Solal Rapaport, Laurent Pautet, Samuel Tardieu
et al.
Version Control Systems (VCS) like Git allow developers to locally rewrite recorded history, e.g., to reorder and suppress commits or specific data in them. These alterations have legitimate use cases, but become problematic when performed on public branches that have downstream users: they break push/pull workflows, challenge the integrity and reproducibility of repositories, and create opportunities for supply chain attackers to sneak into them nefarious changes. We conduct the first large-scale investigation of Git history alterations in public code repositories. We analyze 111 M (millions) repositories archived by Software Heritage, which preserves VCS histories even across alterations. We find history alterations in 1.22 M repositories, for a total of 8.7 M rewritten histories. We categorize changes by where they happen (which repositories, which branches) and what is changed in them (files or commit metadata). Conducting two targeted case studies we show that altered histories recurrently change licenses retroactively, or are used to remove ''secrets'' (e.g., private keys) committed by mistake. As these behaviors correspond to bad practices-in terms of project governance or security management, respectively-that software recipients might want to avoid, we introduce GitHistorian, an automated tool, that developers can use to spot and describe history alterations in public Git repositories.
La crítica de los últimos años ha considerado el Libro del infante don Pedro de Portugal uno de los libros de viajes más interesantes de la literatura castellana medieval. Esto se ha debido sobre todo al descubrimiento de sus estrechas vinculaciones con el contexto histórico en que nació, dentro de un programa literario destinado tanto a enaltecer la vida, los hechos y el recuerdo del infante don Pedro de Portugal (1392-1449), como a rehabilitar su labor política y la honra de sus descendientes. Sin embargo, la crítica académica apenas se ha fijado en la importancia y trascendencia en el libro de las figuras del Preste Juan y del rey Juan II de Castilla, personajes que sustentan la trama junto con el infante portugués y que otorgan al Libro del infante un significado político concreto, en especial el homenaje al rey castellano al ser tratado como monarca predilecto del Preste Juan y la preeminencia del reino de Castilla en la búsqueda de su reino.
XI. yüzyıldan itibaren Türkistan ve İran’dan Anadolu’ya göç etmeye başlayan Türkler, aynı yüzyılın ikinci yarısında bu coğrafyayı kendilerine yurt edinmeye başlamışlardır. Bu göç hareketinin siyasal-yönetimsel ürünü olarak Bizans egemenliğindeki Anadolu’da, Danişmendliler, Saltuklular, Mengücekliler, Artuklular gibi Türk Beylikleri ve Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti kurulmuştur. Bu dönemde Türkler, Bizans’tan devraldıkları kentleri oluştururken üç farklı yol takip etmiştir. Bunlardan ilki kentlerdeki mevcut durumu koruyarak kullanmaktır. İkincisi, Bizans devrinde kullanılan ancak tahrip olan kentlerin yakınlarına veya hemen üzerlerine yeni kentlerin inşa edilmesidir. Üçüncüsü ise Türkler tarafından yeni kentlerin kurulmasıdır. Bu sayede kentlerin mekânsal olarak yeniden teşkilatlanması sağlanmıştır. Bu araştırmanın amacı; Türkistan’da ortaya çıkan Türk kentleşmesinin ve kent kültürünün mekânsal ögelerinin, göç yolları üzerinde bulunan İran’daki yerel unsurlarla harmanlanarak Anadolu’da Bizans’tan devralınan ya da yeniden kurulan kentlerde gözlemlenmesidir. Çalışma kapsamında, Anadolu’da ilk Türk Beylikleri ve Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti devirlerinde teşkilatlanan güvenlik sistemleri, mahalle yapısı, meydan yapısı, saray yapıları ve ulaşım sistemi gibi kenti oluşturan unsurlar değerlendirilmiştir
Diachronic translation in the context of modern translation studies allows you to get acquainted with written monuments of past times, as well as their cultural, historical, and social aspects. The object of the study is diachronic translation as a special type of translation. A separate place among the medieval written sources is occupied by the texts of office work and legal proceedings, which initiated the formation of the official business style of the sphere of law in its modern form. One of these written monuments is an ancient official document in Old French by Philippe de Beaumanoir “Coustumes de Beauvaisis” (French “Coustumes de Beauvaisis”). This medieval legal document is the material of the study. The relentless interest in written monuments as keepers of the cultural heritage of the past times determines the relevance of the topic. The translation of official texts in a historical context makes it possible to identify the features of the functioning of terms and concepts in history and their evolution over time. The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of the diachronic translation of a medieval official document of the 13th century “Coustumes de Beauvaisis” in Old French. At the moment, there is no complete translation of this document into Russian. In this regard, the implementation of the translation of some sections of the document, as well as the identification of the features of diachronic translation, constitute the novelty of the study. In the course of working with the text, the following methods were used: the method of interpretation, translation studies, descriptive and contextual types of analysis which allowed in the process of pre-translation analysis of a text passage to identify the specifics of the use of legal and economic terms, species-temporal verb forms of the past tense, as well as to interpret particular specific situations characteristic of medieval France. As a result, our pre-translation analysis allowed us to choose a translation strategy as lying between imitating archaization and moderate modernization. The interpretation of the linguistic facts of the medieval text contributed to the understanding of the non-linguistic reality of the Old French period and allowed us to recreate the document in the translated language so that it was understandable to our contemporaries.
Machine learning (ML) is the science of credit assignment. It seeks to find patterns in observations that explain and predict the consequences of events and actions. This then helps to improve future performance. Minsky's so-called "fundamental credit assignment problem" (1963) surfaces in all sciences including physics (why is the world the way it is?) and history (which persons/ideas/actions have shaped society and civilisation?). Here I focus on the history of ML itself. Modern artificial intelligence (AI) is dominated by artificial neural networks (NNs) and deep learning, both of which are conceptually closer to the old field of cybernetics than what was traditionally called AI (e.g., expert systems and logic programming). A modern history of AI & ML must emphasize breakthroughs outside the scope of shallow AI text books. In particular, it must cover the mathematical foundations of today's NNs such as the chain rule (1676), the first NNs (circa 1800), the first practical AI (1914), the theory of AI and its limitations (1931-34), and the first working deep learning algorithms (1965-). From the perspective of 2025, I provide a timeline of the most significant events in the history of NNs, ML, deep learning, AI, computer science, and mathematics in general, crediting the individuals who laid the field's foundations. The text contains numerous hyperlinks to relevant overview sites. With a ten-year delay, it supplements my 2015 award-winning deep learning survey which provides hundreds of additional references. Finally, I will put things in a broader historical context, spanning from the Big Bang to when the universe will be many times older than it is now.
Do we really understand how machine classifies art styles? Historically, art is perceived and interpreted by human eyes and there are always controversial discussions over how people identify and understand art. Historians and general public tend to interpret the subject matter of art through the context of history and social factors. Style, however, is different from subject matter. Given the fact that Style does not correspond to the existence of certain objects in the painting and is mainly related to the form and can be correlated with features at different levels.(Ahmed Elgammal et al. 2018), which makes the identification and classification of the characteristics artwork's style and the "transition" - how it flows and evolves - remains as a challenge for both human and machine. In this work, a series of state-of-art neural networks and manifold learning algorithms are explored to unveil this intriguing topic: How does machine capture and interpret the flow of Art History?
Reseña a: Suárez, María Pilar y Trujillo, José Ramón (coords.) (2022), La búsqueda en el universo artúrico. De Francia a la península ibérica. San Millán de la Cogolla: Cilengua (Biblioteca de Bretaña, 2). 322 pp. ISBN: 978-84-18088-12-4
The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the formation of the sacred topography of Pskov in the 15th century. The sacralization of the living environment of medieval society is inevitable. The sacred environment forms a special space in it. This space will be peculiar only to this society. And the cultural memory of the city is able to form both its positive sacramental topography and serve as a source for the creation of a-sacred space. At the same time, it should be clarified that the understanding of “a-sacred” is not in the plane of the unholy or profane, base, but rather as the opposite of the sacred, revered. The most important task in the study of sacred space is to restore the connection between the urban environment and the ideological programs of the past, with the intentional and unintentional influence of the ideas of ordinary citizens and city rulers on the process of its change. Moreover, such a study primarily relates to the field of the history of consciousness, the history of intentions to modify the environment, and partly to the history of knowledge about it and its reflection in the minds of contemporaries. Let's turn to the Pskov land. In its unique sacral topography, there is, perhaps, the only one in the entire Christian world, a monastery named after the secular name of its founder – the Eliazar Monastery. The amazing fact of the anomaly of the Pskov city sacred space was able to be preserved unchanged for five hundred years only by the cultural memory of the city. And in order to understand how such an anomaly of the Pskov sacred space was formed, and besides, it was able to survive, it is necessary to turn to the history of the development of the local church structure in its relations with the social institutions of Pskov, as well as biographies of the ascetic St. Euphrosynus himself.
Anthropology, Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
Shizhe Chen, Pierre-Louis Guhur, Cordelia Schmid
et al.
Vision-and-language navigation (VLN) aims to build autonomous visual agents that follow instructions and navigate in real scenes. To remember previously visited locations and actions taken, most approaches to VLN implement memory using recurrent states. Instead, we introduce a History Aware Multimodal Transformer (HAMT) to incorporate a long-horizon history into multimodal decision making. HAMT efficiently encodes all the past panoramic observations via a hierarchical vision transformer (ViT), which first encodes individual images with ViT, then models spatial relation between images in a panoramic observation and finally takes into account temporal relation between panoramas in the history. It, then, jointly combines text, history and current observation to predict the next action. We first train HAMT end-to-end using several proxy tasks including single step action prediction and spatial relation prediction, and then use reinforcement learning to further improve the navigation policy. HAMT achieves new state of the art on a broad range of VLN tasks, including VLN with fine-grained instructions (R2R, RxR), high-level instructions (R2R-Last, REVERIE), dialogs (CVDN) as well as long-horizon VLN (R4R, R2R-Back). We demonstrate HAMT to be particularly effective for navigation tasks with longer trajectories.
Users' detailed browsing activity - such as what sites they are spending time on and for how long, and what tabs they have open and which one is focused at any given time - is useful for a number of research and practical applications. Gathering such data, however, requires that users install and use a monitoring tool over long periods of time. In contrast, browser extensions can gain instantaneous access months of browser history data. However, the browser history is incomplete: it records only navigation events, missing important information such as time spent or tab focused. In this work, we aim to reconstruct time spent on sites with only users' browsing histories. We gathered three months of browsing history and two weeks of ground-truth detailed browsing activity from 185 participants. We developed a machine learning algorithm that predicts whether the browser window is focused and active at one second-level granularity with an F1-score of 0.84. During periods when the browser is active, the algorithm can predict which the domain the user was looking at with 76.2% accuracy. We can use these results to reconstruct the total time spent online for each user with an R^2 value of 0.96, and the total time each user spent on each domain with an R^2 value of 0.92.
Alfredo Garbuno-Inigo, F. Alejandro DiazDelaO, Konstantin M. Zuev
The scientific understanding of real-world processes has dramatically improved over the years through computer simulations. Such simulators represent complex mathematical models that are implemented as computer codes which are often expensive. The validity of using a particular simulator to draw accurate conclusions relies on the assumption that the computer code is correctly calibrated. This calibration procedure is often pursued under extensive experimentation and comparison with data from a real-world process. The problem is that the data collection may be so expensive that only a handful of experiments are feasible. History matching is a calibration technique that, given a simulator, it iteratively discards regions of the input space using an implausibility measure. When the simulator is computationally expensive, an emulator is used to explore the input space. In this paper, a Gaussian process provides a complete probabilistic output that is incorporated into the implausibility measure. The identification of regions of interest is accomplished with recently developed annealing sampling techniques. Active learning functions are incorporated into the history matching procedure to refocus on the input space and improve the emulator. The efficiency of the proposed framework is tested in well-known examples from the history matching literature, as well as in a proposed testbed of functions of higher dimensions.
Radio frequency (RF) superconductivity has become a key technology for many modern particle accelerators. One of its most salient features of this technology is the ability of superconducting RF cavities to deliver high accelerating gradients in continuous-wave and long-pulse modes of operation. However, reaching the current state of the technology was not an easy fit. Over many years scientists and engineers had to overcome several serous performance limitations. In this paper, I attempt to the best of my knowledge to trace the history of accelerating gradients evolution in the field of superconducting radio frequency. I will restrict the scope to primary innovations along with some of the ensuing developments in developing cavities made of bulk niobium. But I will not cover all the many applications and findings over the subsequent decades of progress that were based on the primary discoveries and inventions. I will also not cover a number of other important topics in the history of cavity developments, such as the drive for higher Q values, or the push for lower cavity costs via Nb/Cu cavities or large grain Nb cavities.
Branislav Kveton, Csaba Szepesvari, Mohammad Ghavamzadeh
et al.
We propose a new online algorithm for cumulative regret minimization in a stochastic linear bandit. The algorithm pulls the arm with the highest estimated reward in a linear model trained on its perturbed history. Therefore, we call it perturbed-history exploration in a linear bandit (LinPHE). The perturbed history is a mixture of observed rewards and randomly generated i.i.d. pseudo-rewards. We derive a $\tilde{O}(d \sqrt{n})$ gap-free bound on the $n$-round regret of LinPHE, where $d$ is the number of features. The key steps in our analysis are new concentration and anti-concentration bounds on the weighted sum of Bernoulli random variables. To show the generality of our design, we generalize LinPHE to a logistic model. We evaluate our algorithms empirically and show that they are practical.
Conversational machine comprehension requires the understanding of the conversation history, such as previous question/answer pairs, the document context, and the current question. To enable traditional, single-turn models to encode the history comprehensively, we introduce Flow, a mechanism that can incorporate intermediate representations generated during the process of answering previous questions, through an alternating parallel processing structure. Compared to approaches that concatenate previous questions/answers as input, Flow integrates the latent semantics of the conversation history more deeply. Our model, FlowQA, shows superior performance on two recently proposed conversational challenges (+7.2% F1 on CoQA and +4.0% on QuAC). The effectiveness of Flow also shows in other tasks. By reducing sequential instruction understanding to conversational machine comprehension, FlowQA outperforms the best models on all three domains in SCONE, with +1.8% to +4.4% improvement in accuracy.
Ghazaleh Beigi, Ruocheng Guo, Alexander Nou
et al.
The overturning of the Internet Privacy Rules by the Federal Communications Commissions (FCC) in late March 2017 allows Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to collect, share and sell their customers' Web browsing data without their consent. With third-party trackers embedded on Web pages, this new rule has put user privacy under more risk. The need arises for users on their own to protect their Web browsing history from any potential adversaries. Although some available solutions such as Tor, VPN, and HTTPS can help users conceal their online activities, their use can also significantly hamper personalized online services, i.e., degraded utility. In this paper, we design an effective Web browsing history anonymization scheme, PBooster, aiming to protect users' privacy while retaining the utility of their Web browsing history. The proposed model pollutes users' Web browsing history by automatically inferring how many and what links should be added to the history while addressing the utility-privacy trade-off challenge. We conduct experiments to validate the quality of the manipulated Web browsing history and examine the robustness of the proposed approach for user privacy protection.
The author discussed the philosophy of history of Nikolai Berdyaev on the basis of appropriate literature. His understanding of the meaning of history and the new Middle Age is based on philosophy of freedom. History without freedom is void of any meaning. A man realizes his freedom only in the community with the Holy Trinity. The arrival of Christ was the victory of freedom over the kingdom of necessity of a sinful nature. The pagan concept of destiny was expelled from the vocabulary of a free man. In the history of mankind, as a common spiritual basis of the Renaissance and Reformation, Berdyaev sees humanism. In the analysis of the internal nature of humanism, Berdyaev recognizes the man's rebellion against God. He follows the unity of man and god through the Renaissance, whose end extends beyond its temporal boundaries in futurism and cubism of the twentieth century. The philosopher of freedom points out that humanism, paradoxically, turned completely against mankind. In order to illustrate this idea, in the history of art, science, and philosophy, he finds examples of the disappearance of man. Berdyaev compared the spiritual state of mankind of the ninety twenties to the epoch of the Roman emperor Diocletian, when the mass exile of the Christians began. According to many signs, European society should enter a new historical era similar to the 7th, 8th, and 9th centuries, in the pre-Medieval period. The author believes that the feudalization of Europe, with the weakening of the role of the state and transnational companies in political life, is only formal, insufficient that it can be concluded that we are getting closer to the new Middle Age, because a man through his wanting to be the measure of all things, has diminished himself as a thing.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities
Existing neural machine translation (NMT) models generally translate sentences in isolation, missing the opportunity to take advantage of document-level information. In this work, we propose to augment NMT models with a very light-weight cache-like memory network, which stores recent hidden representations as translation history. The probability distribution over generated words is updated online depending on the translation history retrieved from the memory, endowing NMT models with the capability to dynamically adapt over time. Experiments on multiple domains with different topics and styles show the effectiveness of the proposed approach with negligible impact on the computational cost.
Recent work on the history of General Relativity by Renn, Sauer, Janssen et al. shows that Einstein found his field equations partly by a physical strategy including the Newtonian limit, the electromagnetic analogy, and energy conservation. Such themes are similar to those later used by particle physicists. How do Einstein's physical strategy and the particle physics derivations compare? What energy-momentum complex(es) did he use and why? Did Einstein tie conservation to symmetries, and if so, to which? Einstein used an identity from his assumed linear coordinate covariance x'= Mx to relate it to the canonical tensor. Usually he avoided using matter Euler-Lagrange equations and so was not well positioned to use or reinvent the Herglotz-Mie-Born understanding that the canonical tensor was conserved due to translation symmetries, a result with roots in Lagrange, Hamilton and Jacobi. Whereas Mie and Born were concerned about the canonical tensor's asymmetry, Einstein did not need to worry because his Entwurf Lagrangian is modeled not so much on Maxwell's theory as on a scalar theory. As a result, it also has 3 ghosts, failing a 1920s-30s a priori particle physics stability test with antecedents in Lagrange's and Dirichlet's stability work. This critique of the Entwurf theory can be compared with Einstein's 1915 critique of his Entwurf theory for not admitting rotating coordinates and not getting Mercury's perihelion right. Particle physics also can be useful in the historiography of gravity and space-time. This topic can be a useful case study in the history of science on recently reconsidered questions of presentism, whiggism and the like.