Hasil untuk "Military Science"

Zongjie Li, Chaozheng Wang, Yuchong Xie et al.

Large Language Models are increasingly being considered for deployment in safety-critical military applications. However, current benchmarks suffer from structural blindspots that systematically overestimate model capabilities in real-world tactical scenarios. Existing frameworks typically ignore strict legal constraints based on International Humanitarian Law (IHL), omit edge computing limitations, lack robustness testing for fog of war, and inadequately evaluate explicit reasoning. To address these vulnerabilities, we present WARBENCH, a comprehensive evaluation framework establishing a foundational tactical baseline alongside four distinct stress testing dimensions. Through a large scale empirical evaluation of nine leading models on 136 high-fidelity historical scenarios, we reveal severe structural flaws. First, baseline tactical reasoning systematically collapses under complex terrain and high force asymmetry. Second, while state of the art closed source models maintain functional compliance, edge-optimized small models expose extreme operational risks with legal violation rates approaching 70 percent. Furthermore, models experience catastrophic performance degradation under 4-bit quantization and systematic information loss. Conversely, explicit reasoning mechanisms serve as highly effective structural safeguards against inadvertent violations. Ultimately, these findings demonstrate that current models remain fundamentally unready for autonomous deployment in high stakes tactical environments.

XU Feng, LI Yongli

Service support brigade is a comprehensive emergency support force integrating maintenance, medical service, transportation and other support elements, in which the support capacity building of "one group of five teams" is a comprehensive embodiment of the efficiency of combining human and equipment, and strengthening "one group of five teams" is the basic support for building war logistics. Therefore, it is of great significance to accurately evaluate the afterloading support capability of the service support brigade for the armed police mobile detachment to carry out various tasks. In this paper, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to establish the evaluation model of the afterloading support ability of the service support brigade and make a systematic analysis, so as to identify the shortcomings and weaknesses of the afterloading support ability and provide scientific guidance for improving the comprehensive emergency support ability of the service support brigade in the next step.

Francesco TRINCHILLO

This conceptual paper aims to investigate the European regulatory framework of topic “protection of critical infrastructures”, starting from the genesis of the terminology up to the examination of the contents of the most recent European legislation. The normative study, initially, focuses on the contents of Directive 2008/114/EC - the first real European legislative reference - received in Italy with Legislative Decree 61 of 2011; the second part, instead, is dedicated to the analysis of the more recent Directive (EU) 2022/2557 which represents the current European regulatory instrument aimed to regulate a theme that has become increasingly central, also in light of the growing number of attacks against Member States. Directive (EU) 2022/2557, in addition to repeal the previous one, is proposed as a much broader and more complete rule capable of providing the elements to regulate a very complex topic. The paper shows how the European Union is making great efforts not only to regulate the matter, but also to clarify its boundaries and transversal aspects.

Weimin Yuan, Lixin Dai, Hua Feng et al.

The Einstein Probe (EP) is an interdisciplinary mission of time-domain and X-ray astronomy. Equipped with a wide-field lobster-eye X-ray focusing imager, EP will discover cosmic X-ray transients and monitor the X-ray variability of known sources in 0.5-4 keV, at a combination of detecting sensitivity and cadence that is not accessible to the previous and current wide-field monitoring missions. EP can perform quick characterisation of transients or outbursts with a Wolter-I X-ray telescope onboard. In this paper, the science objectives of the Einstein Probe mission are presented. EP is expected to enlarge the sample of previously known or predicted but rare types of transients with a wide range of timescales. Among them, fast extragalactic transients will be surveyed systematically in soft X-rays, which include γ-ray bursts and their variants, supernova shock breakouts, and the predicted X-ray transients associated with binary neutron star mergers. EP will detect X-ray tidal disruption events and outbursts from active galactic nuclei, possibly at an early phase of the flares for some. EP will monitor the variability and outbursts of X-rays from white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes in our and neighbouring galaxies at flux levels fainter than those detectable by the current instruments, and is expected to discover new objects. A large sample of stellar X-ray flares will also be detected and characterised. In the era of multi-messenger astronomy, EP has the potential of detecting the possible X-ray counterparts of gravitational wave events, neutrino sources, and ultra-high energy γ-ray and cosmic ray sources. EP is expected to help advance the studies of extreme objects/phenomena and their underlying physical processes revealed in the dynamic X-ray universe, as well as studies in other areas of X-ray astronomy.

Gennadi Malaschonok, Roman Sakh

The article provides a brief description of the MathPartner service. This freely available cloud-based Mathematics is a universal system for symbolic-numeric calculations. Its Mathpar language is a subset of the LaTeX language, but allows you to create mathematical texts that contain "computable" mathematical operators. This opens up completely new opportunities for improving the educational process for all natural science disciplines, for the use of mathematics in scientific and engineering calculations. To save and freely exchange educational and other texts in the Mathpar language, a GitHub repository has been created. It is concluded that cloud mathematics MathPartner is a new breakthrough technology for school and university natural science education, for scientific and engineering applications.

Delin Luo, Zihao Fan, Ziyi Yang et al.

Aiming at the problem of multi-UAV pursuit-evasion confrontation, a UAV cooperative maneuver method based on an improved multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) is proposed. In this method, an improved CommNet network based on a communication mechanism is introduced into a deep reinforcement learning algorithm to solve the multi-agent problem. A layer of gated recurrent unit (GRU) is added to the actor-network structure to remember historical environmental states. Subsequently, another GRU is designed as a communication channel in the CommNet core network layer to refine communication information between UAVs. Finally, the simulation results of the algorithm in two sets of scenarios are given, and the results show that the method has good effectiveness and applicability.

Pavel Fousek, Zdeněk Flasar, Zbyněk Jakubíček

The article deals with the preparation of the Active Reserve of Czech Armed Forces, territorial forces in detail. It compares them to the equivalent of the active reserves of the Polish army, namely the Territorial Defense troops. A comparison of the development and preparation of these forces points to the necessity of solving or updating the system of calling up reserves of the Czech Armed Forces, their training, arming and equipping.

Tomás José Fontalvo-Herrera, María Alejandra Vega-Hernández, Fabio Mejía-Zambrano

El objetivo de esta investigación es proponer clústeres de delitos violentos en Colombia por departamentos junto con una estructura de redes neuronales para su clasificación y pronóstico. Para ello, se parte del análisis del método de clustering, la inteligencia artificial y la definición de delitos violentos. Con un método explicativo cuantitativo, se partió de los datos generados por la Policía Nacional sobre delitos entre 2018 y 2022. Como resultado, se establecieron cuatro clústeres de delitos y factores de violencia que caracterizan grupos de departamentos, lo que permitió identificar regiones con mayor y menor impacto de actos delictivos. Luego se planteó una red neuronal de doble capa que alcanzó una capacidad de clasificación y predicción de 97,7 % para los delitos según su tipo e impacto, lo cual espera servir como herramienta para la prevención de delitos.

Петро ПІСТРЯК, Ігор МАРТИНОВ

Аналіз особливостей завдань під час проведення правоохоронних спеціальних операцій (СО) підрозділами Національної гвардії України (НГУ) з використанням стрілецької зброї свідчить, що шум пострілу має значний вплив на ефективність таких операцій. Шум пострілу може викрити стрільців та спричинити реакцію противника, ускладнюючи завдання особовому складу сил безпеки. Для підвищення ефективності спеціальних операцій використовуються різні методи та засоби. Зокрема можуть застосовуватися спеціальні засоби, такі як пристрої зменшення рівня звуку пострілу (ПЗРЗП) або малошумна (безшумна) зброя. Використання таких засобів дозволяє зменшити шум пострілу та знизити ймовірність виявлення стрільців противником. Проте у плануванні спеціальних операцій не завжди враховуються параметри шуму пострілу та його вплив на ефективність операцій. Однак ефективність спеціальної операції залежить від багатьох факторів, які потрібно враховувати під час планування та виконання завдань. Ці фактори включають мету та методи реалізації операції, припустимий рівень втрат, характеристики середовища, мінімальну допустиму відстань до цілі, час доби, пору року, вид зброї та боєприпасу, наявність обладнання та досвіду учасників операції, а також можливість зовнішнього впливу та наявний час для виконання завдання. Тому для досягнення максимальної ефективності спеціальних операцій підрозділами НГУ з використанням стрілецької зброї необхідно ретельно враховувати вплив шуму пострілу на загальну динаміку операцій. У статті визначені особливості та способи застосування стрілецької зброї під час проведення СО підрозділами НГУ, а також певні вогневі завдання, в яких є необхідність враховувати характеристики шуму пострілу для підвищення ефективності проведення СО загалом. Установлено необхідність в потребі розроблення науково-методичного апарату, який ураховуватиме зазначені фактори та забезпечуватиме адаптацію до розв’язання завдань, пов’язаних з шумом пострілу, зокрема під час прихованого виконання вогневих завдань силами безпеки в СО.

Virgilio Ilari

Reza Roshani, Alireza Bayati, Mohhamad Hadi Hashemzade

With the advancement of technology, the concept of logistics underwent extensive changes. Traditional logistics, no longer met the needs of customers, so it moved towards the integration of functions and processes. As the Navy's area of responsibility expanded, the duration of the naval mission also increased, but there was no change in the way floating units were supported. One of the major problems of traditional logistics is the time it takes to prepare floating units for deployment abroad. . The present study, which has been compiled in a descriptive method and with a mixed approach, has been conducted in order to explain the requirements for the implementation of an integrated procurement system in navy overseas missions. The statistical population includes 145 all logistics experts who have served in the floating unit and have at least a bachelor's degree and 20 years of service. . Interviews, questionnaires and library studies were used as data collection tools. . The results showed that in order to integrate the procurement of floating units, must be removed and principles of integrated logistics must be observed in all its components, which are: Reforming the organizational structure of logistics from a task to process orientation, elimination of duplicate components and activities, convergence of goals by strategic management levels, effective interaction between all components, comprehensive database, understanding the limitations of other components, perfect coordination between the flow of information and materials along the logistics chain, all information available in different parts of the organization have a specific format.

Christian Carnevale

The Italian invasion of Ethiopia was prepared contemplating the use of chemical warfare agents as Mussolini personally took this responsibility. The army and the aviation followed his orders and, after manufacturing appropriate bombs and artillery shells, prepared Eritrea and Somalia to stock yperite and other “gases”, ready to be used at the proper moment. After the invasion, an Ethiopian counterattack led Badoglio to deploy the chemical agents, and simultaneously Graziani did the same on the southern front. Therefore, from the end of 1935 Ethiopia denounced the use of gases to the League of Nations, but faced an unconditional opposition from great powers to the request of an impartial enquiry. This actual apathy for selfish political motives led Great Britain and France to forgive Fascist war crimes and helped the general oblivion of them after the Second world war. Published and unpublished documents from archives all over the globe provide a complete explanation of diplomatic maneuvers during the Italo-Ethiopian war, improving the knowledge on the issue.

Sam Schirvar, Syed Mustafa Ali, Stephanie Dick et al.

This article characterizes early research in the field of ‘human–computer interaction’ (HCI) by analysing the first decade of ‘user psychology’ research at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). PARC's Applied Information-Processing Psychology Project (AIP) provided an initial theoretical foundation for HCI in the early 1980s. Like researchers in artificial intelligence (AI), researchers at AIP drew from information-processing psychology. However, AIP researchers argued that their focus on human behaviour distinguished their research from AI and other fields allied with computer science. Previous scholarship has shown that United States computer engineers became concerned with ‘users’ as they sought to commercialize military-funded developments in interactive computing. This paper argues that the decision made by upper management in computerizing workplaces to shift some text production work from clerical workers to middle managers during the 1970s and 1980s led AIP to perceive ambiguities around gender and technical skill. This shaped the initial theoretical foundations that the research group offered to HCI – especially the group's conception of the ‘user’. Computer designers went from presenting word-processing programs as clerical machines for women workers to presenting them as tools for masculine thinking. AIP's research diverged from industrial engineering and AI in response to this transformation.

A. A. Baranets, G. A. Prigorelov

The article is dedicated to the study on the antidote activity of zinc ascorbate (С6Н8О4Zn) in acute mercury lesions. Biologically active zinc-containing substance – zinc ascorbate – is synthesized. It is determined that in case of acute mercury lesions the survival rates are much higher (from 10 to 67 %) for those experimental animals, which preliminarily have been treated with the therapeutic doses of zinc ascorbate, and their peripheral blood parameters (the percentage of dead leukocytes, the content of toxic granules in leukocytes, sulfhydryl groups in leukocytes and free sulfhydryl groups in blood serum) are close to the physiological norm. These data show that zync salt of ascorbic acid definitely can protect from toxic effects of mercury and can be used as a prophylactic antidote in case of the subsequent acute mercury lesion.

George Boateng, Samuel John, Andrew Glago et al.

Africa has a high student-to-teacher ratio which limits students' access to teachers. Consequently, students struggle to get answers to their questions. In this work, we extended Kwame, our previous AI teaching assistant, adapted it for science education, and deployed it as a web app. Kwame for Science answers questions of students based on the Integrated Science subject of the West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination (WASSCE). Kwame for Science is a Sentence-BERT-based question-answering web app that displays 3 paragraphs as answers along with a confidence score in response to science questions. Additionally, it displays the top 5 related past exam questions and their answers in addition to the 3 paragraphs. Our preliminary evaluation of the Kwame for Science with a 2.5-week real-world deployment showed a top 3 accuracy of 87.5% (n=56) with 190 users across 11 countries. Kwame for Science will enable the delivery of scalable, cost-effective, and quality remote education to millions of people across Africa.

Ola Hall, I. Wahab

Drones are increasingly becoming a ubiquitous feature of society. They are being used for a multiplicity of applications for military, leisure, economic, and academic purposes. Their application in academia, especially as social science research tools, has seen a sharp uptake in the last decade. This has been possible due, largely, to significant developments in computerization and miniaturization, which have culminated in safer, cheaper, lighter, and thus more accessible drones for social scientists. Despite their increasingly widespread use, there has not been an adequate reflection on their use in the spatial social sciences. There is need for a deeper reflection on their application in these fields of study. Should the drone even be considered a tool in the toolbox of the social scientist? In which fields is it most relevant? Should it be taught as a course in the social sciences much in the same way that spatially-oriented software packages have become mainstream in institutions of higher learning? What are the ethical implications of its application in spatial social science? This paper is a brief reflection on these questions. We contend that drones are a neutral tool which can be good and evil. They have actual and potentially wide applicability in academia but can be a tool through which breaches in ethics can be occasioned given their unique abilities to capture data from vantage perspectives. Researchers therefore need to be circumspect in how they deploy this powerful tool which is increasingly becoming mainstream in the social sciences.

Ivan Srba, Gabriele Lenzini, Matus Pikuliak et al.

From a computer science perspective, addressing on-line hate speech is a challenging task that is attracting the attention of both industry (mainly social media platform owners) and academia. In this chapter, we provide an overview of state-of-the-art data-science approaches - how they define hate speech, which tasks they solve to mitigate the phenomenon, and how they address these tasks. We limit our investigation mostly to (semi-)automatic detection of hate speech, which is the task that the majority of existing computer science works focus on. Finally, we summarize the challenges and the open problems in the current data-science research and the future directions in this field. Our aim is to prepare an easily understandable report, capable to promote the multidisciplinary character of hate speech research. Researchers from other domains (e.g., psychology and sociology) can thus take advantage of the knowledge achieved in the computer science domain but also contribute back and help improve how computer science is addressing that urgent and socially relevant issue which is the prevalence of hate speech in social media.

О.А. Тимків

У статті наведено метод встановлення взаємозв’язку між бойовим потенціалом і заданим рівнем бойових можливостей військового формування та кількістю його модернізованих зразків озброєння і військової техніки (ОВТ). Пропонований метод дозволяє досить коректно визначити взаємозв’язок між бойовим потенціалом і заданим рівнем бойових можливостей військового формування та кількістю його модернізованих ОВТ. Розглядуваний метод враховує забезпеченість військ зразками ОВТ, а також особливості бойового застосування видів (родів) наших військ, що відображається також у можливих втратах унаслідок впливу противника, а також через виникнення відмов зразків ОВТ під час бойових дій.

Vinícius Manoel Arruda do NASCIMENTO

Hoje em dia, a maioria das Forças Terrestres estão constantemente buscando desenvolver novas tecnologias que possam aumentar seu poder de combate. Nesse contexto, o Exército Brasileiro vem adotando diversas medidas para aumentar suas capacidades bélicas visando desencorajar qualquer ameaça que por ventura surja. Com o aumento do emprego das Forças Armadas nas missões de Garantia da Lei e da Ordem, seja nos grandes Centros Urbanos, seja na faixa de fronteira, a demanda por novas tecnologias, que possam contribuir para o êxito nessas missões e pela preservação da vida humana, está crescendo, uma vez que a opinião pública afeta diretamente o rumo das ações. Diante dessa problemática, surge a possiblidade do emprego de Aeronaves Remotamente Pilotadas. Este trabalho visa criar um paralelo entre as atuais missões da Cavalaria e a importância dessas aeronaves nas Operações. Conclui-se que devido às características da Cavalaria é de grande valia que essa arma seja dotada desse equipamento, o que certamente auxiliaria no cumprimento de suas atribuições básicas como: Reconhecimento, Vigilância e Segurança.

Тетяна Чопик, Оксана Павлюк, Олександр Антонюк et al.

Ця стаття має на меті висвітлення та подання загальної характеристики інтерактивних технологій, дослідження ефективності його застосування у професійному становленні майбутніх фахівців фізичної культури і спорту під час навчання у ЗВО. Актуальною проблемою є зміна принципів навчання студентів, забезпечення переходу від пасивного сприйняття інформації до творчого здобуття знань. Принцип поєднання традиційних і інтерактивних форм викладання забезпечує можливість поєднання в навчальному процесі кращих рис навчання. Традиційне навчання забезпечує соціальну взаємодію, маючи можливість безпосередньо спілкуватись з викладачем, пропонує знайомі та звичайні для студентів методи навчання; інтерактивне – створює освітній простір, у якому кожен студент може перевірити свою позицію й отримати негайний зворотний зв’язок від викладача відносно правильності відповідей. Основна мета професійного навчання майбутніх фахівців фізичної культури і спорту – створити навчально-методичну програму для вирішення як психологічних, так і педагогічних, як науково-технічних проблем. Отже, засоби інтерактивних технологій визначаються взаємодією викладачів та майбутніх фахівців фізичної культури і спорту, де роль викладача полягає у творчому підході до вибору та застосування інтерактивних форм проведення занять. Навчально-пізнавальна діяльність майбутніх фахівців фізичної культури і спорту передбачає їхню активну позицію в різних способах взаємодії. Результатом такого процесу формування готовності студентів до застосування інтерактивних методів навчання очікується усвідомлене оволодіння методикою організації інтерактивного навчання. Також така робота сприяє формуванню професійної компетентності майбутніх фахівців фізичної культури і спорту, наявності вмінь упровадження інтерактивних методів навчання у практику. Перспективи майбутнього дослідження передбачають створення та розвиток методів використання деяких інтерактивних технологій, які забезпечать розвиток професійної компетентності майбутніх фахівців фізичної культури і спорту під час навчання у ЗВО.