با استقرار جمهوری اسلامی ایران، مشارکت همه اقشار، ازجمله جامعه ارامنه، در امور سیاسی و قانونگذاری صورتی تازه یافت. بر پایه قانون انتخابات، دو کرسی نمایندگی ویژه «ارامنه تهران و شمال ایران» و «ارامنه اصفهان و جنوب ایران» در مجلس شورای اسلامی پیشبینی شده است. پژوهش حاضر با رویکردی توصیفی–تحلیلی و بر پایه منابع کتابخانهای و مشروح مذاکرات مجلس، عملکرد نمایندگان ارمنی را از نخستین دوره تا پایان مجلس یازدهم بررسی میکند. یافتهها نشان میدهد این نمایندگان با رویکردی تعاملی و همکاری مؤثر با سایر نمایندگان و نهادهای دولتی، در پیگیری مطالبات حقوقی و اجتماعی جامعه ارامنه نقشآفرین بودهاند. از مهمترین اقدامات آنان، اصلاح یا تعدیل برخی تفاوتها در اصول قانونی مانند دیه، ارث، حق شهادت، تخصیص بودجه سالانه و سایر مسائل مدنی مربوط به پیروان جوامع دینی شناختهشده در ایران است. همچنین، کوشش برای صیانت از هویت فرهنگی و توسعه آموزش به زبان مادری، به تقویت پایگاه حقوقی و اجتماعی این جامعه و تحکیم همزیستی و احترام متقابل میان پیروان جوامع دینی شناختهشده و جامعه ایران انجامیده است.
Irena Niedźwiecka-Filipiak, Dorota Sikora, Łukasz Woźniak
et al.
Obserwacja i badania dynamicznych procesów zachodzących w krajobrazie kulturowym, zagrażających jego zabytkowym wartościom, a także przeświadczenie o konieczności pełnego wdrożenia zapisów EKK w zakresie planowania, gospodarowania, a także polityki w zakresie krajobrazu stały się inspiracją do opracowania propozycji "Karty zabytkowych krajobrazów kulturowych" (KZKK). Zasady przedstawione w KZKK mają na celu przeciwdziałanie stratom i niekorzystnym zmianom w zabytkowych krajobrazach kulturowych w Polsce, poprzez ich identyfikację, waloryzację, diagnozę, w tym wskazanie zagrożeń oraz promowanie wartości. Stwierdzono, że nie jest możliwa ochrona krajobrazu kulturowego bez uwzględnienia jego dynamicznego charakteru i zmienności w czasie. Zasugerowano, że ochronie wartości zabytkowych krajobrazów kulturowych będzie sprzyjała ich identyfikacja oraz zachowanie ich cech reprezentatywnych i wyróżników w procesach gospodarowania i planowania. Wskazano także na konieczność interdyscyplinarnej współpracy przedstawicieli wszystkich interesariuszy przy formułowaniu konserwatorskiej polityki krajobrazowej. Celem Karty jest rekomendowanie zrównoważonych relacji pomiędzy aspektami ekonomicznymi, społecznymi, kulturowymi i przyrodniczymi krajobrazów, w procesach ich ochrony, gospodarowania i planowania, z uwzględnieniem wszystkich interesariuszy, przy zapewnieniu wiodącej roli środowiskom konserwatorskim w kwestiach dotyczących zabytkowych wartości krajobrazów. Karta Zabytkowych Krajobrazów Kulturowych powstała w ramach Komisji Teorii Konserwatorskiej PKN ICOMOS.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Religion (General)
The paper contains a publication of a Latin translation of the Epistle Divinae cultum of Pope Leo I the Great to the bishops of the Province of Vienne, as well as a historical and philological commentary and an introductory article. At the beginning of the paper, the historical context and content of the Epistle is described. The letter serves as one of the important sources of our information about the relationship between Pope Leo and St. Hilary of Arles. Besides, it sheds light on the relationship between the see of Rome and the Gauliс episcopate and, in particular, the see of Arles. The text refl ects the historical events that took place in Gaul in 444–445 and was written in 445. The epistle deals with two church aff airs (the deposition of bishop Celidonius and the removal of bishop Projectus), and also reports on the measures taken by St. Leo against St. Hilary. The synod of Rome in 445, which examined these cases, acquitted Celidonius and Projectus and restored their episcopal dignity. Hilary was found to have committed misconduct and was accused by Pope Leo of exceeding his powers. At the same time, Hilary was deprived of the rights of metropolitan of the province of Vienne, the right to convene super-provincial councils and participate in ordinations. “By the mercy of the Apostolic see” Hilary retained the episcopal ministry only within the boundaries of Arles. The tone of Pope Leo’s Epistle seems to be somewhat harsh.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
The relationship between History and the Islamic revelation has been debated in Academia over the last few decades; its complex framework has usually been investigated in aspects such as the form, the language and the facets of structure that have not always been considered as relevant in the analysis of a historical milieu [...]
Abbâsîlerde siyasi açıdan edebiyata apayrı bir değerin atfedildiği Halife Hârûnurreşîd döneminde nitelikli şairler büyük ödüller almaktaydı. Halifenin şiire verdiği bu değer Arap olmayan unsurlardan da nitelikli şairlerin saraya yakın olmasına vesile olmuştur. Bu şairlerden birisi de Türk asıllı Ebû Ya´kûb el-Hureymî’dir (öl. 214/829 [?]). Şiirleri pek çok edebiyat kaynağında aktarılan şairin şaheseri sayılabilecek kasidesi, Hârûnurreşîd’in oğulları Me’mûn ve Emîn arasında yaşanan taht kavgası sonucu tahrip edilen Bağdat için söylediği kasidesidir. Arap şiirinde şehir mersiyesi olarak anılan türün ilk örneklerinden kabul edilen bu kaside, Bağdat’ın o tarihlerdeki yıkımını ayrıntılarıyla ele aldığı için tarihi bir vesika olarak da kabul edilmiştir. Bu yüzden ünlü tarihçi Taberî tarafından kasidenin tamamı alıntılanmıştır. Hureymî, kasidesinde şehrin tahrip öncesi ihtişamından bahseder. Taht mücadelesinin başlamasıyla Bağdat’ta yaşanan trajediyi detaylı bir şekilde tasvir eder. Bağdat’ın küffar değil Müslümanlar eliyle yakılıp yıkılmasını, şehirde yaşanan ahlakî yozlaşmanın bir neticesi olarak görür. Çalışmanın girişinde Arap şiirinde mersiye temasına kısaca değinilmiş ve sonrasında şehir mersiyelerinin tarihi seyri tanıtılmıştır. Makalede kaside, içerik ve edebî sanatlar açısından incelenmiştir. Şiirde ağırlıklı olan duygular irdelenmiş ve şairin üslubunun özgünlüğü tartışılmıştır.
The history of the Orthodox periodical press in Russia, including the publications of the Holy Synod, dioceses, theological educational institutions, as well as the private press of church orientation, has not been fully investigated. Particularly interes ting in this regard is the case of the unrealised idea of the publication of Kolokol Dukhovny (“Spiritual Bell”), a newspaper by Aleksey Filippov. This case refers to a rather diffi cult period in the history of the church press at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The article analyses of the prerequisites for Filippov’s appeal for permission to open his own newspaper. The research is based on archival materials from the collection of the Main Directorate for Press Aff airs, as well as from the manuscript fund of Sergey Rachinsky. The article examines the history of the emergence of such an idea by Filippov, the programme of the proposed newspaper, Filippov’s contacts with representatives of the state and the church: Konstantin Pobedonostsev, Sergey Rachinsky, Mikhail Solovyov, Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich and other prominent persons. Particular attention is paid to Filippov’s peculiar views on the tasks of the press in general, on the problems of commercialisation and vulgarisation of mass newspapers, and on the “national question” in journalism. His inconsistency and certain hypocrisy in a number of issues are shown. It is concluded that there were no insurmountable obstacles to the resolution of the Kolokol Dukhovny (later Kolokol) in 1898–1899, but the general reluctance of Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich to allow new newspapers in Moscow led to a negative response from the Main Directorate for Press Aff airs to Filippov’s petitions. At the same time, Filippov learnt lessons from this situation and later found ways to acquire of newspapers and journals.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
This article makes public letters of a well-known author of the handbook in dogmatic theology, Rector of Vologda Theological Seminary, Archpriest Nikolai Malinovsky. The letters are addressed to the famous theologian, exegete and church historian Nikolai Nikanorovich Glubokovsky. They date back to the time of the pedagogical activity of N. N. Glubokovsky at St. Petersburg Theological Academy, where he worked from 1891 until the time of its closure. Archpriest Nikolai Malinovsky and N. N. Glubokovsky were natives of Vologda Guberniya and were graduates of Vologda Seminary. The author of the letters touched upon various aspects and problems of theological education. The letters of the Rector of the Seminary are a valuable source which reflects the life of Vologda Theological Seminary in one of the most diffi cult periods of its history, overshadowed by the revolutionary turmoil. Many of the materials published here shed light on certain events that took place at the Theological School of Vologda Diocese. Some documents deal with one of the graduates, later teacher, of Vologda Seminary, i. e. Bishop of Saratov and Tsaritsyn Ioann (Kratirov). The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of this epistolary heritage; it is directly related to the history of secondary theological education in Vologda Diocese. These letters discover new facts, evaluate relevant historical events, which cannot always be done by studying historical documents only. The research methodology is based on the historical method, which allows one to assess historical events in Vologda Theological Seminary at the beginning of the twentieth century. The published letters are kept in the archival fund of N.N. Glubokovsky in the Manuscript Department of the Russian National Library and have not been used by researchers before.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
Müslümanlar, tercüme faaliyetleri yoluyla farklı kültürlere ait ilmî birikimle tanışmışlardır. Bu yeni durum İslâm’ın "ilim" kavramına yüklediği anlamı da etkilemiştir. Bu etki neticesinde "ilim" kavramı felsefî ilimleri de kapsayacak bir şekilde genişlemiştir. İlimlerin tasnifi konusunda filozoflar tarafından yapılan çalışmaların benzeri, İslâm âlimlerince de yapılmaya başlamıştır. Bu tasniflerde ilimlerin ilgi alanları ve hudutları belirlenmeye gayret edilmiştir. Böylelikle ilimler arasındaki ilişkiler ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bu konudaki önemli çalışmalardan biri de çok yönlü bir âlim olan İbnü'l-Ekfânî'ye (ö. 749/1348) aittir. O, yaptığı tasnifte kendinden önceki çalışmalardan istifade etmiş ve onlara göre daha detaylı bir tasnif ortaya çıkarmıştır. Müellif bu çalışmasında ayrıca, hakkında bilgi verdiği ilimlerle ilgili literatüre de yer vermiştir. İlimlerin tasnifi, geçmişte âlimlerin önemle üzerinde durdukları bir konu olmakla birlikte günümüzde gereken ihtimamı gördüğünü söylemek biraz zordur. Dolayısıyla İbnü'l-Ekfânî ve ilimleri tasnifi de aynı derecede sınırlı sayıda çalışmaya konu olmuştur. Çalışmamızda onun bu konudaki en önemli eseri olan İrşâdü’l-ḳāṣıd çerçevesinde ilim tasnifi ve bu tasnifte hadîs ilmine verdiği yer gösterilmiştir
This article studies life and work of Bishop Nazariy (Andreev, 1865–1940), the prominent representative of the conformist episcopate of the 1920s. The use of a large range of previously unknown documents allowed the authors to compile a complete biography and to clarify the bishop’s church-related and political views, to specify the staff of the dioceses under his control, to reveal some methods of the Joint State Political Directorate (Russ. ОГПУ) in designing church schisms. It is shown that bishop Nazariy publicly defended the church after the February and October revolutions. During the Civil War he denounced the ideology of Bolshevism and, at the same time, criticised the policy of the Siberian White governments in connection with the foreign intervention and the involvement of the church in civil confrontation. After the war, he sought to find a compromise with the Soviet authorities and argued that the main task of the clergy was to christianise society and to dissociate from “political gambling”. In September 1922, by the eff orts of the State Political Directorate, he was removed from Yenisey diocese, lapsed into the Renovationist schism and started to support the methods of bishop of Tomsk Sophroniy (Arefyev) in pushing back the radical Renovationist group Living Church from the administration of Siberian dioceses in favour of the more moderate Union of Church Revival. He became one of the founders of the Renovationist episcopate of Siberia. The article gives data on the activities of Bishop Nazariy at the Renovationist see in Rostov-on-Don, his repentance to patriarch Tikhon and his appointment to Syzran, the new lapse into the Renovationist schism. The article shows the role of the State Political Directorate in the seduction of Bishop Nazariy into the Gregorian schism. It also outlines his return to the Orthodox Church and his activity at Chelyabinsk see in 1928. His fate after the arrest and conviction is also described.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
This article describes the history of the foundation of Altai spiritual mission. Its inception is closely connected with the beginning of systematic missionary work in Western Siberia. By the beginning of the 19th century, the Orthodox mission in this region gradually became inactive, but in the fi rst third of this century the Holy Synod resumed active missionary work. The article considers those statutes of the Holy Synod that dealt with the arrangement of missionary activity in this region. It scrutinises the letter exchange between the Ministry of Finances of the Russian Empire and the Holy Synod, which refl ects problems of funding of the newly created mission. The article analyses in detail the circumstances around the appointment of Revd. Makariy (Glukharev) in the mission and personal considerations that urged this saint to embark on the apostolic service. The article also studies the history of the name of the mission. Among other issues, the article answers the question about the date of establishing Altai spiritual mission and makes a conclusion that there was no specifi c statute as to this.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
Hz. Peygamber 23 yıllık risâlet görevindebirçok zorluk ve engellemelerle karşılaşmıştır. Bu bağlamda onu en fazla meşguledenler şüphesiz Mekkeli müşrikler olmuştur. Onlar başlangıçta çok da önemvermedikleri bu yeni oluşumun giderek güçlendiğini ve alışageldikleri inanç veyaşantı şeklini tehdit ettiğini gördükleri zaman Hz. Peygamber ve Müslümanlaraen ağır işkence ve zulümler yapmaktan geri durmamışlardır. Önceleri alayetmeyle başlayan bu şiddetli muhalefet, giderek iftira ve sözlü sataşmaya,ardından fiilî müdahale ve işkenceye, daha sonra ambargoya ve nihayetinde desilahlı mücadeleye dönüşmüştür. Müşriklerin birçok sebebe matuf olarakgeliştirdikleri bu aşırı muhalefet hareketlerinde önemli Müşrik liderlerindenbirisi olan Ebû Süfyân’ın ortaya koymuş olduğu tavır genelde diğerleriyle benzerkarakterler arz etse de özelde birtakım farklı hususiyetler göstermektedir.İşte biz bu çalışmamızda Ebû Süfyân’ın risâlet görevinde Hz. Peygamber’e karşısergilemiş olduğu tutum ve davranışları ve bunların altında yatan nedenleriortaya koymayı çalışacağız.
Zubara was the Most Important City of Qatar Peninsula in 18th Century. Zubara, located in al-Shamal Province of Qatar Sheikdom today, is a Historical City of the Country and is Famous for Its Historical Monuments, especially Zubara Castle (Built in 1938, Added to UNESCO World Heritage List by June 2013). Qatar Peninsula was a Dried Land with a Bad Clime until the Establishment of Zubara by Atub Tribe. There was no Real City in the Peninsula and Actually Uncivilized Qatar was Arena of Tribes whom was tributary of Neighbor Rulers. The Establishment of Zubara Really Boomed Qatar; Regional Countries and European Colonial Powers Such as France and Britain Paid Attention to Qatar Peninsula. Although Colonial Interferences and Tribal Disputes Destructed the City Later on. This Paper Uses Historical Grounds and Survey the Establishment of a City in Southern Shores of Persian Gulf as a Case Study ; The Article will Check the Impact of Zubara Establishment on Persian Gulf Political Events during 18th Century and Especially Independency of Qatar.
History and principles of religions, History of Asia
W artykule opisano różnicę między zabytkami, dziedzictwem kulturowym i współczesnymi dobrami kultury. Problemem dzisiejszych czasów jest problem z określaniem, co powinno być wymienione i chronione w myśl Ustawy o Ochronie Zabytków i Opiece nad Zabytkami, ponieważ nie istnieje prawna interpretacja określająca moment, w którym można zdefiniować obiekt jako zabytek lub dobro współczesne
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Religion (General)
The article focuses on the studies of the Greek manuscript tradition of the Life of Saint Onnophrius the Great, which is still almost unexplored. In this paper, based on analysis of the published versions of the Life, as well as copies of unpublished Greek manuscripts made by Father Joseph Paramelle, the existence of fi ve diff erent Greek versions of the Life (types I–V) is established. Among all the installed versions, the only one (type I) contains a text the closest to the original version of the Life. It is attested by three Greek manuscripts. All other types are later redactions of the original text. Types II–IV present the abridged versions of the Life, the type V is a partially shortened and strongly metaphrastic text descended probably from the Mount Athos. On the basis of circumstantial evidence, it was assumed the existence of at least another three versions of the Life
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
The article deals with the question that is the important for the understanding both the current state of science and education and the history. The author explains the problem of the theology’s place in the system of a scientific knowledge by giving the materials of the discussion at the Office preceding the All-Russia Church Local Council in 1906. He investigates the discussion and detects the systematic point of view.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions