Стаття присвячена системному аналізу забезпечення доступу до правосуддя у справах про порушення митних правил в контексті трансформації митного законодавства та активного впровадження цифрових технологій у митну справу. Обґрунтовується , що право на доступ до правосуддя, гарантоване статтею 55 Конституції України, набуває особливої актуальності в умовах високої правової нормотворчої динаміки та складної юридичної природи митних правовідносин. Визначено , що доступ до правосуддя не завжди є реальним. Оскільки, учасники зовнішньоекономічної діяльності часто стикаються з інформаційною нерівністю, фінансовими бар’єрами, короткими строками оскарження та необхідністю залучення спеціалізованих фахівців.
Проаналізовано суттєві законодавчі зміни 2023–2025 років щодо санкцій за порушення митних правил, їх відповідності принципу пропорційності та індивідуалізації відповідальності. Звернено увагу на правові позиції Конституційного Суду України, які стали каталізатором перегляду санкційної політики, та підкреслено важливість переходу від каральної до збалансованої моделі адміністративної відповідальності. Наголошено, що обмежений доступ до касаційного перегляду та фрагментарність судової практики створюють ризики нерівного застосування митного законодавства судами різних інстанцій.
Окреме місце займає аналіз викликів, пов’язаних із використанням цифрових доказів у митних спорах. Доведено, що сучасні сканувальні комплекси, автоматизовані системи аналізу ризиків і технології штучного інтелекту змінюють традиційні стандарти доведення, водночас породжуючи проблему доступу сторони до технічної інформації, алгоритмів та цифрових журналів подій. Визначено, що без нормативного закріплення процедур збирання й оцінки таких доказів існує небезпека формального, некритичного визнання їх достовірними.
У статті обґрунтовано необхідність перегляду механізмів тимчасового вилучення й зберігання товарів, що нерідко завдають непоправної шкоди правам особи ще до вирішення справи судом. Визначено , що розвиток електронного судочинства та інтеграція цифрових сервісів митних та судових органів здатні істотно підвищити доступність правосуддя. Зроблено висновок, що подальше реформування митного законодавства має здійснюватися з урахуванням європейських стандартів, принципу верховенства права та необхідності забезпечення реального, а не декларативного доступу до правосуддя для всіх учасників митних правовідносин.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Este artigo analisará a audiência de custódia a partir do procedimento de medidas cautelares da Cadeia Publica Jorge Santana em tramite hoje na Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos. Para tal o artigo será dividido em quatro partes: inicialmente se analisara a posição do Sistema de Proteção a respeito de pessoas portadoras de deficiência motora ou sensorial privadas de liberdade em prisão provisória. Em um segundo momento se observara as recomendações e resoluções destes órgãos sobre audiência de custódia especificamente voltadas para o Brasil. Em um terceiro momento investigar-se-á a compatibilidade da normativa interna sobre audiências de custodia e os padrões estabelecidos. Por fim, será analisado o papel que a audiência de custódia teve dentro da medida em análise. Para realização deste estudo será feito um levantamento das posições dos órgãos nos seus compêndios de jurisprudência e em bibliografias que analisem estes padrões explicitados quanto a audiência de custódia e pessoas com deficiência permanente ou temporária. Em um terceiro momento, principalmente a partir da etnografia documental, será feita uma análise das peças que instruíram a cautelar especificamente no ponto sobre as audiências de custódia. A pesquisa pode observar como o litígio foi importante como ferramenta para influir nas alterações procedimentais no que se refere as pessoas com deficiência na porta de entrada, mas não para efetivamente realizar um filtro que coloque o direito a saúde e integridade física ao centro da decisão sobre concessão de liberdade ou não, comprovando o papel central do judiciário na manutenção da violação contra estes grupos.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Arsa payı karşılığı inşaat sözleşmelerinin birçok görünümü mevcuttur. Arsa paylarının henüz başlangıçta yükleniciye devredilmesini öngören sözleşmelerde arsa sahibi yönünden bir teminat ihtiyacı belirir. Bu teminat ihtiyacını karşılamak amacı ile arsa sahibi lehine ipotek kurulması söz konusu olabilir. Çalışmamızda arsa payı karşılığı inşaat sözleşmesinde arsa sahibi lehine kurulan ve uygulamada inşaat teminat ipoteği olarak adlandırılan bu ipoteğin hukuki niteliği irdelenmektedir. Bu amaçla öncelikle asıl borç ilişkisi olan ve alacağı doğuran arsa payı karşılığı inşaat sözleşmeleri ele alınmaktadır. İpoteğin hukuki niteliği belirlenirken arsa sahibinin bu sözleşmeden doğan ve teminat altına almayı amaçladığı alacağından yola çıkılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda yüklenicinin inşaat yapma şeklinde tezahür eden yapma borcuna karşılık belirsiz bir alacağı teminat altına alması nedeni ile üst sınır ipoteği kurulmaktadır. Ancak alacağın miktarının belirli olduğu hallerde anapara ipoteğinin kurulmasının önünde engel yoktur. İpoteğin hukuki niteliğine bağlı olarak değişen sonuçlar ayrıca ele alınmaktadır.
It is indicated that humanism is based on natural human qualities that create and support it. The main one is humanity, or humanity, which includes compassion, care and attention to other people, the desire to preserve and improve the habitat, as well as respect and good attitude to all living things. Humanism covers not only ideas, but also rules of life, forming a worldview that offers individuals certain norms of behavior. It is noted that the reform of the criminal law and the penitentiary system, taking into account the humanization of such legal institutions as the execution and serving of punishments, made it possible to bring domestic legislation closer to international standards in this area. The need to humanize the serving of punishment as a condition for ensuring the legal status of convicts is due to several factors: increased attention to the legal status of the individual, since a person, his rights and freedoms are the highest value; the need to include the convict in the system of socially beneficial public relations; humanization of the activity of the criminal enforcement system, which involves respect for the rights, freedoms and dignity of the person, the openness of the system, as well as constructive cooperation with various social, human rights, religious and other organizations. As a result, the author claims, the process of humanizing the criminal-executive system as a whole in the conditions of its reformation is long and multi-staged. The positive outcome of this process is significantly influenced by changes in the economic, social, legal and other spheres, as well as criminal and criminal enforcement policies carried out by the state. Thus, in order to form in convicts the skills of a law-abiding lifestyle, the penitentiary system should be a model for them in the field of observing human rights and basic freedoms. Humanization has nothing to do with impunity and permissiveness. Humane treatment of the convict should be considered as an opportunity that gives a chance to return to society as a law-abiding citizen. This, in particular, includes the possibility in the process of corrective influence to restore lost socially useful connections.
In this work, a day and night time vehicle detection system for traffic surveillance is proposed. Our system is composed of two main processes, day time and night time processes. In the night time, the vehicles are detected based on their taillights and headlights. First of all, the 2D-DWT (Two Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform) and the background subtraction are applied to the input image. Then, the connected component technique is used to extract the region of interest. If it is the daytime, the connected component candidates are taken as potential vehicles after applying a pre-processing algorithm to improve the result. If it is the night-time, a filtering operation is used to keep only the bright white and red connected component candidates (which represent potential headlights and taillights, respectively). Finally, potential lamp sets are formed by grouping the extracted components on the basis of their positions, sizes, and colours. The potential extracted vehicles are classified as a vehicle or non-vehicle by using a pre-trained CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) classifier. The proposed system was tested and evaluated using different works from the literature. The experiments show that our proposed system has reached a high accuracy in terms of vehicle detection process whether in day or night time. The experiments were performed using four different videos and were implemented using the C++ language, which facilitates mathematical computation, and its OpenCV library, which is used to run the image processing algorithms used, as well as the TensorFlow library, which facilitates transfer learning of pre-trained CNN models.
Fixed lexical or syntactical expressions and formulae hallmark legal language. They serve both linguistic and legal purposes, and should be rendered accordingly in a target language and legal system. Most of the times, however, formulaic expressions are translated by resorting to calques, false cognates, or phrases that are uncommon in the target legal language (and legal system). This paper is aimed at exploring how and if corpus analysis can dispel doubts and help find acceptable translation candidates. As there are currently no publicly available legal corpora addressing corporate documents such as contracts and agreements, this paper wishes to bridge this gap by building and relying on an ad hoc corpus of authentic agreements written in English as a first language according to the laws of England and Wales. In this way, corpus evidence can help find equivalents and, possibly, address recurrent mistranslations from Italian into English. During the corpus analysis process, the paper shows and discusses search queries and how equivalents can be obtained. At the same time, it questions dictionary entries. The paper findings highlight that the consultation of the ad hoc corpus allows to find acceptable translations of Italian legal formulae and address recurrent mistranslations. English formulaic expressions, in fact, can be rendered satisfactorily thanks to the possibility of noticing word usages in context, keywords in contexts and collocations. Further research can encompass a wider variety of formulae and/or legal documents so that scholars and translators can be equipped with useful reference tools.
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Comparative law. International uniform law
This publication attempts to explore the rule of law as one of the fundamental principles of a state that proclaims itself to be a state governed by the rule of law. The author defines such concepts as "rule of law”, "rule of law”, "democracy", "state power”, "legality". Attention is paid to the basic concepts (procedural (formal) and substantive (substantive)) of understanding the phenomenon of "rule of law” and to the distinction of this principle among other social and legal regulators which affect the organization of state power within the legal framework. The author highlights the principles and basic elements (clarity, stability, judicial control, etc.), characteristic properties of the rule of law (the way of "building” state power on a legal basis; manifestation of natural law, etc.)
 The author presents a theoretical consideration of this principle in the field of organization of state power in society in broad ("rule of law over the state”) and narrow ("rule of law over the law”) aspects. The role and place of the rule of law as a legal value and the correlation of the Basic Law with the rule of law principle are clarified. In our country, this principle is proclaimed and operates as the basis of the constitutional order. The state should create reliable and favorable conditions for the implementation of the rule of law in all social relations, enshrine guarantees of its enforcement and a mechanism of legal protection in case of violation of this principle at the legislative level, as these are its priorities, since in a state governed by the rule of law, a person, his or her life, health, honor, dignity, rights and security are the highest values. Ensuring the protection of all these values should be the main goal of legal science and practice.
 This paper also formulates conclusions that summarize the rule of law as a fundamental principle of the rule of law, its main features and components, and its importance and role for Ukraine as a country governed by the rule of law.
Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2018 tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2014 tentang Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, telah memberikan kewenangan kepada Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD) untuk melakukan evaluasi dan pemantauan terhadap Perda dan rancangan Perda. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan adanya dualisme kewenangan evaluasi rancangan Perda antara Pemerintah Pusat dengan DPD. Penelitian ini berfokus menjawab pertanyaan: (a) bagaimana kewenangan pengawasan rancangan Peraturan Daerah dalam sistem hukum Indonesia? (b) bagaimana implikasi dualisme pengawasan rancangan Peraturan Daerah terhadap kepastian hukum pengawasan rancangan Peraturan Daerah dan pengaturan kewenangan urusan pemerintahan yang menjadi domain pemerintahan daerah? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah konstruksi pengawasan rancangan Perda dan implikasi dualisme pengawasan rancangan Perda antara DPD dan Pemerintah Pusat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif, dengan menganalisis data sekunder berupa peraturan perundangan-undangan dan literatur terkait dengan pengawasan rancangan Perda, khususnya terkait evaluasi rancangan Perda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kewenangan pengawasan rancangan Perda oleh DPD secara normatif telah memperluas lingkup rancangan Perda yang dapat dievaluasi, dengan beberapa catatan hukum yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pelaksanaan kewenangan tersebut.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Political institutions and public administration (General)
Gabriela Schumacher, Lucas Garcia, Márcia Fernandes
et al.
O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a percepção e a compreensão de profissionais de saúde sobre violência e proteção de crianças atendidas em um hospital geral universitário. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com dezoito profissionais de saúde. A abordagem relatada para as situações de violência varia desde o envolvimento até o descaso. Poucos entrevistados tiveram contato com o tema durante a sua formação profissional. A mãe foi identificada como a principal pessoa responsável pelas crianças, mas também como a principal agente de violência. Na perspectiva dos entrevistados, a criança só estará protegida se tiver uma família estruturada. A percepção e a compreensão dos profissionais em relação à violência e proteção de crianças são heterogêneas, modificando-se conforme a sua área de atuação.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Medical philosophy. Medical ethics
Este trabajo presenta una reflexión en torno al papel del Legislador y su competencia para la decisión. Fundamentalmente, propongo un debate sobre las posibles colisiones entre conceptos a partir de los que replantear las relaciones entre órganos constitucionales, la teoría de la Constitución, la teoría del Estado y la teoría de la democracia. En estas tensiones pueden vislumbrarse matices diferenciados entre dos estadios: el de la creación del Derecho y el de la aplicación del mismo.
Recibido: 30 octubre 2018
Aceptado: 21 noviembre 2018
Publicación en línea: 27 diciembre 2018
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Comparative law. International uniform law
Abstract Background The overall aim of the interdisciplinary research project “PharmCycle” is to reduce the contamination of the aquatic environment with antibiotics by developing sustainable antibiotics, improving the environmental risk assessment of antibiotics, and reducing the discharges of antibiotics in the wastewater outlet. An overview of the holistic approach and first results are given. Results The first step is to design sustainable antibiotics, which are effective against target organisms but, after their use, are less toxic, and are rapidly and completely degradable. To develop sustainable antibiotics, two different approaches (subprojects) are applied within PharmCycle: First, a re-design of the existing antibiotics with chemical and in silico methods (“Benign by Design”). Second, sustainable peptide-based antibiotics are produced with biotechnological methods. In the second step, the environmental risk assessment for antibiotics in the framework of the authorization process and for monitoring purposes is improved. There is a lack of data for the environmental risk assessment of antibiotics on the European market. With more transparency of these data, the environmental risk assessment for active substances and for the class of antibiotics can be improved. The aim is to increase the data availability by applying the Aarhus convention and by providing legal access to environmental information. Beside other shortages in the environmental risk assessment required by the European legislation, the effects of antibiotics directly applied in marine aquacultures are not assessed by marine prokaryotic test systems. Therefore, a marine cyanobacteria test was developed, which is more sensitive to selected priority antibiotics than the marine eukaryotic algae test (DIN EN ISO 10253) required by the European Medicines Agency. Marine cyanobacteria are of high importance for the nitrogen cycle and primary production. Moreover, they seem to play an important role with respect to climate change. To reduce the emission of antibiotics used as human pharmaceutical products to the aquatic environment, the third step focusses on the main pathway, the wastewater. Investigations to improve the wastewater treatment of priority antibiotics and sustainable antibiotics are conducted by a combination of methods: activated sludge units, activated carbon adsorption, and membrane filtration systems. Conclusions With the aim of improving the environmental risk assessment of antibiotics and to reduce the emission of antibiotics to the aquatic environment, an interdisciplinary approach is applied which includes the analysis of the German, European, and international law and the development of new legal instruments.
Lavrova O. Yu., Mityagina M.I., Kostianoy A.G.
et al.
From January 2009 to April 2012 a satellite survey of the central and southeastern parts of the Baltic Sea was carried out by the Space Radar Laboratory at the Space Research Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). The main attention was focused on the detection of oil pollution as well as biogenic and anthropogenic surfactant films. The basic data are high resolution radar images obtained by advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) on board of the Envisat satellite of the European Space Agency. Remotely sensed data in visual and infrared (IR) bands acquired by sensors MERIS Envisat, MODIS-Terra and -Aqua, and AVHRR NOAA nearly simultaneously with the ASAR images, were processed and analysed in order to facilitate the discrimination between different types of surface pollutants, to understand a comprehensive features of meteorological and hydrodynamic processes in the sea area of investigation, and to reveal factors determining pollutants spread and drift. The regions of the most intense oil pollution are outlined.
This Research is entitled “Legal Protection for Consumers Related to the Inclusion of Disclaimer by Business Owner in Website”. The problems of the present study are: first, how the inclusion of disclaimer in websites in Indonesia is like; second, what the legal protection for consumers related to the inclusion of disclaimer by business owner in websites is like.
The method used in the present study is the normative legal research. The results of the study showed: first, no norm regulating disclaimer in the Act Number 11 of 2008 concerning the electronic information and transaction which specifically regulate activities in the cyberspace. However, if generally viewed from the protection for consumers in the Act Number 8 of 1999 concerning Protection for Consumers, most inclusions of disclaimer in the website is classified as exoneration clausal which is partially prepared by business agents to avoid what they are supposed to be responsible for. Second, the form of legal protection needed by consumers in the internet is still weak. However, the general legal protection for consumers may be provided through: a) Being preventive: Reliability Certification Board ‘Lembaga Sertifikasi Keandalan’(LSK) which is supposed to give certification for every internet site already regulated by the Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 82 of 2012 concerning the Implementation of Electronic System and Transaction which is a derivative of Article 10 clause (2) of the Act Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transaction; b) being repressive: through Litigation Lane which may be done by submitting a civil suit and civil sanction based on the Act Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transaction. Another alternative is through the Non Litigation lane, that is, the Arbitrate Lane, which is settled using the Alternative of Dispute Settlement
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Pronunciamento realizado na Cerimônia em Homenagem ao Centenário do nascimento do Professor Edgar de Godói da Mata-Machado e aos 40 anos de morte dos mineiros Adriano Fonseca Filho, Antônio Carlos Bicalho Lana, Arnaldo Cardoso Rocha, Gildo Macedo Lacerda, Helber José Gomes Goulart, José Carlos Novais da Mata Machado e Paulo Roberto Pereira Marques. A cerimônia foi realizada no dia 25 de outubro de 2013, na Sala da Congregação da Faculdade de Direito da UFMG, organizada pelo Centro Acadêmico Afonso Pena (CAAP) e pelo Centro Acadêmico de Ciências do Estado (CACE), em parceria com a Faculdade de Direito da UFMG e com a Comissão da Verdade do Estado de Minas Gerais.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
O Brasil experimentou o sistema parlamentar de governo em duas oportunidades: no Século XDC, durante a monarquia de D. Pedro n, e no Século XX, durante o curto mandato de João Goulart. Na primeira experiência o sistema funcionou muito bem, mas foi interrompido pela introdução da república, que tomou por base o presidencialismo norte-americano; o governo
Goulart foi um fracasso em todo sentido. O estudo aprecia a corrente que, entre os políticos e
constitucionalistas, se bate pela reimplantação do parlamentarismo no Brasil.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Trata da figura do título executivo, do contexto histórico que propiciou seu surgimento às teorias que tentam explicar sua natureza jurídica, passando pela célebre polêmica havida entre Carnelutti e Liebman e as releituras atuais da moderna ciência processual.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence