Hasil untuk "Fuel"

J. Abatzoglou, A. P. Williams

C. Mcglade, P. Ekins

Sustainable Forestry, Pekka E. Kauppi, Yude Pan et al.

Haisheng Chen, Thang Ngoc Cong, Wei Yang et al.

Abstract Electrical energy storage technologies for stationary applications are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to pumped hydroelectric storage, compressed air energy storage, battery, flow battery, fuel cell, solar fuel, superconducting magnetic energy storage, flywheel, capacitor/supercapacitor, and thermal energy storage. Comparison is made among these technologies in terms of technical characteristics, applications and deployment status.

A. Agarwal

D. Audretsch, M. Feldman

P. McKendry

L. C. Meher, D. Sagar, S. Naik

L. Schlapbach, A. Züttel

Hamza Haruna Mohammed, Dusica Marijan, Arnbjørn Maressa

Accurate prediction of shaft rotational speed, shaft power, and fuel consumption is crucial for enhancing operational efficiency and sustainability in maritime transportation. Conventional physics-based models provide interpretability but struggle with real-world variability, while purely data-driven approaches achieve accuracy at the expense of physical plausibility. This paper introduces a Physics-Informed Kolmogorov-Arnold Network (PI-KAN), a hybrid method that integrates interpretable univariate feature transformations with a physics-informed loss function and a leakage-free chained prediction pipeline. Using operational and environmental data from five cargo vessels, PI-KAN consistently outperforms the traditional polynomial method and neural network baselines. The model achieves the lowest mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE), and the highest coefficient of determination (R^2) for shaft power and fuel consumption across all vessels, while maintaining physically consistent behavior. Interpretability analysis reveals rediscovery of domain-consistent dependencies, such as cubic-like speed-power relationships and cosine-like wave and wind effects. These results demonstrate that PI-KAN achieves both predictive accuracy and interpretability, offering a robust tool for vessel performance monitoring and decision support in operational settings.

Gabrielius Mejeras, Saugirdas Pukalskas, Alfredas Rimkus et al.

The widespread use of gasoline blended with 10% ethanol (E10) has raised questions regarding engine performance and emissions under conditions where ethanol supply may be disrupted, and pure gasoline (E0) is temporarily used instead. This study experimentally investigates the effects of E0 and E10 fuels on fuel consumption and exhaust emissions in spark-ignition engines equipped with two different fuel supply systems: multi-point fuel injection (MPI) and carburetion (CARB). Chassis dynamometer tests were performed on two passenger vehicles under steady-state part-load conditions at vehicle speeds of 60, 90, and 120 km/h, as well as during full-throttle operation. E0 and E10 were tested separately under identical operating points. Fuel consumption, brake-specific fuel consumption, air–fuel ratio, and exhaust gas components (CO, CO₂, HC, O₂) were measured and analysed. The results show that the MPI-equipped vehicle exhibited consistently lower fuel consumption when operating on E0 compared to E10, primarily due to the lower volumetric heating value of ethanol. In contrast, the carbureted engine demonstrated a stronger sensitivity to fuel composition, with E10 leading to leaner mixture formation and pronounced changes in fuel consumption and emissions. CO and HC emissions were significantly lower in the MPI engine, mainly due to closed-loop stoichiometric control combined with the presence of a three-way catalytic converter, while E10 substantially reduced these emissions in the carbureted engine. CO and HC emissions were significantly lower in the MPI configuration, mainly due to closed-loop stoichiometric control combined with the presence of a three-way catalytic converter. In the carbureted configuration, E10 substantially reduced CO and HC emissions compared to E0, primarily as a result of leaner mixture formation. Overall, the findings indicate that modern MPI engines are less sensitive to whether the supplied fuel is E10 and E0, whereas carbureted engines may show notable changes in performance and emissions under the same operating conditions.

Fabrizio Aguzzi, Martín Armoa, Santiago M. Rabazzi et al.

This work presents a modeling framework to represent the thermomechanical behavior of complex materials based on micromechanical dynamics. The framework is applied to nuclear fuel rod elements composed of Zircaloy-2 cladding tubes and spacer grids under typical Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) conditions. Thermal expansion and thermal creep are incorporated through a VPSC-FEM coupling with the finite element solver Code_Aster, enabling analysis of in-reactor behavior under combined thermal, mechanical, and irradiation loading. The model captures anisotropic deformation driven by crystallographic texture and prismatic slip activity under radial loading. Thermal creep, being stress-sensitive, contributes to early-stage stress relaxation and strain accumulation, leading to higher strain compared to the irradiation-only case. The interaction of thermal creep with irradiation mechanisms modifies the stress distribution and clearance evolution, with relaxation governed by prismatic slip. For fuel rod components, irradiation-induced mechanisms dominate the long-term clearance behavior, whereas thermal effects remain relevant in contact dynamics during thermal preloading. The stress-strain response is found to be more sensitive to micromechanical processes than to elastic constants. This high-resolution formulation enables predictive modeling of spacer-cladding interaction and provides a foundation for developing reduced-order models.

Daegyun Choi, Donghoon Kim, Henzeh Leeghim

This study explores an energy-efficient control strategy for spacecraft inspection using a fuzzy inference system combined with a bio-inspired optimization technique to incorporate learning capability into the control process. The optimized fuzzy controller produces a minimally fuel-consuming force while maintaining reliable inspection within constraints, such as illumination, restricted field of view, thrust limits, and safe regions. The performance of the proposed control strategy is validated through Monte Carlo simulations.

Cheng Zhang, Wei Fang, Changjun Xie et al.

Integrated Hydrogen–Energy Systems (IHES) have attracted widespread attention; however, distributed energy sources such as photovoltaics (PV) and wind turbines (WT) within these systems exhibit significant uncertainty and intermittency, posing key challenges to scheduling complexity and system instability. As a core mechanism for the integrated operation of IHES, electricity price regulation can promote the absorption of renewable energy, optimize resource allocation, and enhance operational economy. Nevertheless, uncertainties in IHES hinder the formulation of accurate electricity prices, which easily lead to delays in scheduling responses and an increase in cumulative operating costs. To address these issues, this study develops lifespan models for Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers (PEMELs) and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), constructs dynamic equations for the demand side and response side, and proposes a fuzzy-weighted dynamic pricing strategy. Simulation results show that, compared with fixed pricing, the proposed dynamic pricing strategy reduces economic indicators by an average of 15.3%, effectively alleviates energy imbalance, and optimizes the energy supply of components. Additionally, it reduces the lifespan degradation of PEMELs by 21.59% and increases the utilization rate of PEMFCs by 54.8%.

João P. Manaia, Guilherme Pedreiro, João Paulo Dias et al.

The transition to electric mobility is essential for sustainable development, driving a sharp rise in battery use for electric vehicles (EVs). Once these batteries have reached the end of their first vehicle life cycle (1st EOL), they are no longer suitable for vehicle traction, but can be repurposed for less demanding applications before being recycled. This approach prolongs battery lifespan while yielding measurable environmental and economic benefits. However, the widespread repurposing of these batteries is limited by a lack of standardised certification procedures. This study proposes a certification methodology for second-life lithium-ion batteries, based on Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 and the UL 1974 standard. The methodology comprises eight key steps to ensure safety, performance, and regulatory compliance for CE marking in the EU. A key step in the methodology is performance testing, which includes BMS functionality checks, open-circuit voltage, insulation resistance, capacity (via charge/discharge cycles), internal resistance, and self-discharge tests. These tests assess the battery’s state of health (SoH) and state of charge (SoC), enabling sorting and repurposing. A case study of a BMW plug-in hybrid battery module shows testing costs of 57.3–57.4 €/kWh, indicating economic feasibility. This work supports the safe and sustainable integration of repurposed EV batteries into new energy applications.

Elham Nejadmoghadam, Abdenour Achour, Olov Öhrman et al.

Understanding and mitigating catalyst deactivation is crucial for enhancing the efficiency of hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) processes in the production of biofuels. In this study sulfided metal catalysts, NiMo/Al2O3, NiMo/SiO2-Al2O3, and NiW/Al2O3 along with bare supports (Al2O3, SiO2-Al2O3, and zeolite Y) were placed in a refinery green hydrotreating unit. Potassium, phosphorus and sodium were identified as major poisons. The HDO activity of spent catalysts was assessed in a lab-scale batch reactor at 58 bar H2 and 325 °C for deoxygenation of oleic acid. The results highlighted that the active metals, particularly NiW, had a more pronounced tendency to attract poisons compared to the supports. However, with bare supports, coking was more significant and simultaneously less poisons were trapped, which could be due to blocking of the pores with coke. In the presence of these poisons there was a significant decline in oxygenate conversion compared with fresh catalysts, with a gradual reduction in activity for both decarbonation and direct-HDO products. Solvent washing treatments with DMSO and water were employed in an attempt to recover the activity of the spent catalysts, by partially removing the poisons. However, through these treatments, the activity of the NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst could not be restored.

Katarzyna Szramowiat-Sala, Marta Marczak-Grzesik, Mateusz Karczewski et al.

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hazardous air pollutants with well-documented carcinogenic, mutagenic, and toxic effects. This study investigates the chemical composition and sources of PAHs in Kraków, a city characterized by diverse air quality challenges. PM10 and PM2.5 samples were collected during the winter seasons of 2014 and 2015, enabling a detailed assessment of PAH concentrations and their atmospheric transformations. The results indicate that PAH levels frequently exceeded European Union and World Health Organization limits, with benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) reaching peak concentrations of 38.8 ng m−3 in PM10 and 30.2 ng m−3 in PM2.5, highlighting significant health risks. To determine PAH sources, a chemical-based framework integrating diagnostic ratios, receptor modeling, and backward trajectory analysis was applied. The findings reveal that coal and biomass combustion were dominant PAH contributors, with additional influences from vehicular emissions and industrial activities. The BaP/(BaP + BeP) ratio suggested that PAHs in PM2.5 underwent more atmospheric aging than those in PM10, indicating that finer particles play a crucial role in PAH transport and transformation. Furthermore, correlations with inorganic and organic PM constituents, such as chloride and levoglucosan, underscored the mixed influence of fossil fuel and biomass burning. The study also evaluated the toxicological implications of PAHs, demonstrating that mutagenic activity exceeded toxicity levels, and finer particles posed a greater carcinogenic risk. While the exposure index suggested that short-term exposure remained within acceptable limits, long-term effects require further assessment. Given the complex interplay of emission sources and atmospheric processes, continuous monitoring and targeted mitigation strategies are essential for improving urban air quality.

Liudmyla Parasiuk, Serhii Illiash, Tetiana Stasiuk et al.

Introduction. The article considers the features of calculating fuel consumption rates for machines and mechanisms. The main methods for determining fuel rates are analyzed, the influence of technical, operational and external factors is taken into account, and the environmental component is considered, in particular, the impact of fuel consumption on the environment and the use of SCR systems to reduce harmful emissions. The rational use of fuel and energy resources is one of the key tasks in the field of operation of vehicles and road construction equipment. An important role in this process is played by modern methods of assessing fuel consumption and the use of selective catalytic neutralization (SCR) systems, which allow reducing harmful emissions. To achieve maximum fuel efficiency, it is necessary to take into account a wide range of factors that affect the operation of equipment. Issues. Calculating fuel consumption rates is a complex process due to the variety of factors that influence it. The main problems facing researchers and engineers are the great variability of equipment operating conditions (terrain relief, climatic conditions, soil type, etc.), the dependence of fuel consumption on the technical condition of machines, the control method and the level of process automation, the lack of a universal methodology that takes into account all aspects of the operation of different types of equipment, the need to develop effective algorithms for optimizing fuel consumption. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to analyze modern approaches to calculating fuel consumption rates, identify key factors affecting fuel consumption, and develop recommendations for optimizing the use of fuel resources in mechanical engineering and the transport sector. Materials and methods. The article is of a review nature. The article uses a systematic approach, which is a set of general scientific methodological principles (requirements), based on the consideration of objects as systems.

Kun Wang, Zheng Chen, Jun Li

In this paper, we consider a trajectory planning problem arising from a lunar vertical landing with minimum fuel consumption. The vertical landing requirement is written as a final steering angle constraint, and a nonnegative regularization term is proposed to modify the cost functional. In this way, the final steering angle constraint will be inherently satisfied according to Pontryagin's Minimum Principle. As a result, the modified optimal steering angle has to be determined by solving a transcendental equation. To this end, a transforming procedure is employed, which allows for finding the desired optimal steering angle by a simple bisection method. Consequently, the modified optimal control problem can be solved by the indirect shooting method. Finally, some numerical examples are presented to demonstrate and verify the developments of the paper.

Zexin Nie, Yi Huang, Guangyu Tian

Ammonia, known as a good hydrogen carrier, shows great potential for use as a zero-carbon fuel for vehicles. However, both the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), the currently available engines used by the vehicle, require hydrogen decomposed from ammonia. On-board hydrogen production is an energy-intensive process that significantly reduces system efficiency. Therefore, energy recovery from the system's residual heat is essential to promote system efficiency. ICEs and FCs require different amounts of hydrogen, and they produce residual heat of different quality and quantity, so the system efficiency is not only determined by the engine operating point, but also by the measures and ratios of residual heat recovery. To thoroughly understand the relationships between system energy efficiency and system configuration as well as system parameters, this paper takes three typical power systems with different configurations as our objects. Models of three systems are set up for system energy efficiency analysis, and carry out simulations under different conditions to conduct system output power and energy efficiency. By analyzing the simulation results, the factors that most significantly impact the system efficiency are identified, the guidelines for system design and parameter optimization are proposed.