Hasil untuk "Lexicography"

Pär Eliasson

This article provides an overview of missionary dictionaries of Konkani and Marathi compiled in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. To give an idea of the linguistic landscape in which the dictionaries were compiled, the article begins by sketching the language situation in early modern western India, mainly from the viewpoint of early modern European lexicographers and grammarians in India. The second part of the article provides an overview of extant and nonextant dictionary manuscripts and their editions.

L. V. Kiryukhina

There are no completely grammatical studies in Chinese scholarly tradition prior to 1898. Mainly commentary orientation of linguistic works and the general tendency towards the lexicographic form of presentation of philological researches determined function words’ dictionaries to be the leading way of describing linguistic phenomena in the field of grammar. Turning to treatises of this kind contributes to the study of linguistic traditions’ generation and grammatical researches’ formation in China. Special attention is paid to the description of grammatical meanings’ development from lexical one’s and to method of exegesis based on such description, used in《助字辨略》 «Zhu Zi Bian Lüe» (1711) by 刘淇 LiuQi. The structure of the dictionary entries of this work was analyzed, as well as the interpretations in which LiuQi refers to the significant meanings of the described units. Examples of dictionary entries are given, or excerpts from them, provided with translations into Russian. The analysis of the material showed that dictionary entries can vary significantly in length, their internal structure is also not the same, however, in general, it includes an explanation of the meaning of the described unit (from authoritative sources such as 《尔雅》 «Erya», 《广韵》 «Guangyun» and/or a comment made by the author of «Zhu Zi Bian Lüe») and illustrative material from classical works (such as 《论语》 «Lun yu», 《大学》 «Da xue», 《中庸》 «Zhong yong», 《孟子》 «Mencius», 《诗经》 «Shi jing», 《汉书》 «Han shu», etc.). In a number of dictionary entries, LiuQi demonstrates the mechanism of grammatical meanings’ development from the significant one, emphasizing that the grammatical meaning is determined by the significant meaning and is closely connected with it.

Josip Jagodar

Leonardo Lai, Lorenzo Fiaschi, M. Cococcioni et al.

This work aims at reviewing the state of the art of the field of lexicographic multi/many-objective optimization. The discussion starts with a review of the literature, emphasizing the numerous application in the real life and the recent burst received by the advent of new computational frameworks which work well in such contexts, e.g., Grossone Methodology. Then the focus shifts on a new class of problems proposed and studied for the first time only recently: the priority-levels mixed-pareto-lexicographic multi-objective-problems (PL-MPL-MOPs). This class of programs preserves the original preference ordering of pure many-objective lexicographic optimization, but instantiates it over multi-objective problems rather than scalar ones. Interestingly, PL-MPL-MOPs seem to be very well qualified for modeling real world tasks, such as the design of either secure or fast vehicles. The work also describes the implementation of an evolutionary algorithm able to solve PL-MPL-MOPs, and reports its performance when compared against other popular optimizers.

A. Zanardi, Enrico Mion, M. Bruschetta et al.

We describe Urban Driving Games (UDGs) as a particular class of differential games that model the interactions and incentives of the urban driving task. The drivers possess a “communal” interest, such as not colliding with each other, but are also self-interested in fulfilling traffic rules and personal objectives. Subject to their physical dynamics, the preference of the agents is expressed via a lexicographic relation that puts as first priority the shared objective of not colliding. Under mild assumptions, we show that communal UDGs have the structure of a lexicographic ordinal potential game which allows us to prove several interesting properties. Namely, socially efficient equilibria can be found by solving a single (lexicographic) optimal control problem and iterated best response schemes have desirable convergence guarantees.

Ivanov Andrey Vladimirovich, Ivanova Rimma Anvarovna

The article deals with the concept of “happiness”, represented and interpreted through lexicography. The objective of the study is to try to compare the perspectives of researchers on the origin of the word Glück, trace the development of its semantics from one generalized meaning to a set of meanings reflecting the evolution of human ideas about happiness, and identify ways of representing these ideas by lexicographic means. The authors use the methods of historical linguistic, comparative-contrastive, etymological, definitional and semantic analysis. The object of the study is German dictionaries and lexicons published from 1513 to 1888. It has been established that the concept of “happiness”, represented in the German vocabulary by the lexeme Glück, has transformed over four centuries along with the growth of people’s material and spiritual needs against the background of the gradual humanization of public life. This has led to the complication of the semantic structure of the lexeme Glück which objectifies this concept. The representation of the Glück lexeme in dictionaries dating back to the early 16th – mid-18th centuries is laconic, due to the type of dictionaries (nomenclatures, translation dictionaries) that did not feature detailed comments on the repertoire of meanings that the desired lexeme possessed. The main elements of the semantic structure of the lexeme are ‘(temporary) prosperity’, ‘bliss’, ‘luck’, ‘destiny (fate)’. The analysis of the interpretation of happiness in the mid-18th century – late 19th century allows one to make a conclusion about the complication of the semantic structure of the lexeme Glück due to a philosophical reinterpretation of this concept and its integrated conveyance by appropriate lexicographic means. The etymology of the word Glück remains unclear. It is assumed that the word appeared in the 13th century and retained a neutral meaning until the end of the Middle High German period when the positive connotation began to prevail in the semantics of the word.

Hadi Hosseini, Sujoy Sikdar, Rohit Vaish et al.

Envy-freeness up to any good (EFX) provides a strong and intuitive guarantee of fairness in the allocation of indivisible goods. But whether such allocations always exist or whether they can be efficiently computed remains an important open question. We study the existence and computation of EFX in conjunction with various other economic properties under lexicographic preferences--a well-studied preference restriction model in artificial intelligence and economics. In sharp contrast to the known results for additive valuations, we not only prove the existence of EFX and Pareto optimal allocations, but in fact provide an algorithmic characterization of these two properties. We also characterize the mechanisms that are, in addition, strategyproof, non-bossy, and neutral. When the efficiency notion is strengthened to rank-maximality, we obtain non-existence and computational hardness results, and show that tractability can be restored when EFX is relaxed to another well-studied fairness notion called maximin share guarantee (MMS).

Leonardo Lai, Lorenzo Fiaschi, M. Cococcioni

Abstract This paper introduces a new class of optimization problems, called Mixed Pareto-Lexicographic Multi-objective Optimization Problems (MPL-MOPs), to provide a suitable model for scenarios where some objectives have priority over some others. Specifically, this work focuses on a relevant subclass of MPL-MOPs, namely problems involving Pareto optimization of two or more priority chains. A priority chain (PC) is a sequence of objectives lexicographically ordered by importance. After examining the main features of those problems, named PC-MPL-MOPs, we propose an innovative approach to deal with them, built upon the Grossone Methodology, a recent theory which enables handling the priority in an elegant and powerful way. The most interesting aspect of this technique is the possibility to seamlessly embed it in any existing evolutionary algorithm, without altering its logical structure. In order to provide concrete examples, we implemented it on top of the well-known NSGA-II and MOEA/D algorithms, calling these new generalized versions PC-NSGA-II and PC-MOEA/D, respectively. In the second part of this article, we test the strength of our strategy in solving multi- and even many-objective problems with priority chains, comparing it against the results achieved by standard priority-based and non-priority-based approaches. Experiments show that our algorithms are generally able to produce more solutions and of higher quality.

F. Feng, Meiqi Liang, H. Fujita et al.

Intuitionistic fuzzy multiple attribute decision making deals with the issue of ranking alternatives based on the decision information quantified in terms of intuitionistic fuzzy values. Lexicographic orders can serve as efficient and indispensable tools for comparing intuitionistic fuzzy values. This paper introduces a number of lexicographic orders by means of several measures such as the membership, non-membership, score, accuracy and expectation score functions. Some equivalent characterizations and illustrative examples are provided, from which the relationships among these lexicographic orders are ascertained. We also propose three different compatible properties of preorders with respect to the algebraic sum and scalar product operations of intuitionistic fuzzy values, and apply them to the investigation of compatible properties of various lexicographic orders. In addition, a benchmark problem regarding risk investment is further explored to give a comparative analysis of different lexicographic orders and highlight the practical value of the obtained results for solving real-world decision-making problems.

Ibrahim Kucukkoc, Kadir Büyüközkan, S. I. Satoglu et al.

Zlata Živaković-Kerže

Velikim zalaganjem Andrije Štampara 1920-ih i 1930-ih došlo je do reorganizacije i unaprjeđivanja zdravstvene službe. Pri tome je golemo značenje imala njegova zamisao o potrebi osnivanja i otvaranja domova zdravlja diljem Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, tj. potonje Kraljevine Jugoslavije. Otvaranjem Doma narodnoga zdravlja u Osijeku s brojnim službama, napose dispanzerskom i protuepidemijskom, osigurana je u gradu na Dravi bolja zdravstvena zaštita stanovništva. Rad Doma narodnoga zdravlja odvijao se potpuno u skladu s tadašnjim programom socijalne medicine koju je zastupao Štampar, koji je do 1930. u nekoliko navrata boravio u Osijeku. U sastavu novootvorenoga Doma narodnoga zdravlja djelovale su gradska i školska poliklinika, sanitarna inspekcija, anti-TBC i kožno‑venerični dispanzer, antitrahomska i antirabična stanica, dječji dispanzer, zubni odjel i Higijenski zavod, dok su pokusne životinje, potrebne za rad zavodskoga bakteriološkog laboratorija, držane – do izgradnje posebne dvorišne zgrade (1958/59) – u dvorišnoj zgradi koja se nalazila uz zgradu u kojoj je danas Odjel neurologije, dakle u sklopu osječke Opće bolnice.

Marina Krpan Smiljanec

The goal of this paper is to, in way of interpreting the spirit of the place and using an interdisciplinary approach, present the history of one branch of the Galjuf family, which was seated at Vižovlje Manor in the west part of the Krapina-Zagorje County, several kilometers northwest of Veliko Trgovišće. In this sense, the paper is focused on the biographical data of those family members who were the owners of the manor. The social-architectural status of the manor in view of the terms dvorac and kurija is also discussed, since Croatian professional and scholarly literature has yet to precisely distinguish the meanings of these terms. The basic architectural elements of the manor are described, as are the changes during the observed period, with reference to the current scholarly knowledge about their appearance based on available historical sources. A significant source on social life in the manor and the changes that followed the social-economic developments of that time is the »Spomen-knjiga posjetilaca dvorca u Vižovlju« (Commemorative Visitor Book of Vižovje Manor), one of the rare preserved commemorative books from a Zagorje manor. It is also a paradigmatic portrayal of the life of Zagorje’s minor nobility in the late 18th and the 19th century.

Екатерина Юрьевна Ваулина

Толковые словари традиционно служат эмпирической базой теоретических исследований литературного языка, семантической структуры и грамматических характеристик его лексических единиц, словообразовательных моделей, стилистической стратификации и т. д. Язык же науки, особенно его терминологическое ядро, обычно трактовался как периферический слой описания в таких словарях. В статье обосновывается использование материалов «Словаря русского языка XXI века», в настоящее время составляемого в Лаборатории компьютерной лексикографии, в качестве основы теоретического описания современного языка науки. Рассматриваемый словарь относится к словарям полного типа и направлен на синхроническое описание лексической системы, в формировании которой процесс интеллектуализации имеет большое значение. В его словник входят не только отдельные слова, но и устойчивые сочетания слов, образующие важную часть языка науки. Принятые при работе над словарем принципы предполагают составление статей не по алфавитному признаку, а на основе выделения лексико-семантических групп, что позволяет показать в толковом словаре системность единиц как внутри терминологии той или иной области знания, так и в современной лексической системе русского языка в общем. Информация из терминологических словарей, опирающихся на достижения современного терминоведения, активно используется при составлении словарных статей, толкования которых во многом специализируются. Принятая в словаре система тематических помет позволяет отнести рассматриваемое значение к той или иной области знания или показать его использование в нескольких областях; для выделения еще одного важного пласта лексики языка науки используется особая помета при единицах общенаучного характера. В итоге мы получаем обширный список единиц языка науки, состоящий из слов различных частей речи и устойчивых сочетаний, маркированных показывающими их отнесение к определенной области знания или общенаучный характер пометами, снабженных уточненными толкованиями и иллюстративными примерами из современных текстов.

Alexander S. Mamontov, Enhtuya Tzedendorjiin, Vera V. Boguslavskaya

The purpose of this work is to research significance of experimental procedures usage, in particular so called “psychosemantic” approach in process of nationally addressed educational dictionaries for foreign students, studying language as cross-cultural communication means creation, including a dictionary of values for foreigners. In concrete case we are speaking about the Mongolian students, studying Russian and, accordingly, Russian culture. The investigation is based on principles of comparative Russian-Mongolian cultural values description, received by experimental way. Necessary to underline that in comparative description of the values content it is expediently to proceed from, that content of any linguistic unit is formed by contextual meaning of this unit. Every unit functions in some contexts, therefore in description of any lingual unit usage it is expediently to take into consideration maximum number of context types. In our opinion, it is possible to speak about existence of so-called “Mongolian’s and Russian’s values”. The last plays a considerable role in nationally addressed lexicography (NAL).

Cioffi, Carmela

This paper will discuss and describe the lexicographic work in the year 2020. Through the analysis of three verbs we will give a detailed and precise view of the questions, doubts and the method that is adopted in the construction of an entry in the ThlL.

A. Frankenberg-Garcia, R. Lew, Jonathan C. Roberts et al.

Abstract Corpora have given rise to a wide range of lexicographic resources aimed at helping novice users of academic English with their writing. This includes academic vocabulary lists, a variety of textbooks, and even a bespoke academic English dictionary. However, writers may not be familiar with these resources or may not be sufficiently aware of the lexical shortcomings of their emerging texts to trigger the need to use such help in the first place. Moreover, writers who have to stop writing to look up a word can be distracted from getting their ideas down on paper. The ColloCaid project (www.collocaid.uk) aims to address these problems by integrating information on collocation with text editors. In this paper, we share the research underpinning the initial development of ColloCaid by detailing the rationale of (1) the lexicographic database we are compiling to support the collocation needs of novice users of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and (2) the preliminary visualisation decisions taken to present information on collocation to EAP users without disrupting their writing. We conclude the paper by outlining the next steps in the research.

S. Benferhat, C. Cayrol, D. Dubois et al.

Юлия Владимировна Меньшикова, Сергей Александрович Крылов

Апостериорный подход к орфоэпии предполагает, что произносительная норма выводится из образцового узуса полного произносительного типа. Такой узус основан на орфоэпическом корпусе русской устной речи, который должен включать аудиозаписи речи профессиональных дикторов и чтецов (в том числе новостную информацию, комментарии, аудиоспектакли мастеров художественного чтения, материалы лингафонных курсов русского языка, устные, заранее записанные, объявления в транспорте и других общественных местах).

Kornelija Krpačić

Miaowen Wen, Yuekai Zhang, Jun Li et al.