Hasil untuk "Modern history, 1453-"

Laura Gabriela Caruso, Gustavo Nicolás Contreras

El sector marítimo tuvo un lugar significativo en la historia laboral y sindical de la Argentina, tardíamente reflejado en la historiografía, en la cual predominan hoy los estudios sobre las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Este artículo indaga prácticas, relaciones y dinámicas que se dieron entre los gremios marítimos en la década que va desde la huelga general y marítima de 1924 hasta la formulación de un pacto de unidad entre organizaciones de la tripulación y la oficialidad en 1934. El texto analiza la acción sindical marítima resaltando solidaridades y distancias con otros gremios de dicha comunidad obrera, focalizando en las relaciones entre la Federación Obrera Marítima, primer gremio que unificó categorías y secciones del trabajo a bordo en 1910, y el Centro de Capitanes de Ultramar, fundado en 1918, pilar de la organización del personal jerárquico embarcado. El texto se basa en un conjunto de documentos compuesto por prensa sindical, actas y memorias gremiales, entre otros.

Corvi, Alberto

Three interesting drawings by the sculptor Pompeo Marchesi (1783‑1858), which are kept at the Castello Sforzesco in Milan, have been recently discovered within the framework of a comprehensive investigation of the artist’s graphic production. In these sheets the sculptor sketched out the first ideas for the colossal monument to Cesare Beccaria located on the grand staircase of the Brera Palace in 1837. The discovery of these sketches made it possible to retrace the development of the statue’s design pointing out Marchesi’s allusions to and influences on ancient statuary as well as the art of Canova and Thorvaldsen.

Arnold, Claus, Ciciliot, Valentina, Vian, Giovanni

Carlos Alberto Cunha Miranda

Neste artigo, inicialmente apresentaremos o conceito de degeneração desenvolvido por Benedict-Augustin Morel, Valentin Magnan e Emil Kraepelin, bem como suas repercussões na psiquiatria brasileira nos primeiros anos do século XX. Com base nesses pressupostos, discorreremos sobre a trajetória de vida de pessoas consideradas portadoras de transtornos mentais e do saber psiquiátrico no Hospital de Doenças Nervosas e Mentais do Recife, através da análise de alguns prontuários dos anos de 1920 com pacientes diagnosticados como portadores de Episódio Delirante de Degeneração. O suporte desta pesquisa está no trabalho desenvolvido no acervo do Hospital Ulysses Pernambucano, em que foi realizado o resgate da documentação, a catalogação e a edição de um inventário de todos os livros entre os anos de 1926 a 1970, no total de 1013 volumes, cada um com cinquenta prontuários. A análise dessas importantes fontes, juntamente com o aporte teórico, permitiu a elaboração desse artigo. Palavras-chave: Hospital; psiquiatria; degenerados; eugenia.

Jose Antonio Mateos Royo

Este artículo estudia mediante un caso regional la capacidad de las instituciones representativas en la Europa Moderna para establecer políticas comerciales autónomas ante la fragmentación jurisdiccional, valorando su eficiencia e incidencia sobre los mercados. Tras aplicar vedas y licencias de exportación en años de carestías desde 1521, la Diputación prohibió la exportación de cereal en Aragón desde 1556 cada año para defender su jurisdicción sobre este asunto frente a la monarquía hispánica y favorecer el suministro de la población del reino ante la inflación de los precios del trigo. Sin embargo, su gestión de estas prohibiciones protegió los intereses de nobles laicos y grandes mercaderes. Las Cortes aragonesas regularon la aplicación de vedas en 1585 y 1626 por la Diputación para reducir el desorden y la incertidumbre en el mercado de grano. Aunque esta institución siguió utilizando estas prohibiciones a menudo desde 1585 hasta 1652, su decreciente poder político y económico les restó eficiencia. Por este motivo, buscó una mayor cooperación municipal para combatir la salida de grano en años de carestía. A cambio de ver reconocida su jurisdicción por la monarquía durante el siglo XVII, la Diputación aceptó la exportación libre de impuestos de cereal destinado al ejército real en tránsito por Aragón, favoreciendo su salida hacia Cataluña durante las diferentes guerras franco- españolas acaecidas entre 1635 y 1697. El descenso regular de los precios del trigo en Aragón durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVII consolidó esta apertura comercial, al espaciar la Diputación las prohibiciones y ajustarlas mejor a las fluctuaciones de estos precios. Esta nueva política estimuló una mayor eficiencia e integración de los mercados de grano en Aragón

Laura Pfuntner

Kyle Harper Princeton University Press (2017) Ptolemy, the second-century geographer who lived in Roman-ruled Alexandria, Egypt, said it rained there every month but August. Now, the city has about one day of rain from May to September, says classicist Kyle Harper. He argues that environmental changes were as influential in destroying the Roman empire as human agency. His study mingles bacteria, volcanoes and solar cycles with emperors, barbarians, soldiers and slaves — including the Late Antique Little Ice Age and the first pandemic of bubonic plague. Andrew Robinson A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things Raj Patel and Jason W. Moore University of california Press (2017) Sociologist-cum-activist Raj Patel and environmental historian Jason Moore have written an informed, sometimes acute, polemic against capitalism’s half-millennium of colonial exploitation. They argue that the ‘Capitalocene’ age has triumphed by “cheapening” seven things: nature, money, work, care, food, energy and lives. They quote Christopher Columbus, who observed the Caribbean’s wondrous but unknown vegetation and wrote that many of its herbs and trees might be “worth much in Europe for dyes and for medicines”. To the authors, this unquestionably devalues nature; others might differ. De/Cipher: The Greatest Codes Ever Invented and How to Break Them Mark Frary Modern (2017) People often use the same password on multiple websites. Such bad habits remain the best hope for the codebreaker as encryption becomes increasingly unbreakable, notes science writer Mark Frary in this eclectic introduction to the mathematics, technology and personalities behind cryptography. It ranges from the baffling ancient Indus script to Alan Turing’s crucial Second World War codebreaking and the promise of quantum cryptography. Brief biographies of codebreakers both famous and obscure enliven the challenging codes and compensate for occasional inaccuracies. The Lost Species Christopher Kemp University of chicago Press (2017) Only one-fifth of Earth’s species are named, observes Christopher Kemp. Our understanding of biodiversity resembles the sound of a symphony in which an orchestra plays every fifth note. A DNA barcode is an isolated note; only a taxonomist can determine whether an unmatched barcode signifies a new species. But taxonomists are a threatened species, too. This book pleads for their preservation with appealing stories of past and present discoveries, such as Charles Darwin’s rove beetle: found in Argentina in 1832, lost in a London collection and rediscovered and named Darwinilus sedarisi in 2012. The Unexpected Truth about Animals Lucy Cooke doUbleday (2017) Sigmund Freud’s first paper involved the dissection of eels in an attempt to locate their testes. To his frustration, Freud failed to find any. The eel’s life cycle remains slippery, notes natural-history broadcaster Lucy Cooke in her deeply researched, sassily written history of “the biggest misconceptions, mistakes and myths we’ve concocted about the animal kingdom”, spread by figures from Aristotle to Walt Disney. Other chapters spotlight the sloth, vulture, hippopotamus, panda, chimpanzee and others, and dismantle anthropocentric clichés with scientific, global evidence. and given up for dead, he and his remaining companions had much more experience ashore than they would have ever wished for. Here, Steller observed and described the behaviour, diet and life cycles of several new and endemic species: sea lions and fur seals, a large flightless cormorant and a “special sea eagle with a white head and tail”, today known as Steller’s sea eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus). He dissected a male fur seal, making many measurements to add to his multipage description. It is said he also prepared a catalogue of birds and plants, although the island’s verminous blue foxes would sometimes carry off his papers or knock over his inkstand. Or worse: the foxes chewed on the corpses of the dead, and harassed the dying, until subdued by boot, axe or gunshot. Stellar died on the way back to St Petersburg in 1746. Secrecy in protecting Russian imperial interests meant that his contributions were little known to the wider world. In Russia, however, Bering’s voyage inspired sailors and entrepreneurs to turn their attentions east. Steller’s legacy as a naturalist is worth remembering, but there is a sober consequence to this voyage, as with many others sent out in the name of science and state: namely, later bloody encounters with indigenous peoples and habitat destruction. Just a year after the expedition’s return, a shipload of hunters arrived home “with a cargo of sixteen hundred sea-otter, two thousand fur-seal, and two thousand blue-fox skins”. Steller’s sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas), discovered in 1741 on the island that would later bear Bering’s name, was hunted to extinction in just 27 years. Despite the risks and hardships, the profits of the sea-otter trade also drew British and American traders north. This wave of hungry sailors wiped out the spectacled cormorant (Phalacrocorax perspicillatus) that Steller first observed, goose-sized and reportedly delicious. To understand the full significance of this fateful expedition, compare maps. Before 1720, Siberia and the North Pacific are riddled with curious fantasies or swathes of white space. On charts created after Bering’s final voyage, the region emerges in its full complexity. Alaska finds form and the Pacific fur trade opens. A vast archive of manuscripts and observations from Siberia has not yet been fully recovered from Russian archives, let alone published in English, but work by scholars supported by the Carlsberg Foundation in Copenhagen is now bringing material into the public domain. There is much more to be discovered and, in terms of species loss, still so much that must be learnt. ■

E. Wind

Will works of the imagination ever regain the power they once had to challenge and mould society and the individual? This was the question posed by Edgar Wind's influential Reith Lectures delivered in 1960 and later expanded into his book "Art and Anarchy." The book examines the various forces that have fashioned the modern view of the art, from mechanization and fear of intellect to connoisseurship and--perhaps the fundamental weakness of our age--the dispassionate acceptance of art. In the course of his discussion, Wind surveyed a wide range of topics in the history of painting, literature, music, and the plastic arts from the Renaissance to modern times.

Kathryn Lofton

History is a word for a certain kind of reasoning: reasoning about time, about human agency, and about material records that can provide information about humans as marked by time. For many scholars—not to mention many of those outside the academy—such reasoning is antithetical to the word religion. No matter how many books prove incontrovertibly that the authors of the Talmud engaged rigorously with Greek philosophy, or that Islamic philosophers contributed to the formation of modern scientific practice, or that evangelical readers engaged significantly with Biblical criticism, scholars of religion have not (and perhaps finally cannot) upend the common perception that religion is not a site of reasoned thought, but rather a space where reason is suspended. “Religion is too important to be left in the hands of people who believe in it. Finally, historians are coming to grips with this simple truth,” David A. Hollinger opined in response to reports about the flurry of scholarly interest in religion as an effect in the modern United States. It is a good quip, but one that portrays the historian as an axiomatically rationalist hero, swooping into medieval confusion in order to give clarifying accounts of the truth behind puzzling theologies, curious myths, and archaic rituals. Hollinger suggests that religious people or religious historians cannot do this work. Believers by his lights are not to be trusted with the reasoning history demands.

José D'Assunção Barros

A Geografia da Fome, de Josué de Castro, foi uma das principais obras a abordar, em sua época, a questão da desigualdade social no Brasil, em especial no que concerne ao mapeamento da Fome – compreendida em seu duplo aspecto da desnutrição e subnutrição e, ao mesmo temp0, examinada em sua dimensão social. Neste artigo, revisitaremos essa obra, atentando mais especialmente para o modo como o seu autor opera com a divisão do espaço na abordagem de seu problema, demarcando o espaço nacional em cinco áreas ou regiões que revelam a recorrência de diferentes tipos de fome. Palavras-chave: Geografia Humana. Brasil. Fome. Nutrição. Subnutrição.

Ronaldo Pires Canabarro, Marlise Regina Meyrer

A pesquisa analisa as construções discursivas da imagem de travestis, no jornal Lampião da Esquina (1978-1981). O estudo traz aspectos que colaboram para ampliar o entendimento de como a identidade das travestis foi se construindo enquanto identidade política, durante as décadas de 70 e 80. Ainda, contribui para o entendimento de como as identidades de lésbicas, gueis/gays, bissexuais, travestis e transexuais se afirmaram e se constituíram como força política no Brasil. A partir da metodologia da análise de conteúdo, buscamos identificar o gênero sócio gramatical a que se referem os autores do jornal sobre travestis, percebendo como o uso comum dos condicionantes gramaticais masculinos ou femininos contribuiu para a afirmação/criação das identidades travestis. Da mesma forma, identificamos uma polaridade conflituosa nos discursos do jornal entre as expressões fazer e ser travesti.   Palavras-chave: Travesti. Identidade. Gênero. Lampião da Esquina. Imprensa.

C. Winterer

After a generation of grand stories about the rise of modern republican thought (the so-called “republican-synthesis” school epitomized by the works of Gordon Wood and J. G. A. Pocock), James Kloppenberg's new book, Toward Democracy: The Struggle for Self-Rule in European and American Thought, offers a history of democratic thought: what Kloppenberg calls “the idea of self-government.” In the course of nearly a thousand pages of text and notes, Kloppenberg traces democracy's emergence “as a widely shared, albeit still controversial, model of government” over the last four centuries in the North Atlantic world (1). The book is deeply learned and intellectually capacious, covering thinkers from the ancient Greeks, through the sixteenth-century wars of religion, through the American and French Revolutions, ending abruptly at the Civil War. Few intellectual historians writing today could have managed a book of such sweep. The number of authors, texts, and themes discussed is vast—so much so that at times it seems that the book could double as a history of thought in the West.

L. Abrams

ABSTRACT This article proposes a triple legacy of the expressive culture of the 1960s and 70s. Late twentieth century feminism, discourses of gender equality and the advent of modern confessional culture liberated women’s women’s voices, producing self-realising narratives and a shift in women’s facility to produce authentic ‘reflexive projects of the self’. Drawing on oral history interviews with women born in the 1940s in the United Kingdom, Australia and North America, a new concept for a distinct genre of women’s oral history narrative is advanced– the feminography – in which we hear women owning their voices and the stories those voices tell.

Ángel Alloza Aparicio

B. Lander, Katherine Brunson

Karla Leandro Rascke

O presente texto desenvolve análise crítica a respeito da produção e difusão da chamada imprensa negra em Florianópolis nas décadas seguintes à Abolição. Essa ferramenta de comunicação e divulgação compunha estratégia de mobilização de diferentes intelectuais de origem africana preocupados com o combate ao racismo, dimensionando o acesso à educação como meio de ascensão social e instrumento capaz de transformar as desigualdades raciais da sociedade da época. Com base em periódicos da imprensa local e regional, em Estatutos e Atas de associações, mapeamos movimentos de diferentes atores sociais na capital catarinense, em busca de espaços de escolarização, de sociabilidades, de inserção política e cultural. Ancorados em teóricos do campo da cultura da memória e da imprensa, organizamos nossa análise a partir das perspectivas de Taylor (2013), Connerton (1999) e Cruz e Peixoto (2007). Tais teóricos permitem um olhar a respeito das fontes utilizadas, produto de fazeres de intelectuais, “homens de cor letrados”, entre 1914 e 1925, sinalizando formas de mobilização e organização no intento de apontar problemas sociais e os impactos do racismo.   Palavras-chave: História. Imprensa Negra. Florianópolis. Pós-Abolição.

Irene Vascelli ha conseguito la Laurea Triennale in Lettere presso l’Università di Parma. Attualmente frequenta il corso di Laurea Magistrale in Scienze storiche e orientalistiche presso l’Università di Bologna.

This essay focuses on the analysis of prostitution in Germany and Sweden from the nineteenth century to the contemporary age. It will be analyze the laws that were issued during this period, their impact on the public opinion and the testimonies of prostitutes. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that even if the regulations have changed over the years, they have not yet reached a final resolution. Furthermore, we will show how prostitution is still subject of heated debate.

Miguel Ángel Del Río Morillas

La major part de la historiografia i estudis sobre Aliança Popular normalment focalitzen els orígens de la plataforma neofranquista, exclusivament, en l’experiència de GODSA, Reforma Democràtica i Manuel Fraga, sense emfatitzar la importància dels restants components de la plataforma (6 associacions polítiques d’origen franquista). El present article té com a objectiu analitzar un dels orígenspolítics del principal partit vertebrador de l’actual dreta espanyola (el Partit Popular) com a confluència de projectes i cultures polítiques franquistes de diferent mena. Un procés de convergència que s’iniciaria a partir de 1974-1975 amb la temptativa d’unificació de les diverses forces polítiques del 18 de Juliol al voltant d’una macro-associació del Moviment Nacional

DEBORAH PACI

J. Witteveen

Luis Montilla Amador

Este artículo es una aproximación al estudio de las relaciones bilaterales entre la II República española y Checoslovaquia. La joven nación centroeuropea saludó con entusiasmo la llegada del nuevo régimen español, sensación que se vio confirmada por las primeras actuaciones exteriores republicanas, muy próximas al espíritu con el que Praga afrontaba su política internacional. Esta cercanía de intereses se vio materializada en Ginebra con la formación del Grupo de los Ocho. Los tres responsables de la diplomacia checoslovaca en Madrid durante este periodo (Vlastimil Kybal, Zdeněk Formánek y Robert Flieder) reflejaron en los informes remitidos a Praga los temas más importantes de la política exterior republicana. This research is an approach to the study of the bilateral relations between the Second Spanish Republic and Czechoslovakia. The young Central European nation greeted enthusiastically the arrival of the new Spanish regime. This good feeling was confirmed by the new Spanish way of dealing with the foreign affairs, very close to the spirit in which Prague was facing its international policy. As a result of this common interests was created in Geneva the Group of Eight, which included both countries. The three responsible persons for the Czecoslovakian diplomacy in Madrid during this period (Vlastimil Kybal, Zdeněk Formánek and Robert Flieder) reflected in the reports submitted to Prague the most important issues of the Republican foreign policy.