Hasil untuk "History of the Greco-Roman World"

Diego Corral Varela, Bartomeu Obrador-cursach

The term odrogos designates some kind of office associated with to the cults of Ares and Zeus Krezimos in the city of Metropolis (Ionia) from the Hellenistic period to the 2nd century CE, although its origin has so far eluded identification. This paper presents a first linguistic analysis of the term, arguing for an Iranian etymology *ādranga-. The phonetic differences observed suggest that the loan did not pass directly into Greek. Instead, it likely entered Greek through Aramaic, where several forms related to the same Iranian etymon are attested. Based on this new identification, some proposals are offered as to its function and the time of its adoption. Thus, the hypothesis defended here is that the figure of the odrogos is related to the practice, reasonably well known in Asia Minor, of the purchase of priesthoods. The conjunction of all the preceding data, including the term’s attestations and proposed linguistic analysis, makes it feasible to place the contact scenario within the period of Seleucid control over Ionia.

Xurui Zhou, Gongwei Chen, Yuquan Xie et al.

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents require effective use of historical context to perform sequential navigation tasks. While incorporating past actions and observations can improve decision making, naive use of full history leads to excessive computational overhead and distraction from irrelevant information. To address this, we introduce HiconAgent, a GUI agent trained with History Context-aware Policy Optimization (HCPO) for efficient and effective utilization of historical information. HCPO optimizes history usage in both sampling and policy updates through two complementary components: (1) Dynamic Context Sampling (DCS) presents the agent with variable length histories during sampling, enabling adaptive use of the most relevant context; (2) Anchor-guided History Compression (AHC) refines the policy update phase with a dual branch strategy where the compressed branch removes history observations while keeping history actions as information flow anchors. The compressed and uncompressed branches are coupled through a history-enhanced alignment loss to enforce consistent history usage while maintaining efficiency. Experiments on mainstream GUI navigation benchmarks demonstrate strong performance. Despite being smaller, HiconAgent-3B outperforms GUI-R1-7B by +8.46 percent grounding accuracy and +11.32 percent step success rate on GUI-Odyssey, while achieving comparable results on AndroidControl and AITW with up to 2.47x computational speedup and 60 percent FLOPs reduction.

Kriszta Kotsis

Jennifer Awes Freeman presents a compelling case for the reinterpretation of the image of the Good Shepherd in early Christian images and texts. Many art historians, including Theodore Klauser, Henry Chadwick, R. Grigg, and Robin Jensen, have discussed images of the Good Shepherd as representing the humility and modesty of the early grass-roots movement of Christianity. This traditional interpretation juxtaposes this early humble shepherd imagery with the later imperially sponsored images of Jesus-as-emperor situated on a throne within the spaces of church apses. Awes Freeman charges that these interpretations assume that the Good Shepherd is a Christian invention and overlook understandings of shepherd imagery from the ancient world. The author draws on the work of Thomas F. Matthews, specifically The Clash of Gods (Princeton University Press, 1993), to challenge prevailing scholarship. She argues that early Christian writers were employing an image and idea of the Good Shepherd that drew on earlier understandings of this imagery, which “ carried connotations of divinity and empire ” (4) and was not associated with the humility and modesty that inform current interpretations. Instead of housing a static and straightforward anti-imperialist meaning, the Good Shepherd changes meaning over time and includes con-flicting meanings related to power and violence. This book situates the Good Shepherd within the art and literature of the Ancient Near East and Greco-Roman worlds and demonstrates the flexibility and fluidity of the image and its meaning through the Early Middle Ages. This is an ambitious project of recontextualizing a familiar image type across several thousand years of history and several thousand miles of geography. She describes the particular cultural and geographical meanings of the Good Shepherd through time and place, offering appropriate context without getting lost in any particular contextual tangent. Awes Freeman succeeds in presenting a compelling case for reinterpretation that remedies this literary and art

Rui Carlos Fonseca

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Fabrizio Pasqualini

ABSTRACT Polyvalence of laughter: Homeric cases of ἄσβεστος γέλως  The present article intends to analyze the three different Homeric cases of ἄσβεστος γέλως (Il. I 599; Od. VIII 326; XX 346). By considering both linguistic elements which are referred to the noun γέλως and some narratological aspects in relation to which the lines being discussed could be considered, the purpose of this article is to give a specific interpretation of the different scenes. More specifically: in the first part, I will discuss the possibility that the Homeric laughter is related, from a semantic and linguistic point of view, to the idea of a physical movement; in the second part, I intend to show that the massive use of γέλως displayed by the gods who make fun of Hephaistos could be interpreted as a sort of psychological displacement; in the last part of the article, I show a vital trait of the Homeric unquenchable laughter, namely the fact that each and every detail referred to it leads to think that this kind of laughter is an exclusive prerogative of the Olympians: whenever it involves human beings, it brings nothing but madness and death.

Aven Le Zhou, Lei Xi, Kang Zhang

In Flusserian view of media history, humans often misperceive the world projected by media to be the world itself, leading to a loss of freedom. This paper examines Flusserian Freedom in the context of Mixed Reality (MR) and explores how humans can recognize the obscuration of the world within the media (i.e., MR) and understand their relationship. The authors investigate the concept of playing against apparatus and deliberately alienating the perception of the projected world through an artwork titled "Surrealism Me." This artwork enables the user to have another body within MR through interactive and immersive experiences based on the definition of Sense of Embodiment. The purpose of this work is to raise awareness of the domination of media and to approach Flusserian freedom within contemporary technical arrangements.

Diether Schürr

Die "etymologische Methode" ist kein zuverlässiges Instrument zum Verständnis der lykischen Gedichte, selbst wenn man sich auf den Vergleich mit anderen anatolischen Sprachen beschränkt. Der Anspruch, sie zu übersetzen, kann nur phantasievolle Ergebnisse hervorbringen, wie bereits in der Vergangenheit gezeigt wurde. Eine bescheidenere Methode versucht, innerlykische Etymologien (oder einfach Verbindungen mit anderen Wörtern) zu verwenden, einschließlich Namen in späteren griechischen Inschriften aus Lykien.

H. Rhee

ILLNESS, PAIN, AND HEALTH CARE IN EARLY CHRISTIANITY by Helen Rhee. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing, 2022. 367 pages. Hardcover; $49.99. ISBN: 9780802876843. *"The practice of medicine is an art, not a trade; a calling, not a business; a calling in which your heart will be exercised equally with your head." --William Osler (1849-1919) *Helen Rhee, professor of the History of Christianity at Westmont College, has encapsulated this famous saying in her recent book, Illness, Pain, and Health Care in Early Christianity by demonstrating how partially objective medicine as an early science co-evolved with subjective religious thought throughout early Greek, Roman, and Christian history. Indeed, even today, a patient's pursuit of relief from suffering often involves the clinical science of medicine occurring arm-in-arm with spiritual care. Such examples include use of hospital chaplains, visitation and assistance from members of a congregation, and personal prayer. This book is comprehensive in nature and academic in tone, and Rhee has found some fascinating continuing threads of healthcare occurring in these aspects of Western civilization. *The book begins with general ideas of illness in all three cultures. Greek culture considered the importance of the Hippocratic ideas such as humoralism (defined as various body fluids and their effect on human illness) as well as prioritizing an individual's health to be a societal priority. The emphasis placed on one's individual health inherently makes sense when one considers Greek culture's lack of modern medicine, the absence of understanding public health, the high mortality rate of pregnant women and young infants, and the constant presence of death in their society (pp. 1, 2). A Greek athlete was considered the exemplar of health with the expectation that their health attributes, like all humans, would decline over time. *Roman ideas followed, led by Galen, in which each part of the body was defined simply by its usefulness and its ability to work together in concordance with every body part to make up a healthy human. Thus, Galen believed that all human function descended from a divine design; this was in sharp contrast to the ideas of Epicurus who believed nature's design had random underpinnings. This early philosophical debate involving Roman medicine still continues almost 2,000 years later with regard to a potential purpose versus a lack of purpose in biological evolution. Typically, suggestions for changes in diet and exercise were the main Roman recommendations in the setting of illness, in that medicine and public health would not be viable study areas for many centuries. The author brings up the stark reality of terrible sanitation in ancient Rome which exacerbated many of the infectious pandemics. In fact, pandemics often were considered a part of divine punishment possibly for unknown sins. We can consider the parallels of pandemics of our time, such as those associated with HIV/AIDS or COVID-19, which unfortunately have been incorrectly associated with societal sin. *Subsequent early Christian ideas regarding health and illness received significant influences from both Greco-Roman and Hebrew society. Illness was considered more holistic--encompassing both the physical and the spiritual. Specific cultural influences affecting early Christian society's views on health included the importance of caring for others (for example, Deut. 15:10) and the Levitical dietary restrictions which probably had some health benefits (p. 3). A healthy person would benefit from overall shalom; a decline in one's health could be considered demonic. Jesus was seen as the perfect healer through his miracles, and stories of healing in the Gospels were added to the already-present Greco-Roman influences such as the balancing of humors. Mental illness, which is still under-appreciated and considered an individual "weakness" in much of today's society, was evaluated and treated using the entire gamut of early Christian thought: from being a disease of the soul, to being a result of divine judgment, to being a physical problem (perhaps not yet understood during that time period). *The next section of the book contains ideas of physical pain utilized in all these early societies. Greeks used pain as an essential part of determining a physical diagnosis: pain is still an important concept utilized in modern healthcare. Romans expanded such thinking to consider pain as a disruption of the body's natural state; thus, they emphasized the importance of bringing the body back to its natural order. As an example, Galen felt that patients were not able to explain pain well. and this meant that the final opinion of pain resided solely with the medical provider. Such thoughts have had disastrous effects right up to today, when one considers healthcare's role in causing the recent opioid crisis in the United States (p. 4). Written pain narratives in Roman history were extensive and often seem to model the current history and physical examination process taught to modern medical students. Early Christian ideas of pain were somewhat parallel to Stoic belief structures in which human pain could be used as a learning tool. Early Christian writers often considered the imitation of Christ's suffering through the suffering of an individual as a learning, holy experience. Such ideas eventually led to the concept of the "martyr," which the author describes using examples in wonderful detail. *The last section of the book deals with healthcare in the ancient world, and I found this part of the book most fascinating when considering how healthcare is practiced in modern society. Both Greeks and Romans utilized their temples as places of healing, utilizing prayer and purification rituals. Treatments were extremely limited, mainly due to a lack of understanding the scientific method. Dangerous bleeding, purging, and cauterization were common ancient practices. The author points out that the Romans did build hospitals for a time, but the hospitals were used simply for preserving the health of property (slaves) and soldiers. *Early Christians considered medicine as a gift from God, and their building of early hospitals (in reality, often homes to provide rest and nutrition for the sick) during times of recurrent plagues likely marked a significant advancement in early healthcare as such simple but essential therapies do have healing benefits. It is fascinating to see early writers, such as Origen, believe that more spiritual people would be healed by God while not necessarily requiring medical care from a physician. These propositions parallel pseudo-scientific ideas that still percolate in modern society; the rise of the anti-vaccination movement in some religious movements is a good example. Regardless of the writing of early Christian writers, it is understandable that many patients would continue to follow some of the pagan medical therapies of Greco-Roman society, since good treatment options were limited, while the writing of the ancient Greeks and Romans in essence provided a "second opinion" in care. *I have many good things to say about this book. Rhee goes into great detail regarding the writings of healers in ancient Greek, Roman, and Christian societies. Examples of patients and therapies used to heal in these early historical periods are provided in extensive detail. Many of the medical aspects of prevention continue to echo in today's society, including the emphasis on exercise and diet to improve health, using pain to determine a cause of illness, and the building of hospitals to improve care. Unfortunately, there is also the continuation, in some religious systems, of the idea that illness is due to sin in which prayer alone can cure. Such beliefs are unfortunate; a better belief is that God has provided modern medicine as a gift to improve humanity's well-being. I highly recommend this book, not only for people interested in early healthcare in Greco-Roman and early Christian society, but also for people looking at the evolution of healthcare over time as it began to slowly progress into today's scientific, evidence-based, modern medicine. *Reviewed by John F. Pohl, MD, Professor of Pediatrics, Primary Children's Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84113.

Albanese

Albanese, Catherine L. The Delight Makers: Anglo-American Metaphysical Religion and the Pursuit of Happiness. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2023. Almond, Philip C. Mary Magdalene: A Cultural History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. Anderson, Joel D. Reimagining Christendom: Writing Iceland’s Bishops into the Roman Church, 1200–1350. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2023. Ayers Trotti, Michael. The End of Public Execution: Race, Religion, and Punishment in the American South. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2022. Bay, Carson. Biblical Heroes and Classical Culture in Christian Late Antiquity: The Historiography, Exemplarity, and Anti-Judaism of Pseudo-Hegesippus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. Bendroth, Margaret. Good and Mad: Mainline Protestant Churchwomen, 1920–1980. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022. Benedetti, Marina, and Cameron, Euan, eds. A Companion to the Waldenses in the Middle Ages. Leiden: Brill, 2022. Binasco, Matteo. French Missionaries in Acadia/Nova Scotia, 1654–1755: On a Risky Edge. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2022. Bird, Michael F. Jesus among the Gods: Early Christianity in the Greco-Roman World. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2022. Blythe, Christine Else, Christopher James Blythe, and Jay Burton, eds. Open Canon: Scriptures of the Latter Day Saint Tradition. Salt Lake City:University of Utah Press, 2022. Borja, Melissa May. Follow the New Way: American Refugee Resettlement Policy and Hmong Religious Change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2023. Bourchard, Constance Brittain. Negotiation and Resistance: Peasant Agency in High Medieval France. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2022. Brand, Mattias, and Scheerlinck, Eline, eds. Religious Identifications in Late Antique Papyri: 3rd-12th Century Egypt. Abingdon: Routledge, 2023. Byatt, Lucinda. Niccolò Ridolfi and the Cardinal’s Court: Politics, Patronage and Service in Sixteenth-Century Italy. New York: Routledge, 2022. Brown, Michael. Medieval Plants and Their Uses. Yorkshire: White Owl, 2023.

C. J. Whitaker

It is at this point a longstanding tradition that scholarly works investigating Black and African presences in premodernity, works that challenge accepted notions about the origins of and participants in Western civilization, meet with significant resistance in the marketplace of ideas. The scholarship in question has focused on a wide range of subjects—from the roots of Greco-Roman knowledge and culture to the presence of Africans in those established centers of classical antiquity to the role of Africans in the Old World’s exploration of the New. Yet, resistance arises at every turn. The case is no different for Geraldine Heng’s 2018 The Invention of Race in the EuropeanMiddle Ages—except that this time the focus is the European Middle Ages. The book deftly introduces and defines “race-making” to describe the very active process by which elements of what I have called “race-thinking” are coalesced in the Middle Ages as race proceeds toward the ideological status it achieves in modernity. Of the now six full-length monographs—including my own—that take as their primary inquiry the nature, development, and salience of race in the European Middle Ages, Invention is the most ambitious and proceeds from the “thoroughly interdisciplinary vantage required of a concept as ideologically powerful and multifaceted as race, one whose study defies disciplinary divisions between literature, history, biology, sociology, and anthropology, among other fields.”1 Praise has been swift. So has backlash. This article will consider the latter in order to understand the motivations and implications of criticisms against studies that similarly innovate within their fields.

Rogério de Campos

Hermias de Alexandria em Platonis Phaedrum Scholia 164,16 – 167,12 apresenta algumas certezas e algumas dúvidas acerca de como interpretar a escala das almas encontradas no Fedro 248c-d. Hermias é o comentador sistemático mais antigo desse diálogo (séc. V. d.C.), mas as duas soluções interpretativas que ele apresenta, apesar de agregar elementos interessantes, não abarcam uma explicação plena nem definitiva do trecho. Hermias apresenta duas interpretações possíveis, cada uma delas de acordo com parâmetros distintos e como, ao cabo desse percurso, põe em dúvida como Platão harmonizava, ou punha em sinfonia, os nove níveis das vidas apresentadas na escala. Apresentaremos também a tradução completa do trecho estudado.

Matthias Haake

Abstract : The paper deals with the so-called Diogenes inscription from Oenoanda in northern Lycia, which is the longest known inscription from Greco-Roman antiquity. In addition to the urban context and the layout of the inscription, the paper focuses on the intention of its auctor and its contemporary perception.Résumé : L’article est consacré à l’inscription dite de Diogène d’Oenoanda, dans le nord de la Lycie, qui est la plus longue inscription connue de l’Antiquité gréco-romaine. Outre le contexte urbain et la disposition de l’inscription, l’intention de son auteur et sa perception contemporaine sont au centre de l'article.

Ian Foster, Carl Kesselman

With the widespread availability of high-speed networks, it becomes feasible to outsource computing to remote providers and to federate resources from many locations. Such observations motivated the development, from the mid-1990s onwards, of a range of innovative Grid technologies, applications, and infrastructures. We review the history, current status, and future prospects for Grid computing.

Lauren Greenspan

Based on string theory's framework, the gauge/gravity duality, also known as holography, has the ability to solve practical problems in low energy physical systems like metals and fluids. Holographic applications open a path for conversation and collaboration between the theory-driven, high energy culture of string theory and fields like nuclear and condensed matter physics, which in contrast place great emphasis on the empirical evidence that experiment provides. This paper takes a look at holography's history, from its roots in string theory to its present-day applications that are challenging the cultural identity of the field. I will focus on two of these applications: holographic QCD and holographic superconductivity, highlighting some of the (often incompatible) historical influences, motives, and epistemic values at play, as well as the subcultural shifts that help the collaborations work. The extent to which holographic research -- arguably string theory's most successful and prolific area -- must change its subcultural identity in order to function in fields outside of string theory reflects its changing nature and the field's uncertain future. Does string theory lose its identity in the low-energy applications that holography provides? Does holography still belong under string theory's umbrella, or is it destined to form new subcultures with each of its fields of application? I find that the answers to these questions are dynamic, interconnected, and highly dependent on string theory's relationship with its field of application. In some cases, holography can maintain the goals and values it inherited from string theory. In others, it instead adopts the goals and values of the field in which it is applied. These examples highlight a need for the STS community to expand its treatment of string theory beyond its relationship with empiricism and role as a theory of quantum gravity.

Bing Liu, Sahisnu Mazumder, Eric Robertson et al.

As more and more AI agents are used in practice, it is time to think about how to make these agents fully autonomous so that they can (1) learn by themselves continually in a self-motivated and self-initiated manner rather than being retrained offline periodically on the initiation of human engineers and (2) accommodate or adapt to unexpected or novel circumstances. As the real-world is an open environment that is full of unknowns or novelties, the capabilities of detecting novelties, characterizing them, accommodating/adapting to them, gathering ground-truth training data and incrementally learning the unknowns/novelties become critical in making the AI agent more and more knowledgeable, powerful and self-sustainable over time. The key challenge here is how to automate the process so that it is carried out continually on the agent's own initiative and through its own interactions with humans, other agents and the environment just like human on-the-job learning. This paper proposes a framework (called SOLA) for this learning paradigm to promote the research of building autonomous and continual learning enabled AI agents. To show feasibility, an implemented agent is also described.

A. Yarkeev

The philosophical project "Homo Sacer" by the modern Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben (born in 1942) is based on a consistent highlighting of the process of Western European history that leads to the establishment of the state of emergency as a common technology of public administration today. This article offers an outline of the genesis of the state of emergency (emergency state) from the point of view of the evolution of ideas about the state in the aspect of the metaphor of the human body. In view of the fact that the logic of the state of emergency is based on the concept of a necessity (necessitas), which allows to suspend the normal functioning of law and order, it is necessary to raise the question of the origin of this relationship. The author believes that the source of the idea of the relationship between the state of emergency and necessity is the needs of the human body, the absolute urgency of which is the starting point of political organization (Plato, Aristotle). The system of views on the state as a body that emerged in the Greco-Roman worldview was clearly developed in the medieval civilization of the West. From this point on, we can talk about the emergence of the concept of "political body", within which the understanding of key sociopolitical relations took place. The combination of the Aristotelian concept of the eternity of the world with the strengthening of the absolute power of the secular sovereign and practical needs led to the formation of the idea of the permanent state with its constant needs. The new state rationality, associated with the need to meet the needs of the state and thus ensure its self-preservation, has acquired the form of biopolitics, which actually blurs the border between the political and the biological. The state of emergency becomes a paradigm of public administration, motivated by the idea of the identity of natural processes and the existence of society. The constant and imperishable nature of these processes sets the basis for the production of state of emergency, which loses its connection to a certain point in time and becomes a potentially eternal and continuous state.

K. Weitzel, Madeline Alexander, B. Bernhardt et al.

Patients, clinicians, researchers and payers are seeking to understand the value of using genomic information (as reflected by genotyping, sequencing, family history or other data) to inform clinical decision-making. However, challenges exist to widespread clinical implementation of genomic medicine, a prerequisite for developing evidence of its real-world utility. To address these challenges, the National Institutes of Health-funded IGNITE (Implementing GeNomics In pracTicE; www.ignite-genomics.org) Network, comprised of six projects and a coordinating center, was established in 2013 to support the development, investigation and dissemination of genomic medicine practice models that seamlessly integrate genomic data into the electronic health record and that deploy tools for point of care decision making. IGNITE site projects are aligned in their purpose of testing these models, but individual projects vary in scope and design, including exploring genetic markers for disease risk prediction and prevention, developing tools for using family history data, incorporating pharmacogenomic data into clinical care, refining disease diagnosis using sequence-based mutation discovery, and creating novel educational approaches. This paper describes the IGNITE Network and member projects, including network structure, collaborative initiatives, clinical decision support strategies, methods for return of genomic test results, and educational initiatives for patients and providers. Clinical and outcomes data from individual sites and network-wide projects are anticipated to begin being published over the next few years. The IGNITE Network is an innovative series of projects and pilot demonstrations aiming to enhance translation of validated actionable genomic information into clinical settings and develop and use measures of outcome in response to genome-based clinical interventions using a pragmatic framework to provide early data and proofs of concept on the utility of these interventions. Through these efforts and collaboration with other stakeholders, IGNITE is poised to have a significant impact on the acceleration of genomic information into medical practice.

João Manuel Nunes Torrão

Alister W. Graham, Katherine H. Kenyon, Lochlan J. Bull et al.

Radio astronomy commenced in earnest after World War II, with Australia keenly engaged through the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. At this juncture, Australia's Commonwealth Solar Observatory expanded its portfolio from primarily studying solar phenomena to conducting stellar and extragalactic research. Subsequently, in the 1950s and 1960s, astronomy gradually became taught and researched in Australian universities. However, most scientific publications from this era of growth and discovery have no country of affiliation in their header information, making it hard to find the Australian astronomy articles from this period. In 2014, we used the then-new Astrophysics Data System (ADS) tool Bumblebee to overcome this challenge and track down the Australian-led astronomy papers published during the quarter of a century after World War II, from 1945 until the lunar landing in 1969. This required knowledge of the research centres and facilities operating at the time, which are briefly summarised herein. Based on citation counts -- an objective, universally-used measure of scientific impact -- we report on the Australian astronomy articles which had the biggest impact. We have identified the top-ten most-cited papers, and thus also their area of research, from five consecutive time-intervals across that blossoming quarter-century of astronomy. Moreover, we have invested a substantial amount of time researching and providing a small tribute to each of the 62 scientists involved, including several trail-blazing women. Furthermore, we provide an extensive list of references and point out many interesting historical connections and anecdotes.

Gnoli, Tommaso

The analysis of many of the references to the ancient Republican past contained in the last lives of the Historia Augusta reveals that the unknown biographer was familiar with this context, even though, however, he was not very interested in it. His frequent allusions to specific episodes and events were mostly taken from Cicero and Livy, and were intended to colour the story and often to raise its tone, more often also with the aim to confuse and amaze the reader through multiple ioca. Among other things, also the events of the alleged censorship of Valerianus and the hypothetical interregnum after Aurelianus’ death are focused on.