Hasil untuk "History of Central Europe"

Martin Nodl

Paweł Migdalski

Artykuł poświęcony jest omówieniu życia i działalności Kazimierza Ślaskiego w latach 1945-1956, jednego z pierwszych polskich badaczy Pomorza Zachodniego po II wojnie światowej. Na podstawie analizy licznych źródeł archiwalnych prześledzono jego karierę, załamaną pozbawieniem pracy na uniwersytecie w Toruniu w 1949 r. i kilkuletnie poszukiwania drogi powrotu do pracy do instytucji naukowej, które przyniosły efekt dopiero w okresie odwilży w 1956 r.

René Kyselý, Lubomír Peške

The great importance of the domestic horse in human history and culture has long made it a significant subject of research. The historical role of the horse and new studies and discoveries that are key to understanding its domestication provided the impetus for this paper. The review presents and discusses the current state of know ledge and ideas concerning the origins, domestication, early history, historical roles, and exploitation of this domestic animal from central European and global perspectives. Ecological, biological, phylogenetic, archaeological and historical aspects are combined to explore the issue in a comprehensive manner and to provide insights into various scientific fields and the different regions of Eurasia.

Howard Louthan

This introduction provides an overview of the four interviews featured in the forum, "The Conflict in Ukraine: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives."

Benjamin James Manuatu

Released by the conquests of Napoleon and stoked by the fires of the 1848 Revolutions, the age of nationalism took Europe by storm in the nineteenth century and lasted well into the twentieth century. For those states that enjoyed a more homogenous population, such as the emerging German Empire, nationalism would prove to be a useful tool in mobilizing their citizens and increasing their capabilities for warfare. For the Austrian Empire, which represented more a polyethnic and multilingual conglomerate than a unified state, nationalism would present itself as an existential threat from which the polity could not recover. This article analyzes the Habsburg army and the role it played in maintaining the Austrian Monarchy in the face of nationalist aggression from the 1848 Revolutions to its ultimate end at the climax of the First World War. The army served not only as a physical shield for the Empire but also as a symbol for the unity of all ethnic groups under the command of the Habsburg emperor and held the potential to be a tool of integration and unity for the multiple ethnic groups. Using military and nationalism theories, this article examines the challenges the army was forced to contend with in order to maintain the monarchy and how the language issue plagued combat effectiveness and also served as a hotbed of grievances for the multiple ethnic groups of the Empire.

Петро Медвідь

Julia C. Geue, Henri A. Thomassen

Abstract Co‐occurrence of closely related species is often explained through resource partitioning, where key morphological or life‐history traits evolve under strong divergent selection. In bumble bees (genus Bombus), differences in tongue lengths, nest sites, and several life‐history traits are the principal factors in resource partitioning. However, the buff‐tailed and white‐tailed bumble bee (Bombus terrestris and B. lucorum respectively) are very similar in morphology and life history, but their ranges nevertheless partly overlap, raising the question how they are ecologically divergent. What little is known about the environmental factors determining their distributions stems from studies in Central and Western Europe, but even less information is available about their distributions in Eastern Europe, where different subspecies occur. Here, we aimed to disentangle the broad habitat requirements and associated distributions of these species in Romania and Bulgaria. First, we genetically identified sampled individuals from many sites across the study area. We then not only computed species distributions based on presence‐only data, but also expanded on these models using relative abundance data. We found that B. terrestris is a more generalist species than previously thought, but that B. lucorum is restricted to forested areas with colder and wetter climates, which in our study area are primarily found at higher elevations. Both vegetation parameters such as annual mean Leaf Area Index and canopy height, as well as climatic conditions, were important in explaining their distributions. Although our models based on presence‐only data suggest a large overlap in their respective distributions, results on their relative abundance suggest that the two species replace one another across an environmental gradient correlated to elevation. The inclusion of abundance enhances our understanding of the distribution of these species, supporting the emerging recognition of the importance of abundance data in species distribution modeling.

Soukupová Blanka

The Czechoslovak Republic was created as the national state of the Czechs and Slovaks. Although it was based on the ethnic principle, the new state simultaneously assured relatively extensive rights for its national and religious minorities; in the Czech lands primarily for Czech Germans and the structured Jewish minority (in the new state, Jews could claim Jewish nationality and religion, or only Jewish religion). Although the Jewish minority was ideologically and politically heterogeneous and absolutely loyal to the state, it repeatedly became, not for the first time historically, the target of largely socially and ethnically motivated attacks after the foundation of the Republic. However, their nature was escalated even more by the difficult social conditions following World War I and the generally traumatic experience of the unexpected world war. Contemporary journalism helped disseminate the image of Jews as the main culprits who had caused the world war and were responsible for the general post-war destabilisation and shortages, Jews as non-state building residents of the republic, disloyal, pro-German orientated asocial elements, intensified by the image of Jewish refugees from Galicia and Bukovina, justly or unjustly accused of operating chain businesses. Contemporary journalism also emphasised the traditional image of Czech Germans as the ancient enemy of the Czech nation, currently accused of starting World War I. The fact that most Czech Germans were truly disloyal citizens of the new state after the foundation of the republic (and again in the 1930s) was balanced by the efforts of the Czechoslovak government to “win the Germans over for the new state” and therefore controlled the suppression of anti-German sentiments which were often linked to anti-Jewish sentiments. The text questions the significance of the image of the national enemy at a time in history that saw the destabilisation of existing socio-political relations, undoubtedly represented by the dissolution of the monarchy and the rise of new national states in Central Europe and their contemporary visualisation.

Viorel ORDEANU, Benoni ANDRONIC

The authors, starting from constitutional statement according to which Romania is a unitary and sovereign state, located in Central Europe, full member of Nord Atlantic Treaty Organization and of European Union, researching the military history of the Romanian nation, concluded that it is a military power by tradition, that ensures its national security and exports security in the Old World (Europe, Africa and Asia), as part of its political and military alliances. The article is a research of the military campaigns that Romanian Army took part in during the difficult history of the nation it defended, and also presents a series of lessons learned from the army’s victories and defeats.

Vorotyntsev L.V.

Research objectives: A study of questions about the time of the emergence of the “Tatar” trade route (“Via Tatarica”), the influence of external factors and internal political processes in the ulus of Jochi on the formation and development of this trade route, and also identifying the causes of the decline and termination of the “Tatar Way”. Research materials: Travel notes of European diplomats and travelers such as John of Plano Carpini, William of Rubruck, Ambrogio Contarini and Guillebert de Lannoy, “Pratica della mercatura” of Francesco Pegolotti, “Descriptio veteris et novae Poloniae” of Stanisław Sarnicki, “Armenian History” of Kirakos of Ganjak, “History” of Vassaf, Compendium of Chronicles” of Rashid al-Din, Abu’l-Fida’s “Sketch of the Countries”, Gustynskaya Chronicle, notarial and administrative acts of the Republic of Genoa. Results and novelty of the research: This article for the first time ever considers the question of the time of formation and the stages of development of one of the transit trade routes of the northeastern Black Sea coast, which passed through the lands of the Golden Horde and the Galician-Volyn principality to the countries of Eastern and Central Europe, called the “Tatar Way” (“Via Tatarica”) in Western sources. The problem of dating the emergence of the “Tatar Way” is considered in the context of the military-political processes in the border areas between Galicia and the Golden Horde and also the relations between the Jochid ulus and the Ilkhanid state in the 1240–1290s. Based on an analysis of the sources, the author concludes that the end of the thirteenth to the beginning of the fourteenth century can be considered the most likely time of the formation of the “Tatar Way”. In the first half of the fourteenth century, it was one of the main transit trade routes passing through the territory of the Golden Horde. With the outbreak of internecine strife in the ulus of Jochi and the military expansion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Moldavian Principality, which caused a long period of military-political instability in the northwestern Black Sea region, the “Via Tatarica” gradually declined and finally ceased to exist in the first half of the fifteenth century.

Oleksandr Isaienko, Svitlana Isaienko

One of the most important tasks of the modern history of science and technologies is the study of the activities of leading scientists and practitioners of the past, the influence of their ideas on the development of world science and the process of training specialists in the relevant sectors of the national economy. In the opinion of the authors of the article, one of such figures of the early twentieth century is Academician I. H. Aleksandrov. Historical and scientific analysis of life and activity of I. H. Aleksandrov as a scientist, engineer, organizer of science is of high topicality due to the scale and versatility of his scientific contribution. In the context of the development of hydro-engineering and hydropower, the development of transport communications, I. H. Aleksandrov had world-class achievements that glorified national science. Scientific creative work of I. H. Aleksandrov can be divided into five main directions of development of science and technologies: hydro-engineering, hydropower, geographic zoning, railway transport and irrigation. The construction of the Dnipro hydroelectric power station near Zaporizhzhia (1927-1932) (he prepared a project and directed the construction of the largest hydroelectric power station in Europe at that time), the development of the general plan for the electrification of the USSR (compiled projects of electrification of Central Asia and Eastern Siberia), participation in the construction plan Baikal-Amur railway line, development of the methodology of economic zoning of the Soviet Union and the theory of railway “super-mainlines” can be ascribed to the academician. The article concludes that the highly qualified teaching staff of the Moscow Higher Technical School and the Moscow Engineering School of the Office of the Ways of Communications contributed to the thorough theoretical training of a young engineer I. H. Aleksandrov. On the basis of a significant number of sources it was found that occupying different positions, I. H. Aleksandrov participated in solving complex technical issues of contemporary epoch, and scientific research was carried out by I. H. Aleksandrov in the context of the tasks of the engineering science of his time. I. H. Aleksandrov initiated scientific discussions on the construction of ports and canals, in his work he contributed in every way to the development of home industry and the introduction of progressive forms of transport, in particular railway. The authors assert that the modern view on the scientific heritage of I. H. Aleksandrov in the context of the development of hydro-engineering, hydropower and rail transport unambiguously acknowledges that in a concentrated-generalized form ideas, theories and concepts, put forward and scientifically grounded by academician I. H. Aleksandrov, today contribute to the development of scientific and technological process.

Ádam Thiele

A pattern-welded knife dated to the 13th century was found during an archaeological excavation conducted on the site of Kobilić 1 in 2010. Nowadays, pattern-welded knives are very popular due to their decorative appearance and supposedly excellent mechanical properties. This paper introduces some new experimental results gained during the manufacturing of a copy of the medieval pattern-welded knife using historical techniques. During this experimental work some new practical observations were taken in general about smelting and processing bloomery iron and concerning the decorative effect of phosphoric-iron used in pattern-welding.

R. Burri, S. Antoniazza, Arnaud Gaigher et al.

Nick Heath-Brown

Hao Chung The, Maia A Rabaa, Duy Pham Thanh et al.

<h4>Background</h4>Antimicrobial resistance is a major issue in the Shigellae, particularly as a specific multidrug-resistant (MDR) lineage of Shigella sonnei (lineage III) is becoming globally dominant. Ciprofloxacin is a recommended treatment for Shigella infections. However, ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei are being increasingly isolated in Asia and sporadically reported on other continents. We hypothesized that Asia is a primary hub for the recent international spread of ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei.<h4>Methods and findings</h4>We performed whole-genome sequencing on a collection of 60 contemporaneous ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei isolated in four countries within Asia (Vietnam, n = 11; Bhutan, n = 12; Thailand, n = 1; Cambodia, n = 1) and two outside of Asia (Australia, n = 19; Ireland, n = 16). We reconstructed the recent evolutionary history of these organisms and combined these data with their geographical location of isolation. Placing these sequences into a global phylogeny, we found that all ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei formed a single clade within a Central Asian expansion of lineage III. Furthermore, our data show that resistance to ciprofloxacin within S. sonnei may be globally attributed to a single clonal emergence event, encompassing sequential gyrA-S83L, parC-S80I, and gyrA-D87G mutations. Geographical data predict that South Asia is the likely primary source of these organisms, which are being regularly exported across Asia and intercontinentally into Australia, the United States and Europe. Our analysis was limited by the number of S. sonnei sequences available from diverse geographical areas and time periods, and we cannot discount the potential existence of other unsampled reservoir populations of antimicrobial-resistant S. sonnei.<h4>Conclusions</h4>This study suggests that a single clone, which is widespread in South Asia, is likely driving the current intercontinental surge of ciprofloxacin-resistant S. sonnei and is capable of establishing endemic transmission in new locations. Despite being limited in geographical scope, our work has major implications for understanding the international transfer of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, with S. sonnei acting as a tractable model for studying how antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative bacteria spread globally.

Marie Bláhová

The author follows the manuscript tradition of the Chronicle of Zbraslav and its reception in the historiography of the Late Middle Ages and early modern era. She claims that although the first part of the chronicle would sometimes be copied at the end of the 15th century and in the 16th century, the Chronicle of Zbraslav was not known to the authors of historical works. The only exception was found in the Cistercian environment, where the only manuscript of the whole chronicle known today was transcribed in 1393. The existence of the Chronicle of Zbraslav was pointed out for the first time by Marquard Freher in 1602, when he published its second book based on an autograph stored that time in the Bibliotheca Palatina in Heidelberg. The full text of the Chronicle wasn't discovered until after 180 years by J. P. Cerroni. Gelasius Dobner published it in 1782 in the fifth volume of the Monumenta historica Bohemiae.

G. Klobučar, M. Podnar, M. Jelić et al.

Mlada Holá

The article focuses on the contacts between John of Görlitz and the dukes of Silesia. Due to the character of the preserved resources, it focuses primarily on their stays in his town of residence, Görlitz. To follow the chosen theme, we may use the accounts preserved there — they inform us about the important people who visited John’s court there. These include a number of Silesian dukes.

Tat'jana A. Isačenko

The study deals with the perception of the book of the prophet Daniel in the Russian environment. It focuses primarily with the interpretation of the story of three young men in the fiery furnace.