaygınlaştırılmasına ve içselleştirilmesine neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada İslamofobik söylemlere karşılık olarak medya aracılığıyla nefret söyleminin üretilip üretilmediği ortaya koyulacaktır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada, 16 Ekim 2020 günü Fransa’da bir öğretmenin başının kesilerek öldürülmesi sonrasında Fransız yetkililerin olayı “İslamcı terör”, saldırganı “İslamcı terörist” olarak tanımlamasından sonra İslam’ı ve Müslümanları hedef alan İslamofobik söylemlerin ve yaşanan gelişmelerin Türk yazılı basınında nasıl sunulduğunun ortaya koyulması amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemine dâhil edilen Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet, Sabah, Sözcü, Yeni Şafak gazetelerinin, olay sonrası yaşanan gelişmelere yönelik yaptıkları tüm baş sayfa haberlerin nefret söylemi bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Haberleri, başlıkları, içerikleri, görselleri ve gazetelerin olaya ilişkin bakış açıları Teun van Dijk’ın söylem analizi yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, gazetelerin İslamofobik temelli durumları aktarırken; ardalan ve bağlam bilgisini detaylandırmadığı, haberlerin içeriklerini tek bir kişinin konuya dair yaptığı değerlendirmeler üzerinden inşa ettiği ve nefret söylemi üretiminde bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Communication. Mass media, Religions. Mythology. Rationalism
CrossRef Open Access 2020
New religious movements and quasi-religion: Cognitive science of religion at the margins

Alastair Lockhart

The article offers a critical analysis of the cognitive science of religion (CSR) as applied to new and quasi-religious movements, and uncovers implicit conceptual and theoretical commitments of the approach. A discussion of CSR’s application to new religious movement (NRM) case studies (charismatic leadership, paradise representations, Aḥmadiyya, and the International Society for Krishna Consciousness) identifies concerns about the theorized relationship between CSR and wider socio-cultural factors, and proposals for CSR’s implication in wider processes are discussed. The main discussion analyses three themes in recent work relating CSR to religious and religion-like activities that extend and reframe the model. These include (1) identification of distinctive and accessible cognitive pathways associated with new forms of religious belief and practice (in particular in ‘New Age’ movements), (2) application of CSR to movements and practices outside traditional definitions of religion (near death experiences, conspiracy theories, virtual reality), and (3) engaging CSR in wider cultural processes and negotiations (religion in healthcare settings, and the definition of the study of esoteric religious traditions within academic domains). The conclusion identifies two particular findings: (1) that application of CSR in these areas renders underlying cognitive processes more available to scrutiny and (2) that CSR is employed to identify and enlarge the category of religion. The conclusion suggests that the study of CSR in its application to NRMs and quasi-religion identifies a wide field of common and overlapping themes and interests in which CSR is a more active operand than is commonly assumed.

1 sitasi en
DOAJ Open Access 2020
پدر- مادری: مساله مجوزدهی نقد و بررسی طرح هیو لافولیت

محسن جاهد, مریم خوشدل, علی اکبر عبدل آبادی

هیو لافولیت با پیشنهاد طرحی زیر عنوان« مجوزدهی برای پدر-مادری»، استدلال کرده است که از آن جا که « اقدام به پدر و مادر شدن می تواند مستلزم ضرر و زیان وسیع و عمیق به کودکان باشد»، لازم است دولت ها طرحی برای مجوزدهی به زوج‌های متقاضیِ فرزندآوری داشته باشند و آن‌ها را ملزم کنند در آزمون‌هایی استاندارد شرکت کنند، چنانچه از این آزمون‌ها با موفقیت عبور کردند به آن ها مجوز فرزندآوری بدهند، امّا چنانچه بیماری جسمی یا روانی آنان احراز شود، آن‌ها را ملزم کنند خود را مداوا کرده یا آموزش‌های لازم را دیده و صلاحیت های حداقلی را کسب کنند، سپس اقدام به فرزندآوری کنند. این طرح به لحاظ نظری و عملی با اشکالاتی مواجه است. لافولیت آن‌ها را طرح کرده پاسخ داده است. در این نوشتار، مدعا و استدلال لافولیت و نقد‌های منتقدانِ وی و نیز پاسخ‌های او را با روشی تحلیلی طرح کرده، مورد نقد و بررسی قرار داده ایم و در پایان موضع خود را بیان کرده‌ایم.

Philosophy. Psychology. Religion, Philosophy (General)
DOAJ Open Access 2019
استدلال ریچارد داوکینز در دفاع از سقط جنین: گزارش، تحلیل و نقد

رهام شرف, مسلم حاجی زاده

رویکردهای مختلفی در مواجهه با مساله درستی یا نادرستی سقط جنین وجود دارند که هر یک از آنها از منظری متفاوت به این مساله پاسخ داده اند. ریچارد داوکینز یکی از حامیان نظریه تکامل است که اندیشمندانی بزرگ همچون آلوین پلانتینگا و ریچارد سویین برن به تحلیل و بررسی دیدگاههای وی پرداخته اند. او یکی از مدافعان سقط جنین بوده که بر مبنای نظریه تکامل از آن دفاع می کند . هدف این پژوهش این است که با روش توصیفی – تحلیلی ضمن ارائه گزارشی دقیق از مبانی فکری داوکینز و استدلال وی در دفاع از سقط جنین، مهمترین نقدهای وارد بر دیدگاه او در دفاع از سقط جنین را بیان کنیم. یافته های این پژوهش نمایانگر این است که استدلال داوکینز در دفاع از سقط جنین ضمن مشکلات نظری، در عمل نیز ما را با مشکلات جدی مواجه می کند که با عمل گرایی و پیامدگرایی مورد نظر وی در تعارض است. اما با وجود اینکه این استدلال در دفاع از سقط جنین کارایی ندارد، با توجه به مقدماتی که در آن مطرح می شود، می تواند در جهت دفاع از حقوق حیوانات مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

Philosophy. Psychology. Religion, Philosophy (General)
DOAJ Open Access 2018
Avusturya 'İslam Öğretmenleri' Araştırması: Medya Haberleri ve Siyasi Çıkarımlar

Nida Sümeyya Çetin, Farid HAFEZ

Münster'de bulunan İslam Teolojisi kürsüsünün bugünkü sahibi Muhanad Hurşid, 2008 yılında Avusturya İlköğretim Okullarındaki Müslüman din öğretmenlerinin Rolü ve Yönetilebilirliği ile ilgili haftalarca süren tartışmalara neden olan Sosyoloji alanında bir Doktora tezi yayınladı. Aşağıdaki çalışmada, Mayring'in Nitel İçerik Analizi yöntemiyle Avusturya'da çıkan üç gazetede yer alan haberler analiz edilmiştir. Bu analizler, birkaç hafta sonrasında yayınlanan "Avusturya Değerler Araştırması" ile ilgili hazırlanmış olan haberler ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonunda Avusturya Eğitim, Sanat ve Kültür Bakanlığının ve Avusturya İslami İnanç Topluluğunun (İGGiÖ olarak kısaltılacaktır) politikaları üzerine yürütülen tartışmaların etkilerine dair bir analiz yürütülmüştür. Ayrıca hangi resmi tedbirlerin alındığı ve kültürleşme ve esascılık tarafından şekillendirilen İslami söylem çerçevesindeki siyasetin nasıl değerlendirildiğine dair sorunlar ele alınmıştır.

Communication. Mass media, Religions. Mythology. Rationalism
DOAJ Open Access 2017
THE ORIGIN OF WOMEN CREATION IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF SUFI COMMENTARY

Norhidayat Norhidayat

Jika sebagian kalangan feminis muslim menolak riwayat hadis yang menyebutkan tulang rusuk sebagai asal-usul kejadian perempuan pertama kali karena secara tidak langsung menyimbolkan posisi sub-ordinasi bagi perempuan, sebagian kaum sufi, justru memanfaatkan riwayat tersebut dalam penjelasan mereka dan memaknainya secara positif.  Kaum sufi justru menilainya sebagai simbol saling ketergantungan, cinta kasih, dan keberpasangan antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Penulis dalam tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa dalam pandangan kaum sufi, perempuan semenjak awal penciptaannya telah ditakdirkan untuk menjadi pasangan bagi laki-laki, sehingga antara keduanya jadi saling melengkapi dan saling ketergantungan. Pandangan ini, tentu saja menepis anggapan tentang subordinasi bagi perempuan.  Pandangan kaum sufi dalam kasus ini sejalan dengan apa yang dikemukakan oleh kaum feminis muslim kontemporer. Namun demikian, berbeda dengan langkah yang diambil sebagian feminis muslim kontemporer, kaum sufi pada umumnya lebih memilih menggunakan ta’wȋl sehingga memberi makna positif ketika memahami hadis-hadis yang menyebutkan asal usul penciptaan perempuan ketimbang mereka harus mencurigai para periwayatnya atau bahkan menganulir hadis-hadis Nabi yang dinilai sahȋh oleh mayoritas ulama. If some Muslim feminists reject the tradition that argues that the Prophet Adam’s ribs as the origin of the first female event for it indirectly symbolizes the subordinate positions for women, some Sufis instead use the narratives in their explanations and positively interpret them. The Sufis judged the notion as a symbol of interdependence, love, and belonging between men and women. The writer in this paper concludes that in the view of the Sufis, women, since the beginning of their creation, have been destined to become a partner for men, so that between the two become complementary and interdependent. This view, of course, dismisses the notion of women’s subordination. The Sufi’s view in this case is in line with what contemporary Muslim feminists have argued. However, in contrast to the steps taken by some contemporary Muslim feminists, Sufis generally prefer to use the ta'wȋl to provide a positive meaning in understanding the traditions which mention the origin of women's creation rather than to suspect their narrators or even annul The Prophet hadiths considered valid (sahȋh) by the majority of scholars.

Philosophy. Psychology. Religion, Islam
DOAJ Open Access 2017
Batı’da Sosyal Çevre ve Din, Danimarka’da Müslüman Türk Toplumu

Ahmet ONAY

Bu makalede, Danimarka’da yaşayan Türk toplumu dikkate alınarak, Batı’da sosyal çevre ve dindarlık konusu araştırılmaktadır. Bu amaçla, kitap, makale, gazete ve diğer elektronik kaynaklarda Türk toplumu ve genel olarak da Müslümanlar ile ilgili konuya ilişkin veriler toplanmış ve analiz edilmiştir. Güçlü aile bağları ile doğup büyüdükleri ülkeden getirdikleri geleneklere karşı birey merkezli Batı hayat tarzı ve yabancılara karşı uygulanan sıkı düzenlemelerin, Danimarka’da yaşayan Türk toplumu için kendine has bir sosyal çevre oluşturduğu görülmektedir. Söz konusu sosyal çevre üç dönem halinde ele alınmıştır. Birinci ve ikinci dönemden veya kuşaktan sonra, üçüncü kuşak (özellikle kızlar) arasında yüksek öğretime büyük önem verildiği görülmektedir. Bu dönemde politika, eğitim, iş hayatı, tıp hukuk, mühendislik ve medya gibi alanlarda üçüncü kuşağın yer aldığı gözlenmektedir. Bu kuşak Danimarka kültürüyle yetişmekte ve birinci dilleri de Danca’dır. Onlar Danimarka sistemi içinde Danimarka’nın dilini, kavramlarını, kurumlarını vs. kullanmaktadır. Bu dönemde Türk toplumunun dini organizasyonlarındaki gelişme iki temel alanda görülmektedir. Bunlardan birincisi daha büyük binalar alarak onları cami ve yanında sosyal faaliyet alanı olarak kullanmaktır. Diğeri ise özel okullara açmak suretiyle zorunlu müfredat yanında İslam’ı ve Türkçeyi öğretmektir.

Philosophy. Psychology. Religion, Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
DOAJ Open Access 2014
Dualisme Pemikiran Sufistik Ibn Taymiyyah

Yunasril Ali

<div><p><strong>Abstrak :</strong> Ibn Taymiyyah, meski dikenal sebagai tokoh panutan radikalis salafi yang anti pembaharuan dan alergi tasawuf, ternyata merupakan inspirator kaum modernis dan juga seorang sufi. Bagaimana mungkin seorang yang anti tasawuf   juga adalah seorang aktivis tasawuf ? Bagaimana posisi Ibn Taymiyyah seharusnya dipetakan?  Bagaimana pula sikapnya yang terlihat kontradiktif ini dapat dijelasakan? Dengan mengkaji karya-karyanya dan mempertimbangkan pengalaman hidup Ibn Taymiyyah yang ditelisik melalui perspektif psikosufistik penulis akan menjawab persoalan tersebut. Tulisan ini menyatakan bahwa kritikan dan penolakannya atas jenis tasawuf tertentu (<em>nazharī-falsafī</em>) didasarkan kerancuan dalam pemaknaan istilah dan paradigma yang berbeda dari objek yang dikritiknya. Ditunjukkan pula sikapnya menjelang kematian —dalam kondisi batin terkondisikan sedemikian rupa sehingga bukannya dipenuhi diskursus ilmiah, ia tenggelam dalam taqarub dan perhatian penuh kepada Allah dan mencapai puncak pengalaman sufistik, fana— kendatipun kontradiktif, tidak lain merupakan perkembangan dari kesadaran religiusnya.</p><p><em>Kata kunci :</em> <em>radikalis salafi, dualisme, fiqh al-qulūb, neo-sufisme, anti tasawuf, ḥulūl, ittiḥād, waḥdat al-wujūd.</em></p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract :</strong> Ibn Taymiyya, despite being well-kown as a figure of salafi-radicalists which are anti-reformism and oppose tasawuf, in fact is an inspiring figure for some modernist Muslims and is a sufi. How could it be possible for someone who criticizes tasawuf to be a sufi? How should Ibn Taymiyya be placed correctly in this regard?  How could his contradictive attitude be explained? These questions will be discussed in paper through a careful study of his works and by investigating his life-experience from a psycho-sufistic perspective. This paper argues that his criticism to certain kind of tasawwuf, i.e., the <em>naẓarī-falsafī, </em>is often based on confusion in understanding terms and departs from different paradigm used by the object of his criticism. Finally this paper shows that the attitude he has, towards the end of his life—in an inwardly situated condition in such a manner so he is far from any discursive activities and totally drowning in the <em>taqarrub</em>and having full attention to God and achieving the peak of mystical experience, the annihilation— however contradicts to his early standpoint, is nothing but the continuation and growth of his religious maturity.</p><p><em>Keywords :</em> <em>salafi-radicalist, dualism, fiqh al-qulūb, neo-sufism, tasawuf naẓarī-falsafī, anti tasawuf, ḥulūl, ittiḥād, waḥdat al-wujūd.</em></p></div>

Philosophy. Psychology. Religion, Islam
DOAJ Open Access 2013
Praktykowanie postu w świetle historiografii kościelnej IV-V wieku

Sławomir Bralewski

The ecclesiastical histories of the fourth and the fifth centuries confirm the fasting as a practice popularly observed by the Christians of that time. From the account of the historians one can conclude that fasting combined with prayer was a distinctive feature of Christian piety. From the fourth century the principal prac­tice of abstention from food included the concept of a forty-day fasting period before Easter, i.e. Lent, and additionally the fast practiced two days every week throughout the year, namely each Wednesday and Friday, while the scheme is con­sidered to have its roots in the regulations promoted by the Church authorities of the period. Nonetheless, by the middle of the fifth century the individual churches of the West and the East had not arrived at an unanimous agreement on the length of Lent neither on its form. Moreover, the practice of fasting was also introduced as obligatory for the catechumens before baptism and for the local church com­munities they represented. Additionally, fasting was a must for those repenting their sins. First and foremost, however, a very strict practice of food abstention was observed by the monks of the period.

Early Christian literature. Fathers of the Church, etc., Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
DOAJ Open Access 2013
Solipsisme dan Fenomenalisme : Dua Kutub Ekstrim Kantian yang Mengoyak Spiritualitas

Husain Heriyanto

<div><p><strong>Abstract :</strong> Solipsism, which is set up by a very influential modern philosopher Immanuel Kant, constitutes one main characteristic of modern philosophy and thought. In the realm on metaphysics, it has brought down the meaning of reality. In epistemological perspective, it has caused modern man to live and think in an isolated mental world that is alienated from objective reality. In the levels of ethics and psychology, it paves the way for flourishing any kind of self-centered standpoint and attitude such as individualism, egoism, racism, and anthropocentrism in the context of human and universe relation. We however find another kind of solipsism in the context of theology and religion (focused on Muslim community). Neo-Salafi  Wahhabi puritanism that appears to claim its doctrine as a purified version of Islamic teachings and tradition is essentially an elimination and alienation of Islamic Ummah from transcendent reality, universe, history, humanity, and civilization. Similar to Kantian ontological assumption, Wahhabi insists to believe in transcendent reality with denial of the gates and ways of understanding the reality as well as with removal the keys of revealing reality. Both Kant and Wahhabi reject the capability of human reason to grasp and understand the transcendent reality.</p><p><em>Keywords : Agnosticism, noumenalism, phenomenalism, solipsism, Kant, Wahhabi, onto-epistemological solipsism, onto-theological solipsism, intellectuality, spiritual intelligence.</em></p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak :</strong> Solipsisme, yang dirumuskan oleh tokoh filsuf modern Immanuel Kant, merupakan salah satu karakter utama filsafat dan pemikiran modern. Pada level metafisis, ia telah memiskinkan wawasan manusia modern terhadap realitas. Sementara pada level epistemologis, ia telah memenjarakan manusia modern dalam dunia subyektif mental belaka yang terisolasi dari realitas obyektif dan bahkan terasing dari realitas kemanusiaannya sendiri. Dalam wilayah praktis, yaitu psikologis dan etis, solipsisme melahirkan dan menyuburkan berbagai bentuk self-centered view seperti individualisme, egoisme, rasisme, dan juga antroposentrisme dalam konteks hubungan manusia dengan kosmos. Pandangan yang amat mirip dengan solipsisme modern tersebut juga ditemukan di sebagian umat beragama (Islam) yang mengusung gerakan pemurnian oleh kaum neo-Salafi Wahabi. Setelah mengisolasi dan memutuskan hubungan onto-epistemologis manusia dengan realitas transenden, keduanya – Kant dan Wahabi – menolak kapabilitas rasional manusia untuk mencerap dan memahami realitas transenden.</p><p><em>Kata kunci : Agnostisisme, noumenalisme, fenomenalisme, solipsisme, Kant, Wahabi, solipsistik onto-epistemologis, solipsistik onto-teologis, kecerdasan simbolik dan spiritual.</em></p></div>

Philosophy. Psychology. Religion, Islam

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