Hasil untuk "Nutrition. Foods and food supply"

Mike Berners-Lee, Cara Kennelly, Rosie Watson et al.

We present a quantitative analysis of global and regional food supply to reveal the flows of calories, protein and the micro-nutrients vitamin A, iron and zinc, from production through to human consumption and other end points. We quantify the extent to which reductions in the amount of human-edible crops fed to animals and, less importantly, reductions in waste, could increase food supply. The current production of crops is sufficient to provide enough food for the projected global population of 9.7 billion in 2050, although very significant changes to the socio-economic conditions of many (ensuring access to the global food supply) and radical changes to the dietary choices of most (replacing most meat and dairy with plant-based alternatives, and greater acceptance of human-edible crops currently fed to animals, especially maize, as directly-consumed human food) would be required. Under all scenarios, the scope for biofuel production is limited. Our analysis finds no nutritional case for feeding human-edible crops to animals, which reduces calorie and protein supplies. If society continues on a ‘business-as-usual’ dietary trajectory, a 119% increase in edible crops grown will be required by 2050.

S. Prasanna, P. Verma, Suman Bodh

Aydin Kilic

ABSTRACT This article focused on the comprehensive evaluation of statistical criteria applied in common mathematical models selected for experimental cold drying data for thin‐layer food drying applications. In this context, Mackerel ( Trachurus trachurus ), known as a functional and sensitive food sample with its bioactive content, was selected as the experimental material for drying applications. For this purpose, four experimental groups (G5MM, G10MM, G15MM, G20MM) with different sample thicknesses (5, 10, 15, 20 mm) at 100 g were dried with 6 m/s air flow at 10°C for 24, 22, 20, and 14 h respectively. Twenty‐three common semi‐theoretic and empiric mathematical models were applied to the obtained drying values. For the comprehensive evaluation of the models, non‐linear regression analysis was performed using 13 different statistical criteria such as r , RSS , SST , SSE , R 2 , χ 2 , RMSE , residuals, RSSE , MBE , EF , SEE , and p . In this context, in the study where the relevant criteria were applied, for G20MM, Newton Lewis, Midilli‐Küçük, Balbay and Şahin, Page, for G15MM, Henderson & Pabis, Logarithmic (Asymptotic), Binomial, Verma et al., Modified Henderson, Simplified Fick diff., Balbay and Şahin model were concluded to be the most suitable. In addition, for G10MM, Logarithmic (Asymptotic), Demir et al., Binary, Verma et al., Balbay and Şahin, Thompson and Alibas models, and in the G05MM group, Logarithmic (Asymptotic), Demir et al., Binary, Verma et al., Thompson, Balbay‐Şahin and Alibas models were concluded to be the most suitable. According to the results obtained, it has been revealed that using only r , R 2 , χ 2 and RMSE equations instead of 13 statistical criteria in the evaluation of mathematical models gives significant and meaningful results.

Maria Z. Tsimidou, Nives Ogrinc, Claudia Zoani

Research infrastructures (RIs) are central to European Union (EU) policies for defragmentation of the research and innovation in all fields of science and technology providing resources, expertise, and services to address societal challenges and support evidence-based policymaking. The commentary stresses on how METROFOOD-RI, a geographically distributed RI, aims at advancing metrology in the agri-food sector with a particular emphasis on food/feed and nutrition fields. Structured according to Hub & Nodes model, METROFOOD-RI integrates physical and electronic infrastructures to provide FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) data and tools. Its activities span a comprehensive service chart covering research, information and communication technologies (ICT), and data, advisory, and educational services, as well as integrated service pipelines targeting transparency in the food chain, emerging food risks, innovative processing, and circular bioeconomy approaches. By leveraging metrology, METROFOOD-RI aims at harmonizing standards and fostering cross-border collaboration, whereas equally supports a multidisciplinary approach to tackling challenges in food systems and nutrition. The commentary highlights how this RI can contribute to the European research area priorities and United Nations sustainability goals.

Shasha Qi, Chengjie Hou, Honglei Tian et al.

To optimize the compatibility with target ingredients in food processing and ensure standardized application, it is essential to characterize thyme's volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from specific species and origins. In this study, 116 VOCs were identified in thyme samples from four main Chinese production regions by two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS). Among them, eight compounds- thymol (5.27 %–13.28 %), eucalyptol (9.25–12.23 %), thymoquinone (11.16–15.98 %), etc.- were identified as the most abundant constituents. Samples NX, WQ, JB, and NM were classified into different chemotypes: thymol/eucalyptol/thymoquinone/p-cymene, thymoquinone/eucalyptol/thymol, thymoquinone/eucalyptol/p-cymene, and thymoquinone/carvacrol/isoborneol, respectively. Forty odor-active compounds were determined through relative odor activity value (ROAV) analysis. Furthermore, the variable importance in projection (VIP) method was applied to identify 14 and 5 VOCs as potential markers for thyme volatility and odor activity, respectively. These findings provide a valuable reference for expanding the application of Chinese thyme as a culinary herb in the food processing industry.

Xianglong Ou, Yi Dai, Ting Huang et al.

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is an abrupt inflammation of the pancreas, frequently associated with intestinal barrier injury. Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) possess anti-inflammatory effects observed in multiple disease contexts. The protective effect of COS (200 mg/kg) was evaluated in a mouse model of SAP induced via intraperitoneal injection of cerulein (100 μg/kg) and lipopolysaccharide (5 mg/kg) in this study. The results shown that COS reduced serum amylase and lipase levels and alleviated pancreatic and ileal pathological damage in SAP mice. COS effectively diminished pancreatic and ileal pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), ileal cell apoptosis and intestinal permeability, and bacterial translocation as well. Moreover, COS administration restored the intestinal epithelial junction proteins expression (Claudin-1, Occludin, and ZO-1) and enhanced Paneth cell functional recovery. Mechanically, COS alleviated SAP-associated inflammatory response by suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB/NRLP3 pathway, which suggest that COS intervention may be a potential strategy to protect against SAP.

Sihan You, Yushan Jia, Gentu Ge et al.

This study aimed to decipher the dynamic changes in native grass (Meadow Steppe and Typical Steppe plants) silage occur in correlation with longitudinal alterations in microbial community structure during the fermentation process, this research also aimed to characterize the functional groups and the mechanisms underlying the effects of different lactic acid bacteria (LAB, including Lactobacillus graminis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici) strains on the native grass silage. All LAB strains were added alone at 105 cfu/g of the fresh materials. The author combined 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and metagenomic sequencing with temporal sampling to investigate the succession of the bacterial community and the influences of the LAB on the fermentation quality, aiming to elucidate the underlying mechanisms behind LAB-mediated native grass silage production. Results showed that during the natural ensiling process, the most of the chemical compositions and fermentation quality markedly (p < 0.05) decreased and increased after 60 days of ensiling, respectively. The bacterial composition shifted significantly from Pantoea in raw materials to Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and Pediococcus in silages, and the fermentation was determined by the LAB. Then some LAB strains were isolated form the native grass silage and the native grass was treated with these isolated LAB strains, a clear differentiation in bacterial communities was observed across treatments, with Lactobacillus dominating the fermentation process. The metagenomic analysis revealed the distinct fermentation quality were driven by the LAB strains due to the significantly different gene profiles and metabolic function. This study has identified fermentation quality and microbial communities in native grass silage during anaerobic fermentation. The ensiling performance of native grass silage was dominated by the Lactobacillus plantarum, which could provide evidence for the importance of LAB in the native grass silage preservation.

Riccardo Tornese, Anna Montefusco, Rocco Placì et al.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) has long been recognised for its rich antioxidant profile and potential health benefits. Recent research has expanded its therapeutic potential to include antiangiogenic properties, which are crucial for inhibiting the growth of tumours and other pathological conditions involving aberrant blood vessel formation. This review consolidates current findings on the antiangiogenic effects of pomegranate extracts. We explore the impact of pomegranate polyphenols, including ellagic acid, punicalagin, anthocyanins, punicic acid and bioactive polysaccharides on key angiogenesis-related pathways and endothelial cell function. Emphasis is placed on the effects of these extracts as phytocomplexes rather than isolated compounds. Additionally, we discuss the use of pomegranate by-products, such as peels and seeds, in the preparation of extracts within a green chemistry and circular economy framework, highlighting their value in enhancing extract efficacy and sustainability. By primarily reviewing in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies, we assess how these extracts modulate angiogenesis across various disease models and explore their potential as adjunctive therapies for cancer and other angiogenesis-driven disorders. This review also identifies existing knowledge gaps and proposes future research directions to fully elucidate the clinical utility of pomegranate extracts in therapeutic applications.

Melaku Tafese Awulachew

The public’s hunger for healthy foods has grown considerably during the last few decades. It stimulated the development of unique food products that have positive health effects beyond basic nourishment. Functional foods are natural or processed foods that include known or unknown biologically active ingredients that provide a clinically proven and confirmed health benefit for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases at specific, effective, and nontoxic doses. Following a thorough investigation of food labels that make health and nutrition claims, legislation to safeguard consumers from inaccurate information was introduced. As a result, more scientific investigations should include actual evidence before drawing broad judgments. It is critical to highlight that the interpretation of legislation promotes the legitimacy of functional food products. Separate pieces of legislation for both governing types are one way to ensure the right integration of functional foods. This will help customers distinguish between functional food products and those with stated health claims. This chapter examines functional foods from many sources, including their potential health benefits, health claims, food intolerance, and allergies.

Journal of Food Quality

Ya-jing Chen, Xin Sui, Yue Wang et al.

Oligosaccharides are low-molecular-weight carbohydrates between monosaccharides and polysaccharides. They can be extracted directly from natural products by physicochemical methods or obtained by chemical synthesis or enzymatic reaction. Oligosaccharides have important physicochemical and physiological properties. Their research and production involve many disciplines such as medicine, chemical industry, and biology. Functional oligosaccharides, as an excellent functional food base, can be used as dietary fibrer and prebiotics to enrich the diet; improve the microecology of the gut; exert antitumour, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and lipid-lowering properties. Therefore, the industrial applications of oligosaccharides have increased rapidly in the past few years. It has great prospects in the field of food and medicinal chemistry. This review summarized the preparation, structural features and biological activities of oligosaccharides, with particular emphasis on the application of functional oligosaccharides in the food industry and human nutritional health. It aims to inform further research and development of oligosaccharides and food chemistry.

Maral Bishehkolaei, Yashwant Pathak

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death globally. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 2022, nearly 8 in 10 individuals who suffered from a stroke showed a history of hypertension, and over 60 % of those with Diabetes have hypertension with high triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL, bad cholesterol). Both high LDL and Diabetes double the threat of CVD incidence, with the probability of all the previous risk factors being higher in adults who are overweight and obese. The n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio is critical to developing metabolic disorders that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. The elaboration of the mechanisms by which n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids operate and convert to the essential fatty acids in the body will allow us to clearly understand the significance of the optimum ratio of the two. According to research, the human body can maintain optimum health with an intake ratio of n-6/n-3 of 5:1; however, the current ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA intake is 20:1 in the Western diet. As the intake of n-6 PUFA heavy diet increases, we notice an incline in the incidence rate of metabolic syndromes through activating the inflammatory pathways. Omega 6 and omega 3 compete for the same enzyme binding site, and depending on which is bound, the resulting essential fatty acid signals a cascade of pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory factors. This review discusses the importance of the n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio in preventing, developing, and progressing cardiovascular disease.

Alexey V. Sibirev

IntroductionThe efficiency of potato production depends to a large extent on the production of quality seeds that meet the requirements of the growing region. The main component of this production includes breeding, which creates the genetic basis of seeds. The process of establishing patterns between the amount of fertilizer application (“Aquarin 12,” “Bona Forte,” “Osmocote Exact High K”), their type, and biometric characteristics of potato plants of the studied varieties “Guliver,” “Beauty of Meshchera,” and “Grand” was explored.MethodsDuring the experimental studies, the methods of variation statistics, the technique of field experiment with the corresponding transformations to achieve normal distribution, and subsequent dispersion analysis were used.ResultsThe results of the research on the evaluation of potato structural elements depending on the plant nutrition system of the studied varieties testify to the expediency of using nutrient solutions in potato cultivation irrespective of their type. In addition, it has been established that increasing the concentration of the nutrient base solution from 75 to 125% of the nutrient formula improves the quality indicators of minitubers, namely the content of starch, sugars, dry matter, crude protein, phosphorus, specific gravity, and ash content, which can contribute to obtaining high-quality potatoes.DiscussionThus, the use of morphological and physiological tools in closed ecosystems is informative for predicting key agricultural characteristics of potato plants. Additionally, integrating organic amendments and biofertilizers, as supported by other studies, could further enhance nutrient uptake and plant health, especially under conditions of low irrigation.

Muhammad Samiullah Awan, Asif Ahmad, Waseem Khalid et al.

Pakistan is one of the biggest mango producing country in the world. Post-harvest losses of mango occur due to lack of storage facilities. Mango can be converted into concentrate to utilize it for longer period. In the current study, the physicochemical profile and storage stability of mango concentrate was investigated to evidence the opportunity of preservation method. Three different concentrations (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.5%) of citric acid, sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate were applied. All chemical preservatives significantly (p ˂ 0.05) increased viscosity, total soluble solids (TS), reducing sugar (RS), non-reducing sugar (NRS), total soluble solids (TSS), and titratable acidity (TA), while the moisture content, pH, DPPH antioxidant activity, TPC (total phenolic content), TFC (total flavonoid content) and the level of texture acceptance decreased during the storage. The moisture content was decreased from 43.4% to 34.9% during storage. Phytochemical analysis showed that mango concentrate is a potential source of antioxidant compounds and has higher DPPH radical scavenging activity. Regarding preservation solution, it is suggested that sodium benzoate and citric acid might be utilized for industrial applications.

R. Babatunde, M. Qaim

Francisco das Chagas Leal Bezerra, Regina de Fátima Moraes Reis, Leonardo Dias Negrão et al.

Trata-se de um estudo com o objetivo de avaliar os níveis de estresse psicológico e disbiose intestinal entre os discentes da área da saúde de uma Instituição de Ensino Público Superior (IES). A pesquisa foi realizada de forma remota com os universitários ao longo dos anos de 2021 e 2022, através da plataforma Google Forms®. Foram incluídos os alunos ativos nos cursos da área da saúde, matriculados e que se habilitaram a responder os questionários. O estudo foi composto por uma amostra não probabilística de conveniência (n=165). Houve a análise dos voluntários através dos questionários socioeconômico, rastreamento metabólico (QRM) e inventário de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp - ISSL. Compuseram a amostra do estudo acadêmicos, sendo 76,4% (n=126) do sexo feminino e do sexo masculino 23% (n=39), distribuídos entre os cursos de nutrição 72,7% (n=120), enfermagem 14,6% (n=24) e medicina 12,7% (n=21). Quanto a frequência de sintomas de estresse, verificou-se que 30,4% (n=50) da amostra não apresentaram sintomas de estresse e 44,8% (n=74) sendo o nível mais elevado de estresse na fase da resistência, acompanhado de 24,8% (n=41) que foram classificados na fase de exaustão. Ao analisar a pontuação do QRM percebeu-se que 59,4% (n=98) dos participantes apresentaram uma pontuação > 40 que sinaliza a certeza da presença da hipersensibilidade. Por meio dos resultados foi possível observar que os universitários do estudo se encontram tanto em um nível elevado de hipersensibilidade, como também em algum nível de estresse psicológico.

E. Eilers, C. Kremen, Sarah Smith Greenleaf et al.

The contribution of nutrients from animal pollinated world crops has not previously been evaluated as a biophysical measure for the value of pollination services. This study evaluates the nutritional composition of animal-pollinated world crops. We calculated pollinator dependent and independent proportions of different nutrients of world crops, employing FAO data for crop production, USDA data for nutritional composition, and pollinator dependency data according to Klein et al. (2007). Crop plants that depend fully or partially on animal pollinators contain more than 90% of vitamin C, the whole quantity of Lycopene and almost the full quantity of the antioxidants β-cryptoxanthin and β-tocopherol, the majority of the lipid, vitamin A and related carotenoids, calcium and fluoride, and a large portion of folic acid. Ongoing pollinator decline may thus exacerbate current difficulties of providing a nutritionally adequate diet for the global human population.

N. Cristina, d’Alba Lucia

Nutritional well-being is a fundamental aspect for the health, autonomy and, therefore, the quality of life of all people, but especially of the elderly. It is estimated that at least half of non-institutionalized elderly people need nutritional intervention to improve their health and that 85% have one or more chronic diseases that could improve with correct nutrition. Although prevalence estimates are highly variable, depending on the population considered and the tool used for its assessment, malnutrition in the elderly has been reported up to 50%. Older patients are particularly at risk of malnutrition, due to multiple etiopathogenetic factors which can lead to a reduction or utilization in the intake of nutrients, a progressive loss of functional autonomy with dependence on food, and psychological problems related to economic or social isolation, e.g., linked to poverty or loneliness. Changes in the aging gut involve the mechanical disintegration of food, gastrointestinal motor function, food transit, intestinal wall function, and chemical digestion of food. These alterations progressively lead to the reduced ability to supply the body with adequate levels of nutrients, with the consequent development of malnutrition. Furthermore, studies have shown that the quality of life is impaired both in gastrointestinal diseases, but especially in malnutrition. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of malnutrition in elderly people is necessary to promote the knowledge of age-related changes in appetite, food intake, homeostasis, and body composition in order to better develop effective prevention and intervention strategies to achieve healthy aging.

Michał Czapla, Michał Czapla, Michał Czapla et al.

BackgroundNutritional status is related to the prognosis and length of hospital stay (LOHS) of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). This study aimed to assess how nutritional status affects LOHS for patients with AF.MethodsWe performed retrospective analysis of the medical records of 1,813 patients admitted urgently with a diagnosis of AF to the Institute of Heart Diseases of the University Clinical Hospital in Wroclaw, Poland.ResultsIn total, 1,813 patients were included in the analysis. The average LOHS in the entire group was 3.53 ± 3.41 days. The mean BMI was 28.7 kg/m2 (SD: 5.02). Patients who were hospitalized longer were statistically more likely to have a Nutritional Risk Score (NRS) ≥3 (p = 0.028). A higher percentage of longer hospitalized patients with LDL levels below 70 mg/dl (p &lt; 0.001) and those with HDL ≥40 mg/dl (p &lt; 0.001) were observed. Study participants with NRS ≥3 were an older group (M = 76.3 years), with longer mean LOHS (M = 4.44 days). The predictors of LOHS in the univariate model were age (OR = 1.04), LDL (OR = 0.99), HDL (OR = 0.98), TC (OR = 0.996), CRP (OR = 1, 02, p &lt; 0.001), lymphocytes (OR = 0.97, p = 0.008) and in the multivariate model were age, LDL (mg/dl), HDL (mg/dl), Na, and K.ConclusionFor nutritional status, factors indicating the risk of prolonged hospitalization in patients with AF are malnutrition, lower serum LDL, HDL, potassium, and sodium levels identified at the time of admission to the cardiology department. Assessment of nutritional status in patients with AF is important both in the context of evaluating obesity and malnutrition status, as both conditions can alter the prognosis of patients. Further studies are needed to determine the exact impact of the above on the risk of prolonged hospitalization.

Stefania De Santis, Pasquale Crupi, Laura Piacente et al.

Obesity represents an important public health challenge of the twenty first century reaching epidemic proportions worldwide; this is especially true for the pediatric population. In this context, bioactive compounds from foods are crucial to counteract chronic inflammation as a typical feature of obesity. In particular, extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is one of the most important functional foods exerting, among others, an anti-inflammatory activity not only due to its major (monounsaturated fatty acids) but also to its minor (phenolics) components, as reported in the last years. However, only a limited number of studies were performed on pediatric population, and even fewer are those focusing on EVOO phenolics that investigate the correlation of the chemical characterization with the biological function. Thus, starting from our in vitro data identifying an EVOO chemical profile characterized by a high content of secoiridoids correlating with an anti-inflammatory effect, we studied the ability of an EVOO extract with the same chemical profile to retain this function ex vivo. Specifically, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from obese children were treated with EVOO and olive oil extracts, characterized by a low polyphenol content, to study the ability of secoiridoids to dampen the inflammatory response. A reduction of pro-inflammatory CD14+CD16+ monocytes was detected by cytofluorimetric analysis when PBMCs were treated with EVOO as compared to olive oil extracts. According to this, a down modulation of CCL2 and CCL4 chemokines involved in the recruitment of inflammatory cells, was reported in the supernatants of EVOO relative to olive oil extracts treated PBMCs. Moreover, a high-throughput gene expression analysis revealed that PBMCs molecular profile from obese children is greatly modulated after the treatment with EVOO extract in terms of metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Importantly, some of the significantly modulated genes were involved in the pathways promoting the development of severe obesity. Overall, our ex vivo data demonstrated the ability of EVOO to reduce the inflammatory milieu of PBMCs from obese children both at protein and molecular levels. Of note, a good correlation between the EVOO chemical profile and the biological modulations in terms of anti-inflammatory activity was reported.