Hasil untuk "Men"

Prashanth Rawla

Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer diagnosis made in men and the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. Prostate cancer may be asymptomatic at the early stage and often has an indolent course that may require only active surveillance. Based on GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates, 1,276,106 new cases of prostate cancer were reported worldwide in 2018, with higher prevalence in the developed countries. Differences in the incidence rates worldwide reflect differences in the use of diagnostic testing. Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates are strongly related to the age with the highest incidence being seen in elderly men (> 65 years of age). African-American men have the highest incidence rates and more aggressive type of prostate cancer compared to White men. There is no evidence yet on how to prevent prostate cancer; however, it is possible to lower the risk by limiting high-fat foods, increasing the intake of vegetables and fruits and performing more exercise. Screening is highly recommended at age 45 for men with familial history and African-American men. Up-to-date statistics on prostate cancer occurrence and outcomes along with a better understanding of the etiology and causative risk factors are essential for the primary prevention of this disease.

N. Ellemers

C. Senaratna, J. Perret, C. Lodge et al.

B. Grant, S. Chou, R. Goldstein et al.

S. Lindau, L. P. Schumm, E. Laumann et al.

Pam Flaskrud, Kari Dietzler, Ingrid Niehans et al.

W. Kannel, D. McGee

E. Benjamin, Daniel Levy, S. Vaziri et al.

Jacob Seidell1

John D.N. Gillespie

Elaine Hatfield

A. Eagly, Blair T. Johnson

S. Cross, Laura Madson

U. Gneezy, M. Niederle, A. Rustichini

Daniel J. Brass

Madison Coots, Robert Bartlett, Julian Nyarko et al.

Algorithmic lending has transformed the consumer credit landscape, with complex machine learning models now commonly used to make or assist underwriting decisions. To comply with fair lending laws, these algorithms typically exclude legally protected characteristics, such as race and gender. Yet algorithmic underwriting can still inadvertently favor certain groups, prompting new questions about how to audit lending algorithms for potentially discriminatory behavior. Building on prior theoretical work, we introduce a profit-based measure of lending discrimination in loan pricing. Applying our approach to approximately 80,000 personal loans from a major U.S. fintech platform, we find that loans made to men and Black borrowers yielded lower profits than loans to other groups, indicating that men and Black applicants benefited from relatively favorable lending decisions. We trace these disparities to miscalibration in the platform's underwriting model, which underestimates credit risk for Black borrowers and overestimates risk for women. We show that one could correct this miscalibration -- and the corresponding lending disparities -- by explicitly including race and gender in underwriting models, illustrating a tension between competing notions of fairness.

Marek Kwiek, Wojciech Roszka

We studied gender differences among Polish top performers (the upper 10% of scientists in terms of research productivity) in international research collaborations in 15 STEMM disciplines and over time. We examined five 6-year periods from 1992 to 2021. We operationalized international research collaboration by using international publication co-authorships in Scopus and used a sample of 152,043 unique Polish authors and their 587,558 articles published in 1992-2021. Our data show that a gender gap in international collaboration by top performers (and among the whole population of scientists) steadily widened: the gap was smallest in the early 1990s and grew over the next 30 years. Among top performers, internationalization intensity in four of the disciplines (AGRI, BIO, ENVI, and MED) was higher for men than for women. To capture the multidimensional nature of international research collaboration, we estimated a fractional logistic regression model with fixed effects that confirmed a persisting moderate but statistically significant international collaboration gender gap among top performers. We found an approximately 11% higher probability of international collaboration by men top performers compared with women top performers. Reflections on bibliometric-driven studies are offered.

Allison Powell, Paramahansa Pramanik

Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a significant global health concern among men, particularly due to the lethality of its more aggressive variants. Despite therapeutic advancements that have enhanced survival for many patients, high grade PCa continues to contribute substantially to cancer related mortality. Emerging evidence points to the MYB proto-oncogene as a critical factor in promoting tumor progression, therapeutic resistance, and disease relapse. Notably, differential expression patterns have been observed, with markedly elevated MYB levels in tumor tissues from Black men relative to their White counterparts potentially offering insight into documented racial disparities in clinical outcomes. This study investigates the association between MYB expression and key oncogenic features, including androgen receptor (AR) signaling, disease progression, and the risk of biochemical recurrence. Employing a multimodal approach that integrates histopathological examination, quantitative digital imaging, and analyses of public transcriptomic datasets, our findings suggest that MYB overexpression is strongly linked to adverse prognosis. These results underscore MYB's potential as a prognostic biomarker and as a candidate for the development of individualized therapeutic strategies.

Jiahao Zhang, Keith Sabin, Le Bao

Key populations at high risk of HIV infection are critical for understanding and monitoring HIV epidemics, but global estimation is hampered by sparse, uneven data. We analyze data from 199 countries for female sex workers (FSW), men who have sex with men (MSM), and people who inject drugs (PWID) over 2011-2021, and introduce a cross-population hierarchical model that borrows strength across countries, years, and populations. The model combines region- and population-specific means with country random effects, temporal dependence, and cross-population correlations in a Gaussian Markov random-field formulation on the log-prevalence scale. In 5-fold cross-validation, the approach outperforms a regional-median baseline and reduced variants (65 percent reduction in cross-validated MSE) with well-calibrated posterior predictive coverage (93 percent). We map the 2021 prevalence and quantify the change between 2011 and 2021 using posterior prevalence ratios to identify countries with substantial increases or decreases. The framework yields globally comparable and uncertainty-quantified country-by-year prevalence estimates, enhancing evidence for resource allocation and targeted interventions for marginalized populations where routine data are limited.

Torkel Bjørnskau, Ingeborg Storesund Hesjevoll, Rikke Ingebrigtsen et al.

This study explores the characteristics of bicycle, e-bike, and e-scooter accidents that are not included in official Norwegian accident statistics, focusing on findings from the ReCyCLIST project in Agder County. Traditional accident reporting systems overlook most incidents involving vulnerable road users (VRUs), particularly single accidents, which represent the majority of such cases. ReCyCLIST introduced a digital self-reporting tool deployed in hospitals and clinics, collecting 671 accident cases between June 2022 and April 2024. The study analyses 487 incidents that occurred in traffic environments, revealing that 73% were single accidents, predominantly caused by infrastructure issues or loss of balance, rather than collisions. The data also highlight demographic differences in accident patterns by age, gender, and vehicle type. Notably, women were more frequently involved in e-scooter accidents, and men were overrepresented in racing bike collisions. Multivariate analysis shows that vehicle type, especially racing bikes, is a strong predictor of collisions. The findings emphasize the critical role of underreported single accidents and provide actionable insights for urban planning and policy development aimed at improving micromobility safety.