Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Gor Margaryan

The purpose of the study is to explore the origin and meaning of the term խալայ - xala, to identify the peculiarities of its application in the Armenian historical milieu, and to define at least approximately the chronological boundaries when the tax was in use in medieval Armenia. Xala became known mostly from epigraphic records of Armenia, where the term is mentioned in the immunity donations, in the instructions and references to the exemption of churches from tax obligations and from taxes, including xala. The paper will address all well-known explanations of the term, along with a comparative analysis with the Georgian historical environment, with the fiscal system of medieval Georgia, and, on the other hand, based on the analysis of source studies and definition of the etymology of the term and the phenomenon, a new definition of the term and answers to the above questions related to xala will be proposed as a hypothesis.

Anna V. Mazarchuk

Introduction. The article deals with semantics and etymology of several basic terms of Mongolian culture vocabulary relating to education and science. Goals. The study shall primarily describe how the lexical layer in question was formed, and trace the sources of such borrowings. Materials and methods. The materials were collected from Mongolian-Russian and Mongolian explanatory dictionaries via continuous sampling. The identified lexemes were checked against corresponding entries to Mongolic / Turkic etymological dictionaries and bilingual dictionaries of Sanskrit, Chinese, and Tibetan. Results. Some of the analyzed words happen to have been borrowed into Mongolian from Uighur, but Uighur was not the ultimate source of the lexemes: Mong. шавь ‘disciple, pupil’ < Uig. šabï had come to Uighur from Sanskrit via Chinese; Mong. багш ‘teacher’ < Uig. baqšı and Mong. бичиг ‘writings’ < Uig. bitig are originally Chinese; Mong. ном ‘book’ < Uig. nom had come to Uighur from Greek via Sogdian. Some other words, such as Mong. боловсрол ‘education’, эрдэмтэн ‘scientist’, ухаан ‘intelligence’ (in шинжлэх ухаан ‘science’), оюутан ‘student’ ― have common Turko-Mongolic (bol- ‘become’, uqa- ‘comprehend’) or even common Altaic (ere- ‘male’, oyu- ‘mind’) stems, but their new semantics referring to various phenomena of education and science appeared comparatively recently, to a large extent, as a result of attempts to find new words for the notions introduced by Chinese culture and Uighur Buddhism. The words зүй and судлал, as well as derivatives from the stem sur- belong to common Mongolic lexis. Conclusions. Most of the analyzed words were borrowed into Mongolian from Uighur as part of religious vocabulary. Some of these terms originally derive from Chinese, Sanskrit or even Greek. Indigenous Mongolic lexemes are derivatives from sur- ‘to study’, and the terms зүй ‘theory’ and судлал ‘study’ that are used as parts of science names.

Muh. Ilham Shohib, Zahro Warda, Lutfi Rohayu

يهدف هذا البحث إلى تحليل استخدام كان وأخواتها في سورة مريم. هذا البحث هو بحث نوعي باستخدام أساليب البحث المكتبي. تستخدم تقنيات جمع البيانات التوثيق من خلال تحليل محتويات الوثائق المتعلقة بموضوع البحث. وجدت نتائج البحث 33 بيانات كانا تتكون من 25 كانا على شكل فيل مذي و 8 كانا في شكل فيل مضر. وفي الوقت نفسه، أخواتو كانا غير موجود في سورة مريم. تعمل كانا على تفسير العقائد وتأسيس رسالتها. اسم كانا يمكن أن يكون اسم معرب أو اسم مبني، في حين أن الخبر يمكن أن يكون في شكل مفرد، سيبه المبلغ، أو المبلغ. مثال: "وكان أبوكي إمرا-أن صاوي-آن" حيث "أبوكي" هي إسم كانا و"أمر-أن سو-إن" هي خبر كانا بصيغة المفرد.وفي الختام نجح هذا البحث في تحليل وتقديم أمثلة على استخدام كان وأخواتها في سورة مريم. ويمكن في المستقبل إجراء أبحاث مماثلة على سور أخرى لإضافتها إلى دراسة هذا الموضوع Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis penggunaan kāna wa-akhawātuhā dalam Surah Maryam. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode penelitian perpustakaan. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan dokumentasi dengan menganalisis isi dokumen terkait topik penelitian.Hasil penelitian menemukan 33 data kāna yang terdiri dari 25 kāna berbentuk fi’il madhi dan 8 kāna berbentuk fi’il mudhari’. Sedangkan akhawatu kāna tidak ditemukan dalam Surah Maryam. Kāna berfungsi merafa’kan isme dan menasabkan khabarnya. Ism kāna bisa berupa ism mu’rab atau ism mabni, sedangkan khabarnya bisa berupa mufrad, syibh al-jumlah, atau jumlah. Contoh: “wa kaana abūki imra-an sawi-an” dimana “abūki” adalah ism kana dan “imra-an saw-in” adalah khabar kāna yang berbentuk mufrad.Simpulannya, penelitian ini berhasil menganalisis dan memberikan contoh penggunaan kāna wa- akhawātuhā dalam Surah Maryam. Kedepannya, penelitian serupa dapat dilakukan pada surah lainnya untuk menambah kajian tentang topik tersebut.

Alexey V. Mikhalev

Introduction. The study analyzes Russian places of memory in contemporary Harbin. Goals. The paper seeks to answer the question if a memorial consensus regarding the Russian heritage in China is possible, the term ‘memorial consensus’ as such denote a certain formal or informal agreement — between governments or within the community — whether to accept or reject certain symbols of the past, and how to interpret the historical events. That would guarantee conflict-free attitudes to places of memory and their due use for ritual purposes. Moreover, such an agreement regulates how certain memorials or memorable dates associated with a common history may be used in a way most acceptable to all the parties. And the present-day war on monuments around the world makes the study timely enough. In this regard, the Chinese experiences of forming a model for accepting a common past are of essential interest. Materials and methods. Methodologically, the work clusters with memory studies. The paper relies on the concepts ‘places of memory’ and ‘cultural memory’ to apply them to empirical materials of Heilongjiang and focus on toponyms, monuments, cemetery, museum exhibitions, architectural monuments, including Orthodox Christian churches. The discussion shall comprise not only monuments associated with White Russian émigrés but also later Soviet memorials. The paper investigates topographic data, visual materials, reference books dealing with historical and cultural landscapes, and historical works. Discussion. In terms of academic disciplines, the study involves historical, political science, sociological, and cultural approaches. This makes it possible to combine the analysis of the position of memorial objects with political changes in the region. Results. The work shows that a memorial consensus about the ‘Russian past’ has been formed in Harbin to meet tourist needs within the city’s image. This has been facilitated by the rapid development of domestic tourism in China. An important role in finding a memorial consensus was played by the constant dialogue between leaders of the two countries. The study identifies a total of three periods when relationships between national leaders had positive impacts on the policy towards the past. The first period is the time of the union between I. V. Stalin and Mao Zedong, the second period is the dialogue between B. N. Yeltsin and Jiang Zemin, and the third one is the tandem of V. V. Putin and Xi Jinping.

Raissa Nofrina Halim, Zulkhairi Sofyan

This article aims to know Ittijahat of Ibrahim Bin Al-Mahdy in his poem of Ritsa’. Ittijahat in this study is a description of the poet's tendency to divide Ritsa'. As for Ritsa’ is one of the various forms of Arabic poetry. To analyze the discussion problem, the author uses descriptive analysis method, because this method is very appropriate to find out the picture and state of a thing by describing it in as much detail as possible based on the facts found in the data in question. The results obtained are: That Ritsa’ Ibrahim Bin Al-Mahdy varied on the two directions namely, Nadb and Ta’bin. In the first direction, the poet tended to mourn his eldest son, where he shown a lot of sorrow, grief and crying after his son went to the afterlife. Whereas in the second direction, the poet tended to eulogize his strength and highlighting his heroism and masculinity, this arose because he was surprised by the sudden death of his son due to illness.

Olof Heilo

Mahmut Üstün

When considering Arabic literature, the first genre that undoubtedly comes to mind is poetry. In the age of Jahiliyyah, poetry has yet to complete its evolution but has become a tool that enables Arabic society to adhere to its values. Thanks to poetry, Arabians have recorded the successes they have achieved in wars in previous periods and preserved their customs, glory, and traditions. The factthat poetry has served as a media organ and that it has been used as the strongest tool of propaganda is the simplest proof of how important poetry is in Arabic society, especially in previous periods. Championing poetry as a source of pride, the encouragement of past period’s rulers, literary assemblies, and various competitions have ensured that poetry remains in high regard throughout all periods. Poems have transfigured from different types and shapes over time, as they have garnered raw material from general society. Arabic poetry has followed this same course. The needs of society and the relationships established with different nations in various regions have led to the emergence of different verse forms, such as al-Urjûza, el-Qasîde, ar-Ramal, al-Silsile, al-Dûbeyt, al-Kûmâ, al-Kâne and Kâne, el-Mavâliyâ, al-Muwashshah, az-Zajal, eş-Şi‘ru’l-Hurr and Kasîdetu’n-Nesr, where various meters and rhymes are used. Arabic poetry is assumed to have commenced with ar-Rajaz and al-Qasîd in the age of Jahiliyyah. In this study, various research has been sourced as to where and when the verse types used in Arabic literature from the past to present emerged for the first time, by whom the first examples were written, and in which meter and what rhyme scheme. This study aims to introduce these genres by presenting at least one example of each type of form.

Abigail Parrish

ABSTRACT Modern Foreign Language (MFL) education has long been described as being ‘in crisis’ by virtue of a long decline in the numbers of students being entered for exams at age 16 and 18. Whilst this decline is generally attributed to policy, harsh grading and the rise of global English, this paper challenges this view by positioning the decline at the intersection of the feminising of the subject and an othering of the speakers of the languages taught. Using a loosely Foucauldian form of discourse analysis, academic literature, published reports on language needs and language teaching, and original qualitative data from two studies are drawn together. A feminising discourse around the subject of MFL is identified, juxtaposed with a masculinising discourse around education more generally, leading to the devaluing of the subject. Edward Said’s orientalism is explored as a framework for the discussion of the media and public ‘othering’ of the speakers of the languages commonly taught and the ‘fetishisation’ of less commonly taught languages. It is argued that overcoming the decline in uptake of modern foreign languages will require reconceptualising of the problem at policy level and a change in the media and public discourses surrounding the subject.

B. V. Bazarov, A. M. Plekhanova

The article aims at shedding light on the history of the Buryat-Mongolian Scientific Committee: stages of its growth, contributions of its staff members in the organization of research and its implementation. Materials and methods. Both published and unpublished documents kept in the Center for Oriental Manuscripts and Xylographs of the Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist, and Tibetan Studies of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and in the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia were used as the main sources for the reconstruction of the past events while the data analysis was based on the main scientific principles of historicism, systematicity, and objectivity; the paper’s comprehensive approach was implemented via the method of system analysis, problem-chronological and historical-comparative methods, and local history. Results. The Buryat-Mongolian Scientific Committee (Buruchkom), established in July 1922, was designed to promote the national-cultural construction in Buryat-Mongolia while focusing on research and educational tasks. It had to begin its operation under far from favorable conditions, such as poor funding, illiteracy of the population, a shortage of personnel, and practically non-existent printing and publishing, especially in the Buryat-Mongolian language. Nevertheless, Buruchkom organized the studies of Buryat history, archaeology, spiritual and material culture, language and religion, and started field work as well. A significant portion of its activities was initially directed towards translation of educational and socio-political literature into the Buryat language, related terminological and lexical studies, preparation and publication of teaching materials, such as textbooks and teaching manuals for Buryat-Mongolian schools. The academic environment was enhanced with establishing a library and museum, which were of much relevance for future scientific work. Buruchkom’s final success was due to its fruitful cooperation with the central scientific institutions of the country and the Mongolian Scientific Committee. Conclusion. Despite that its team of researchers was not numerous, Buruchkom managed to organize, as well as conduct research projects in the fields of history, archaeology, ethnography, and linguistics. Having accomplished an important objective of laying the foundations of science in the region, it has now become a leading academic center of the Republic, known for its research in the arts and humanities.

Stefanie Ragaz

This book analyzes the Russian 19th-century discourse on the Orient as a field where the conceptual foundations of contemporary understandings of religion evolved. In case studies on the reception of Islam, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and Shamanism with a focus on the first half of the century it traces the formation of key terms and concepts of the language that served to describe religions. Of special interest are the emergence of generic concepts of religion and the history of the term ‘religion’. The study draws on sources from genres such as Oriental Studies, literature, travelogs, and journalism. With its interdisciplinary perspective it contributes to Religious Studies, Russian Studies, and the cultural history of the Russian Empire.

V. Altashina, Lathsadaphone Phanavanh

The article describes functional mechanism of heroine’s metempsychosis in the Oriental and Occidental Cinderella fairy-tale. According to the classification of Aarne - Thompson, these tales belong to the type 510 A “persecution of the heroine”, which is associated with a complex of other plots (510 B, 511, 511 A). We limit our research only to those tales in which the identification of the heroine occurs by the shoe. The origins of this literature phenomenon are disclosed in terms of religious conception and traditional believes of the representatives of the thai-kadai language group (IX-XIX centuries). For analysis the Zhuang, Thai and Lao versions of Cinderella fairy-tale were taken, the ritual and mythological aspect of fairytale narrative is disclosed on the material base. The article also describes functions of ancestors’ cult and discusses totemic attitude of the people of the East and South-East Asia in the functioning system of the oriental fairytale which all together form the metempsychosis conception. On the ground of the ethnographic data the author substantiates the choice of animal and plants (namely, a bird/parakeet, bamboo, quince tree, hazel, palm tree, dove) which were used for the sequence of character’s incarnations in the tales. If in oriental tales the heroine’s soul is transmigrated into animals and plants, in Western European fairy tales the heroine is transformed thanks to the help of a plant or bird - the reincarnations of her mother. Only Ch. Perrault, following the rationalistic spirit of the times, does not use metempsychosis directly, but his tale also contains transformations of the inanimate into the animate: plants and animals turn into coachmen and lackeys. The metempsychosis’ final aims of the magic fairy-tales are formulated. An appeal to the European tradition (Basile “The Cat Cinderella”, 1634; Perrault “Cinderella”, 1697; the Brothers Grimm “Cinderella”, 1812), in which metempsychosis is partially preserved, confirms the eastern origin of the tale and allows a deeper understanding of its folkloric origins.

A. Salikhov

Archaeographic research makes it possible to expand the source base of scientific research, to introduce into scientific use new materials on the history in general and on the history of written language and literature. The article is to study the Oriental written monuments of the Fedorovka district of the Republic of Bashkortostan stored in the manuscript fond of the Institute of History, Language, and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The research has used the major methods of historical research: comparative/historical, systemic, and historical/typological. Monographic studies, catalogues of manuscript collections, manuscripts and early printed editions from the fonds of manuscripts and rare editions of the city of Ufa have been drawn for comparative analysis, establishing of names, identifying distinctive features, identification of the place and role of handwritten manuscripts. The article presents some of the more valuable Arabic script monuments written in Arabic and Turkic languages. It reviews literary, religious works, historical documents, texts of business and mundane nature. The chronological frameworks cover the 19th – first half of the 20th century. Many documents were used as teaching aids in the pre-revolutionary Muslim educational institutions. Of most interest are materials collected by M. Sultangulov from the village of Stary Chetyrman. Among them there are manuscripts containing poems: Sufi Allayar’s (died in 1723) Sabat al-Gajizin and Muhammad Chelebi’s (died in 1451) Muhammadiya, both rewritten in the first half of the 19th century. The handwritten curriculum for 1911 for studying in the madrasah in the town of Orsk in the Orenburg gubernia reveals the peculiarities of the Muslim education system in the region. Arabic script documents of the period of struggle against religion reveal the nature of relations between the believers and state agencies. Also, manuscripts of poems by Bashkir poets of the 19th century have been identified and studied: Khibatullah Salikhov (1794–1867), Shamsetdin Zaki (1822–65), Miftakhetdin Akmullah (1831–95). Thus, the article has examined handwritten Arabic script documents that are valuable for researchers of history, language, and literature. The revealed materials permit to present the studied region as one of cultural centers of Bashkortostan, where the works of famous Oriental authors, as well as local writers and poets, existed. They demonstrate that in Bashkortostan, despite the repeated change of alphabets in the first half of the 20th century, Arabic script written monuments continued to be used and stored. The identified and attributed documents can be used as sources for scientific research.

Asst. Prof.Dr. Mohammed Hamzah Hussein

This paper deals with the critical approaches that resulted from Orientalist studies. It attempts to shed light on different aspects of Arabic literature and Arabic language as texts and narration and it shows how the critical theory shifted from the Oriental movement to the modernist experience in Arabic literature. The paper concludes that there is an integral relation between orientalism and the modern experiment in Arabic literature

R. Abdulmazhidov

Materials in the Arabic language, mainly concentrated in Dagestan, occupy the most important place among the sources on the history of the North Caucasus. Its research has started since the 19th century. The academic study of these sources continued with the establishment of the Center of Oriental Manuscripts in 1963 in Makhachkala at the Institute of Language, History and Literature of Dagestan branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In the post-Soviet period, Russian orientalists drew attention to a number of still insufficiently studied Arabic-language sources. The research work revealed more new sources that significantly changed established ideas about social, legal and military-political history of Dagestan. Extensive study and translations of several historical chronicles, a wide range of various sources from the period of the Caucasian War were introduced into scientific circulation. Systematic work is underway to study the epistolary sources kept both in the Fund of Oriental Manuscripts of the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Makhachkala (it includes now thousands of manuscripts and documents) and in numerous private manuscript collections. Studies of Arabic-language written monuments often remain out of sight not only for a wide range of readers, but also for the historians who specialize on the history of the Caucasus. This article devoted to their review and analysis is intended to fill this gap; it summarizes a certain result of enduring research work directed to the study of these manuscripts, carried out in the post-Soviet period.

M. Pysanko, L. Tsyhan

Abstract. The syllabus is designed for bachelor students majoring in 035 Linguistics, 035.06 Oriental Languagesand Literature (translation included) and West European Language. The elective course is aimed at teachingstudents the basics of interpreting social, political, economic, scientific, cultural and educational texts of differentgenres (speeches, reports, commentaries, interviews etc.), interpreter’s note-taking system; providing studentswith theoretical background knowledge, developing interpretation skills and abilities essential for performingsuccessful interpreting from English into Ukrainian and vice versa. The course consists of two modules:Interpreting as Interlingual and Cross-Cultural Communication, Types of Interpretation; Lexical and SemanticAspects of Interpretation. The course focuses on acquiring social and political vocabulary, background knowledgerequired for efficient interpreting and appropriate and adequate behaviour in professional interpreter’s environment.The Syllabus offers a list of references on the course topics.

Nerma Zaimović

The poem Kitab-i bosnevi is just one of several that represents a compilation of moralistic alhamijado poems. They are collected in one Collection of Bosnian alhamijado literature with individual Arabic texts. The aim is to determine orthographic features through orthographic and phonetic-phonological analysis of the manuscript Kitab-i bosnevi, supposed to date from the 19th century, show how the author wrote words of domestic origin and recorded terms of oriental origin taken from Arabic and Persian. Detailed orthographic analysis of words of domestic and oriental origin was emphasised in the poem Kitab-i bosnevi. The Viennese version of Sehvetul-vusul, by Omer Hazim Humo, offered us more precise insight into the characteristics of writing alhamijado literature. Words of oriental origin were recorded by respecting their way of writing concerning the original language. In some examples, there were deviations where the author offered a completely different way of recording certain voices. Based on the phonetic-phonological analysis of the song Kitab-i bosnevi, specific voices are entirely adapted to the phonetic system of the Bosnian language.

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