Hasil untuk "Finnic. Baltic-Finnic"

Eleriin Miilman, Nele Karolin Teiva, Ilona Tragel

Inimeste hulk moodustab kogukonna juhul, kui neil on midagi ühist (nt elukoht, hobi, kogemus). Seejuures teotahteline ja tugev kogukond ka lävib omavahel. Näiteks võib kogukond kujuneda õpilastest. Kui õpilased, kellel on teadmised sama teema kohta, suhtlevad regulaarselt ja tahavad üheskoos areneda, võib sellest koostööst kujuneda praktikakogukond (ingl community of practice). Artiklis kirjeldame olukorda, kus õpilased saaksid kollektiivseks ja tõhusaks õppimiseks koos tegutseda ning aktiivselt suhelda ja potentsiaalselt praktikakogukonnaks kujuneda. Analüüsime 11. ja 12. klasside õpilaste vastuseid (n = 189) küsitlusele, millega uurisime, kas peatsed vilistlased ning tulevased abituriendid tahaksid eesti keele riigieksamiks valmistumisel üksteist aidata ja üksteiselt tuge saada ning milline võiks see koht olla, kus ühiselt eksamiks valmistutakse. Tulemused näitavad, et sellise rühma sooviksid mõlemad klassid moodustada, seal osaleda ja/või sinna panustada. Põhiliselt soovitakse vabas, mugavas ja hubases füüsilises või veebikeskkonnas küsida küsimusi, kuulata kogemusi ja arutleda. Muu hulgas selgitame artiklis, miks on õpilaste praktikakogukonnad õppimiseks vajalikud ning tõhusad. Abstract. Eleriin Miilman, Nele Karolin Teiva, Ilona Tragel: “We must help our own.” The necessity and possibility of the formation of the ­ Estonian state exam community. A group of individuals forms a com­munity if they have something in common (e.g. a place of residence, a hobby, an experience). Members of an active and strong community also interact with each other. For example, a community can form among students. If students share knowledge about the same topic, interact regularly and wish to improve together, this collaboration may lead to the formation of a community of practice. In this article, we describe a situation where students can work together and actively communicate to learn collectively and effectively and to develop into a community of practice. We analyzed the responses of 11th- and ­12th-grade Estonian students (n = 189) to a questionnaire, which we used to examine whether these ­ soon-to-be graduates and future 12th graders would like to help each other prepare for the state examination and receive support, and what kind of shared space they envision for joint preparation. The results show that both grade levels would like to form, to be involved in, and to contribute to such a group. On the whole, students wish to ask questions, share experiences, and engage in discussion within a relaxed, comfortable, and cozy environment – whether physical or online. Additionally, the article discusses why communities of practice amongst students are effective and necessary for learning in general.

Ritva Laury, Renate Pajusalu, Marja-Liisa Helasvuo

The article concerns relative clause constructions and their main clauses in Estonian and Finnish conversation. The study shows that copula clauses and existential clauses predominate in the corpus data: these two clause types accounted for more than half of the main clauses. Such main clauses serve simply to introduce a referent which is then predicated upon in the relative clause and is likely to be subsequently discussed in the conversation. In addition, relative clauses are also used without any main clauses, headed with just a nominal, a free NP. The article thus shows that the main clauses of relative clauses in Estonian and Finnish conversation tend to be syntactically light. They are also pragmatically light, since it is the relative clause, and not the main clause, which contains the main information in the clause combination. This raises a question about the subordinate status of the relative clause. Kokkuvõte. Ritva Laury, Renate Pajusalu, Marja-Liisa Helasvuo: Kas pealause on tõesti „pea”lause? Relatiivlaused eesti ja soome suulises keeles. Artikkel tegeleb relatiivlausete konstruktsioonide pealausetega eesti ja soome suulistes vestlustes. Uurimus näitab, et predikatiivlaused ja eksistentsiaallaused on suulises kõnes kõige tavalisemad, nendesse lausetüüpidesse kuulus üle poole meie materjali pealausetest. Sellised pealaused ainult esitlevad referenti, mille kohta just relatiivlause annab olulist informatsiooni. Relatiivlause konstruktsiooniga vestlusesse toodud referent on hiljem tihti edasise vestluse oluline teema. Lisaks kasutatakse relatiivlauseid tihti ilma pealauseteta, nii et nad laiendavad vaba nimisõnafraasi. Artikkel näitab seega, et eesti ja soome vestluste relatiivlausete pealaused on süntaktiliselt kerged. Nad on kerged ka pragmaatiliselt, kuna just relatiivlause, mitte aga pealause, annab põhilise informatsiooni. Siit tekib küsimus relatiivlause kui kõrvallause staatusest ja selle alistatusest.

László Fejes

Southwestern Khanty is a dialect documented only in the 2008 PhD dissertation by Olga Vaysman. A previous study based on lexical data established that South­western Khanty is very close to Obdorsk Khanty. The current study explores the dia­lect’s phonological and morphological features. Although some of these features are typical only of Obdorsk Khanty among the formerly known dialects, some features of Southwestern Khanty are unique among the Khanty dialects. These peculiarities of Southwestern Khanty are numerous and unsystematic, which makes it unlikely that the dialect developed from Obdorsk Khanty or a dialect near Obdorsk Khanty. Taking into account the obscurity of the metadata, it is questionable whether Vaysman’s data on Southwestern Khanty really reflect the linguistic facts of an existing Khanty dialect. Kokkuvõte. László Fejes: “Edelahandi” paiknemine handi murrete hulgas: tõendid fonoloogiast ja morfoloogiast. Edelahandi murre on dokumenteeritud ainult Olga Vaysmani 2008. aasta doktoritöös. Eelmine, leksikaalsetel andmetel põhinev uuring näitas, et edelahandi on lähedane Obdorski handile. Käesolev uuring analüüsib edelahandi fonoloogilisi ja morfoloogilisi tunnuseid. Kuigi mõned neist tunnustest on varem tuntud murrete hulgas tüüpiliseid ainult Obdorski handile, on mõned omadused handi murrete seas ainulaadsed. Need edelahantide eripärad on arvukad ja ebasüstemaatilised, mistõttu on ebatõenäoline, et edelahandi arenes välja Obdorski handi murdest või selle lähedasest murdest. Võttes arvesse metaandmete hämarust, on küsitav, kas Vaysmani andmed edelahandi kohta kajastavad tõesti olemasoleva handi murde keelelisi fakte.

Miina Norvik, Linda Freienthal, Olga Gerassimenko et al.

Rahvusvaheline lingvistikaolümpiaad kutsuti ellu 2003. aastal. Eestis seati see sisse samal aastal tänu Renate Pajusalule, kes seda vedama asus. Siinne artikkel vaatabki tagasi 20-le lingvistikaolümpiaadi aastale ning Renate rollile selles, tehes seda Renate kaasteeliste pilgu läbi. Artiklis leiavad kajastust erinevad võistlusvoorud, aga ka olümpiaadi heaks tehtavad tegevused, nagu lingvistikalaagrid, koolikülastused ja lingvistikaseminarid. Ühtlasi ilmneb artiklist, et olümpiaad ja sellega seonduv on nende 20 aasta jooksul täitnud oma laiemat eesmärki: tuhanded õpilased on saanud aimu erisugustest maailma keeltest ja ka keeleteadusest. Abstract. Miina Norvik, Linda Freienthal, Olga Gerassimenko, Airika Harrik, Axel Jagau, Reeli Torn-Leesik, Külli Prillop: 20 years of linguistics Olympiad with Renate Pajusalu. The International Linguistics Olympiad was inaugurated in 2003. The corresponding Estonian national olympiad was established in the same year thanks to the efforts of Renate Pajusalu who became its chief organiser. The present article looks back on the role played by Professor Pajusalu in the history of the Estonian linguistics olympiad through the eyes of colleagues who have been part of the process. The text recalls the different stages of the contest, as well as various tasks preparing the olympiad such as linguistics retreats, school visits to introduce it, and linguistics seminars. It is clear that the 20 years of the olympiad and events associated with it have served its overall purpose well: thousands of school students have become aware of the diversity of the world’s languages and of the science of linguistics.

Tiina Rüütmaa, Merilin Aruvee

"Unnoticeable language teaching methodology". Language acquisition is often more effective and motivational outside the classroom, as it allows the use of the target language in real life situations adding the aspect of relationship building and networking. A good way to improve one’s language skills is through leisure activities as it provides an opportunity to communicate with people with similar interests in a target language environment. However, in Estonia recreational activities are quite segregated. Within an interdisciplinary project course at Tallinn University the project "Unnoticeable Language Learning" (ULL) was carried out in 2019–2022. The main objective of the project was to develop a new language teaching strategie, which can be used to teach and learn Estonian unnoticeably in the course of some gripping recreational activity. The project also aimed to propagate the modern approach to language learning and increase native speakers’ consciousness in supporting language learners and to indicate the importance of non- and informal language learning.

Miina Norvik, Uldis Balodis, Valts Ernštreits et al.

This article offers a comparative analysis of several morphosyntactic and phonological features in the South Estonian language islands: Leivu, Lutsi, and Kraasna. The objective is to give an overview of the distribution of selected features, their (in)stability over time, and discuss their form and use in a broader areal context. To achieve this goal, comparative information was also included from the closest cognate varieties (Estonian and the South Estonian varieties, Courland Livonian and Salaca Livonian) and the main contact varieties (Latgalian, Latvian, and Russian). The data analysed in this study originated from various sources: text collections, dictionaries, and language corpora. The results reveal a multitude of linguistic patterns and distribution patterns, which means that the studied varieties are similar to / different from one another in various ways and points to multifaceted contact situations and outcomes in this area. Kokkuvõte. Miina Norvik, Uldis Balodis, Valts Ernštreits, Gunta Kļava, Helle Metslang, Karl Pajusalu, Eva Saar: Lõunaeesti keelesaared Kesk-Balti mõjuväljas. Artikkel esitab lõunaeesti keelesaarte – Leivu, Lutsi ja Kraasna – mitme morfosüntaktilise ja fonoloogilise joone võrdleva analüüsi. Uurimuse eesmärgiks on anda ülevaade valitud joonte levikust ja püsivusest ajas ning arutleda nende vormide ja kasutuse üle laiemas areaalses kontekstis. Selleks võetakse arvesse lähimate sugulaskeelte (eesti ja lõunaeesti, Kuramaa ja Salatsi liivi) ja -murrete ning tähtsamate kontaktkeelte (latgali, läti, vene) esinemusi. Analüüsitakse erinevatest allikatest, mh tekstikogudest, sõna- raamatutest ja keelekorpustest pärit ainest. Uurimistulemused toovad esile mitmesuguseid vormiseoseid ja muutuste levikuviise, osutades uuritud keelte ja murrete omavaheliste kontaktide mitmelaadsusele ning sellest tingitud erinevatele keelesüsteemi arengutele.

D. Teptiuk

M. Sarv

Artikkel uurib regilaulu teema-analüüsi võimalusi teemade modelleerimise meetodi abil. Meetodi kasutamisel on probleemiks regilaulu keele piirkondlik varieeruvus. Laulutekstide esmane analüüs näitas, et sisukamaid tulemusi annab teema-analüüs ühtlasema keelega kogumite puhul. Lähemaks vaatluseks valitud Hiiumaa, Saaremaa ja Muhu laulude teema-analüüsil tuvastati 20 teemat, mis annavad kiire ülevaate vaadeldavate laulude temaatilisest struktuurist. Uurimus näitas, et tuvastatud teemad jaotuvad vaadeldud piirkonnas võrdlemisi ühtlaselt. Kuid arvutuslikud teemarühmad ei kattu üheselt regilaulu varasema liigitusega, arvestamata laulude žanrilisi erinevusi ning tuues esiplaanile vaadeldavas laulukogumis sagedamini esinevad laulutüübid.   The article explores possibilities of computational topic analysis of Estonian runosong texts using the latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic modelling. Runosong is an oral poetic tradition known among most of Finnic peoples. Estonian runosong texts, the material of the current research, have been collected mainly since 1880s and gathered into the Estonian Folklore Archives of the Estonian Literary Museum, where the runosong database with more than 100 000 texts has been compiled (Oras et al 2003–2020). Language of runosongs varies considerably across dialects and, in addition to that, it uses a specific archaic idiom different from the spoken language which complicates the computational analysis of the content aspects of the texts. Topic modelling is a method that enables to discover abstract topics detected statistically on the basis of the frequency of the co-occurrence of the words in the texts. In case of a runosong corpus, the method could be used to automatically detect the thematic structure of a large amount of runosong texts, to compare the thematic distribution of regional traditions of the runosong, and to analyse how the thematic distribution obtained with the help of computational methods relates to the classification of the texts resulting from folkloristic analysis. The idea of the current article is to explore whether topic modelling can give meaningful results if applied to unlemmatized and highly variative runosong texts. For LDA topic modelling I used the application MALLET (McCallum 2002). The initial trials with the whole corpus of runosong texts made it clear that the language of the songs is too variative to reach the level of content. It also became obvious that it is necessary to remove stopwords and refrain words. The topics, obtained from the runosongs from all over Estonia, represented dialectal variants of the language rather than thematic clusters and it was necessary to restrict the material. I used stylometric analysis (using R package stylo, Eder et al 2013) to divide the area into linguistically more homogenous subregions, and chose the area of Western islands of Estonia with 16 parishes and 3672 song texts for further explorations. With this material I decided to generate 20 topics. Within this smaller area the topics did not cluster regional language variants any more: (1) the linguistic variants of the main concepts of a topic were brought together under the keywords of the same topic; (2) in most cases, the detected topics were distributed among all the parishes included in the selection. Looking at the 20 keywords, the topics indeed seemed to reflect certain thematic subgroups of the songs. In several cases the most prominent song type of a topic was reflected in keywords, in other cases the keywords referred to larger groups of songs. Five of the 20 topics focused on weddings, more precisely, on different episodes of the wedding ritual: adornation and dressing, arriving and greeting, finding the bride and taking her to her new home, sharing the presents prepared by the bride, and recommendations to the bride and the groom. In all these topics the verbs refer either to the present or the future (rather than to the past which is common in narrative songs). A topic of swinging songs includes also the songs about dancing and feasts. Five topics focus on different narrative plots about the troubles of young people, about wooing and marriage. Lyric songs about the life of orphans and about singing form a separate topic each, and there is a separate male topic covering the songs of various genres related to horses, riding and the woods. The largest topic includes the songs on working at home and outside, but also the songs about premarital sex. There are two topics with the focus on well-known children’s songs and lullabies. Two topics relate to German landlords, their power and activities, and one to recruiting and the war. As a conclusion of this exploration: (1) for topic modelling it is necessary to use the texts in homogenous language variants; otherwise, the linguistic differences override the topics at some point; (2) it is possible to use unlemmatized texts for topic modelling, but in this case the grammatical features (tense, modality) interfere with topic analysis; (3) the proportions of variable and stable (recurrent) elements (song types, motifs) in the material have a clear impact on topic formation: the more frequently an element occurs in the material, and the more stable is its wording, the bigger its probability to form the centre of a topic, whereas distinct but rare themes remain unnoticed and will be shared between the topics of more prominent subjects; (4) common sets of words assembled together as the topic may, in addition to the common thematic focus, refer to a common framework, for example environments, and behavioural or communicative patterns (for example, begging for something). Compared to the folkloristic classification of folk songs, the automatic distribution of songs (1) highlights the subjects occurring more frequently in the body of songs (for example, a topic highlights swinging songs instead of calendar songs of the folkloristic classification); (2) partly overrides the genre differences (for example song games can be found under different topics, whereas forming a distinct group in folkloristic classifications).

Rogier Blokland, Nobufumi Inaba

Courland Livonian is the only Finnic language where the habitive expressions of giving, taking, and having do not use the so-called l -cases, but instead the dative, the elative or a postposition. As the l -cases mostly only occur in a number of fossilised expressions they have received less attention in the literature. In this article we summarise the functions of the l -cases in Courland Livonian on the basis of previous research and consider their status. Kokkuvote. Rogier Blokland, Nobufumi Inaba: l -kaanded Kuramaa liivi keeles. Kuramaa liivi keel on ainuke laanemeresoome keel, kus andmist, votmist ja omamist valjendatakse mitte nn l -kaanetega, vaid nende asemel kasutatakse daativi, elatiivi voi postpositsiooni. Kuna l -kaanded esinevad enamasti ainult kivinenud valjendites, on need kirjanduses vahe tahelepanu palvinud. Kaesolevas artiklis antakse ulevaade l -kaanete funktsioonidest Kuramaa liivi keeles, tuginedes seejuures varasematele uurimustele. Marksonad : kaandesusteem, valiskohakaanded, adverbid, liivi keel Kubbovottoks. Rogier Blokland, Nobufumi Inaba: l -notkūd Kurāmō līvo kīelso. Kurāmō līvo kēļ um āinagi vāldamiersūomo kēļ, kus āndamiz, votāmiz ja eņtson vȱidamiz pierāst ab ūot kȭlbatod l -notkūd. Nant azmol kȭlbatobod datīv, elatīv agā tagāsonā. l -notkūd āto nǟdob set vaņsi kītimižis ja sīepierāst ne ab ūoto nei jovīst tuņsoltod. Sīes kēras mēg vaņțlom l -notkūd ilzandoksi Kurāmō līvo kīelso, tiggos sīejūs jedmilizt tuņslimizt allizt pǟl.

S. Gregersen

ABSTRACT The article is an in-depth review of Petar Kehayov’s monograph The Fate of Mood and Modality in Language Death: Evidence from Minor Finnic (De Gruyter Mouton, 2017). The book investigates the development of mood and modality in four moribund Finnic languages spoken in the Russian Federation: Votic, Ingrian, Central Lude, and Eastern Seto. After a detailed summary of the book, I discuss a number of issues relating to (a) the semantic map used to analyze the modal meanings; (b) the difference between language death-related changes and “regular” language change; and (c) the explanation of the observed patterns in terms of conceptual complexity. On the last point, I suggest that usage frequency may provide a better explanation for some of the observed changes.

K. Witczak

This paper considers 15 Yatvingian words suspected of being borrowed from a Finno-Ugric source. The hypothesis is rejected in the case of five lexical units, while two further proposals are considered uncertain. The following words are verified as Finno-Ugricisms: Yatv. aiga ‘end’ (← Balto-Finnic *akja ‘id.’); Yatv. ajki ‘time’ (← BF. *ajka ‘id.’); Yatv. fała ‘meat’ (← FU. *pala ‘bite; to eat’); Yatv. ławe ‘boat’ (← FU. *lajwa ‘boat, canoe’); Yatv. sini pl. ‘mushrooms’ (← BF. *sēne ‘mushroom’ < FU. *śänä ‘bracket fungus’); Yatv. tuolis ‘devil’ (← FU. *tule ‘fire’); Yatv. wa[g] ‘it is necessary’ (← BF. *wajakз ‘id.’); Yatv. wał ‘was’ (← FU. *wol‘was’).

Costel Coroban

This paper discusses the change in women’s mentality towards the concept of war and their own role in it according to autobiographical sources such as was journals, diaries, letters or autobiographical novels authored by women who were present at the front during the Great War. The primary sources quoted in this analysis include letters and diaries from nurses who worked in Dr. Elsie Inglis’s Scottish Women’s Hospitals unit as well as the “testament” of Vera Mary Brittain, famous English Voluntary Aid Detachment nurse and writer and women’s rights activist. Among the secondary sources employed in the analysis are the seminal works of Christine E. Hallett, Maxine Alterio, Santanu Das, Eric J. Leed and Claire M. Tylee. Before arriving at a conclusion, the paper highlights important changes in women’s discourse towards the war as well as the way in which such changes were supported by the novel situation in which women found themselves, namely as active participants at the front, and their aspirations towards equal rights and equal treatment.

Mariko Faster, Peeter Päll

Elina Palola

In this paper, I study the essence of philology from the perspective of the study of linguistic variation and change in old texts by examining: What is philology? What are philological research methods? What makes a study philological – does it suffice that it focuses on an old text? Has philology been defined more based on the research subjects than based on the methods? I will showcase the status of philology and its significance as a research trend that combines several disciplines. This paper focuses on the traditions of Finnish philology, but it also offers some insight into the essence of philology from a general perspective of the study of languages as the background. The goal is to offer an idea of what the philological research approach has to offer modern research of old texts. Furthermore, I will present a method that I have developed and its benefits in the study of variation and change of old texts. I will also present an analysis of the Finnish noun varve ‘pasture’, which Mikael Agricola used in the first handbook for mass in Finnish. I consider philology to be a sub-discipline of linguistics. It studies and compares old texts with text-critical methods based on their cultural and historical background. *** "Mis on filoloogia? Filoloogiast ja selle kasutamisest keele varieerumise ja muutumise uurimisel" Vaatlen artiklis filoloogia olemust vanade tekstide keele varieerumise ja muutumise vaatenurgast. Uurimisküsimused on järgmised: mis on filoloogia, millised on filoloogilised uurimismeetodid, mis teeb uurimuse filoloogiliseks – kas piisab sellest, et see tegeleb vanade tekstidega; kas filoloogiat määratletakse pigem uurimisteemade kui meetodite põhjal? Tutvustan filoloogia seisundit ja olulisust mitut eriala ühendava uurimusena. Artikkel keskendub Soome filoloogiale, kuid annab ülevaate ka filoloogia olemusest üldisemalt. Eesmärgiks on näidata, mida on filoloogilisel lähenemisel pakkuda vanade tekstide tänapäevasele uurimisele. Tutvustan ka meetodit, mille olen välja töötanud vanade tekstide varieerumise ja muutumise uurimisel, selgitades Mikael Agricola kasutatud sõna varve ‘(metsa) karjamaa’ tausta, esinemist ja tähendust. Pean filoloogiat keeleteaduse osaks. Selles uuritakse ja võrreldakse vanu tekste tekstikriitiliste meetoditega, lähtudes nende kultuurilisest ja ajaloolisest taustast.

Violeta Motulaitė

The initiative of the Conference on the Future of Europe (CFE) stems out of the necessity to re-evaluate the European Union project after the Brexit, the wave of populism and nationalism and the changing geopolitical environment in the world, as well as to reflect upon the European unity ten years after the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty. As mentioned in this Franco – German initiative, it was meant to address all issues at stake and guide the future of Europe with a view to turning the EU more united and sovereign. It should have focused on policies and it should have identified the main reforms to be implemented as a matter of priority in each block of policies, setting out the types of changes to be made. The current public health crisis has redefined the problems and priorities of the EU. Some issues have become less topical, some have remained relevant and some have emerged as high priorities only now.

R. Grünthal

Notions about adpositions and adpositional phrases (AdpP) reflect the ambiguous nature of this particular domain. While postpositions and prepositions are often dealt with as lexical categories, their syntactic context determines the grammatical relations of individual postpositions. In the diachronic development of individual adpositions, the phrasal unit of AdpP plays a crucial role either enhancing or diminishing the possibility of adopting new adpositions. In Uralic both the head and complement may be inflected, which increases the divergence of the adpositional system in comparison with most neighboring contact languages. This is illustratively seen in the bulk of adpositions in Finnic, Saamic and Mordvinic, which only exceptionally include borrowed lexemes. The focus of this article is bifold. Firstly, it briefly outlines the main structural types of AdpP, particularly in Western Uralic. Secondly, it discusses why loanwords only seldom occur in the adpositional system of languages that are strongly influenced by language contact and widespread bilingualism, such as contemporary Veps and Erzya.

Heini Karjalainen

Veps is a Finnic minority language that has long been influenced by Russian, the prestige language in the speech area. The influence of Russian can be perceived in all subsystems of the Veps language, but hardly any research has been done on its impact on morphology. The current paper focuses on the influence of Russian on the Veps indefinite pronouns and their restructuring. The contemporary Veps indefinite pronoun system is based on the use of different affixes and particles, i.e., indefiniteness markers, which are attached to interrogative stems. This article describes the various Veps indefiniteness markers, which have been acquired via morpheme transfer (MAT) and morphological pattern transfer (PAT) from Russian. The borrowing of indefiniteness markers is typical for languages under the very strong influence of another language. According to contemporary studies, the motivation for borrowing should primarily be attributed to sociolinguistic factors and less to structural-typological similarities of the languages in question. In the Veps language community, such sociolinguistic factors are the minority status of the Veps language and the bilingualism of its speakers.

N. Oranen

This study provides a descriptive account of the adessive case in the endangered and scarcely documented Tver Karelian variety of the Karelian language. The investigation provides not only an overview of the many functional uses of the case in question, but also comparisons to Finnish and Estonian, as well as Russian. The adessive case is historically associated with external location but has acquired a wide range of other uses not directly related to location, including temporal, instrumental, possessive, dative, and experiential functions. The case is even used to mark direct and oblique objects of certain verbs. Some of these functions are shared by the adessive case in other Finnic languages, including Finnish and Estonian, while other functions that set Tver Karelian apart from these relatives appear to have developed under the influence of Russian with which the language has a long history of contact.

Liis Ermus, Mari-Liis Kalvik, T. Laansalu

This report gives an overview of the materials in the Archive of Estonian Dialects and Finno-Ugric Languages (AEDFUL) at the Institute of the Estonian Language (IEL). The AEDFUL holds the world’s largest collection of Estonian dialect examples as well as many other materials on other Finno-Ugric languages. Materials in the AEDFUL have been collected by researchers from the IEL and the Mother Tongue Society during the 20th century. All the Estonian dialect areas as well as all of the Finnic languages are represented in written and/or recorded form. Especially large amounts of language materials have been collected for Livonian, Ingrian, and Votic. At the beginning of the 21st century when active collecting work ended, a new era began focused on digitization and making these materials publicly available. At present, electronic databases and dictionaries are available via the Internet.

V. Ernštreits

Livonian is a Finnic language indigenous to Latvia. Presently, Livonian, which is listed in UNESCO’s Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger as critically endangered, is spoken fluently by just over 20 people. Despite its regional importance, Livonian remains underresearched in many areas and also has a limited number of available resources. The core of the Livonian linguistic tools is formed by three databases that are entirely online-based and completely interconnected. The lexicographic database holds data of the Livonian-Estonian-Latvian dictionary (2012) and serves as the backbone for the morphology database and corpus; lemmas are also being added instantly from the corpus during the indexing process. The morphology database contains semi-automatically generated template forms for every declinable word found in the lexicographical database. This database is used for corpus indexing purposes, and – after indexation – for collecting morphological data from the corpus in order to statistically verify or point out differences in declination principles. The Corpus of Written Livonian contains a variety of indexed and unindexed Livonian texts and serves as a base for obtaining new lemmas for the dictionary as well as forms for the morphology database via the indexing process. The corpus has a dual purpose – it serves also as a repository of written texts in Livonian. Taking into account the experiences and results acquired during the creation of linguistic resources for Livonian, the overall conclusion that can be drawn is that when available resources are minimal, solutions may be hidden in increasing workflow efficiency and data management in a way that allows one to extract maximum data with minimal effort. And also that sometimes simple manual on semi-automatic approaches may, in the long run, appear more efficient than fully automated solutions that are also more affected by everchanging technologies.