Hasil untuk "Environmental engineering"

Tyler R. Ray, Jungil Choi, A. Bandodkar et al.

Bio-integrated wearable systems can measure a broad range of biophysical, biochemical, and environmental signals to provide critical insights into overall health status and to quantify human performance. Recent advances in material science, chemical analysis techniques, device designs, and assembly methods form the foundations for a uniquely differentiated type of wearable technology, characterized by noninvasive, intimate integration with the soft, curved, time-dynamic surfaces of the body. This review summarizes the latest advances in this emerging field of "bio-integrated" technologies in a comprehensive manner that connects fundamental developments in chemistry, material science, and engineering with sensing technologies that have the potential for widespread deployment and societal benefit in human health care. An introduction to the chemistries and materials for the active components of these systems contextualizes essential design considerations for sensors and associated platforms that appear in following sections. The subsequent content highlights the most advanced biosensors, classified according to their ability to capture biophysical, biochemical, and environmental information. Additional sections feature schemes for electrically powering these sensors and strategies for achieving fully integrated, wireless systems. The review concludes with an overview of key remaining challenges and a summary of opportunities where advances in materials chemistry will be critically important for continued progress.

C. Majidi

Sergi Garcia-Segura, Mariana Lanzarini-Lopes, Kiril D. Hristovski et al.

Abstract Nitrate contamination in surface and ground waters is one of this century’s major engineering challenges due to negative environmental impacts and the risk to human health in drinking water. Electrochemical reduction is a promising water treatment technology to manage nitrate in drinking water. This critical review describes the fundamental principles necessary to understand electrochemical reduction technologies and how to apply them. The focus is on electrochemical nitrate reduction mechanisms and pathways that form undesirable products (nitrite, ammonium) or the more desirable product (dinitrogen). Factors influencing the conversion rates and selectivity of electrochemical nitrate reduction, such as electrode material and operating parameters, are also described. Finally, the applicability for treating drinking water matrices using electrochemical processes is analyzed, including existing implementation of commercial treatment systems. Overall, this critical review contributes to the understanding of the potential applications and constraints of electrochemical reduction to manage nitrate in drinking waters and highlights directions for future research required for implementation.

O. Mahian, A. kianifar, S. Kalogirou et al.

M. A. Ilgin, S. Gupta

L. Hollaway

B. Vu, Miao Chen, R. Crawford et al.

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by microorganisms are a complex mixture of biopolymers primarily consisting of polysaccharides, as well as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and humic substances. EPS make up the intercellular space of microbial aggregates and form the structure and architecture of the biofilm matrix. The key functions of EPS comprise the mediation of the initial attachment of cells to different substrata and protection against environmental stress and dehydration. The aim of this review is to present a summary of the current status of the research into the role of EPS in bacterial attachment followed by biofilm formation. The latter has a profound impact on an array of biomedical, biotechnology and industrial fields including pharmaceutical and surgical applications, food engineering, bioremediation and biohydrometallurgy. The diverse structural variations of EPS produced by bacteria of different taxonomic lineages, together with examples of biotechnological applications, are discussed. Finally, a range of novel techniques that can be used in studies involving biofilm-specific polysaccharides is discussed.

F. Gutiérrez, M. Parise, J. Waele et al.

Runze Huang, Matthew E. Riddle, D. Graziano et al.

S. Arya

G. Ertl, H. Knözinger, F. Schüth et al.

H. Maier, Ashu Jain, G. Dandy et al.

A. Lewin, S. Massini, C. Peeters

P. Cook, A. Herczeg

K. Jakab, Cyrille Norotte, F. Marga et al.

Md. Taharia, D. Dey, Koyeli Das et al.

Improper disposal practices have caused environmental disruptions, possessing by heavy metal ions and radioactive elements in water and soil, where the innovative and sustainable remediation strategies are significantly imperative in last few decades. Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) has emerged as a pioneering technology for remediating contaminated soil and water. Generally, MICP employs urease-producing microorganisms to decompose urea (NH2CONH2) into ammonium (NH4+and carbon dioxide (CO2), thereby increasing pH levels and inducing carbonate precipitation (CO32-), and effectively removing remove contaminants. Nonetheless, the intricate mechanism underlying heavy metal mineralization poses a significant challenge, constraining its application in contaminants engineering, particularly in the context of prolonged heavy metal leaching over time and its efficacy in adverse environmental conditions. This review provides a comprehensive idea of recent development of MICP and its application in environmental engineering, examining metabolic pathways, mineral precipitation mechanisms, and environmental factors as well as providing future perspectives for commercial utilization. The use of ureolytic bacteria in MICP demonstrates cost-efficiency, environmental compatibility, and successful pollutant abatement over tradition bioremediation techniques, and bio-synthesis of nanoparticles. limitations such as large-scale application, elevated Ca2+levels in groundwater, and gradual contaminant release need to be overcome. The possible future research directions for MICP technology, emphasizing its potential in conventional remediation, CO2 sequestration, bio-material synthesis, and its role in reducing environmental impact for long-term economic benefits.

Gabriel C Rau, José Bastías Espejo, R Ian Acworth et al.

Groundwater (GW) is the primary freshwater resource in many of the world’s drylands, sustaining millions of people and supporting agriculture and ecosystems where surface water is scarce or unreliable. Recharge in these regions is highly episodic and occurs mainly through ephemeral streams (i.e. focused recharge), yet the mechanisms that determine whether surface flows contribute to aquifer replenishment remain poorly constrained. A common assumption is that large floods dominate recharge, but evidence from long-term monitoring is limited and inconclusive. We combine a unique hydrogeological monitoring dataset from the arid zone (Fowlers Gap in western New South Wales, Australia) with numerical modelling of vadose zone processes to assess the controls on focused GW recharge. Our results show that even extreme floods that overtopped piezometers did not produce measurable recharge at the water table. In contrast, significant recharge occurred only during a temporal cluster of moderate flow events in 2022. Numerical simulations confirm that temporal flow clustering produces longer periods of ephemeral streamflow, which progressively wet the vadose zone, overcome evapotranspiration (ET)-driven moisture deficits, and increase relative hydraulic conductivity, enabling percolation to the water table. Isolated floods, by contrast, largely saturate only shallow sediments and water is subsequently lost to ET. By explicitly incorporating ET, our modelling provides a more realistic representation of dryland recharge dynamics and highlights the roles of antecedent conditions and vadose zone properties. These findings demonstrate that recharge is not governed by rainfall totals or intensity alone, but critically depends on the timing and sequence of storm events. The implications for climate change assessments and water management are substantial, as projected shifts toward more intense but less frequent rainfall may reduce opportunities for clustering and thereby limit GW replenishment. Process-based modelling and event-scale analyses are therefore essential for reliable recharge projections and sustainable GW management in drylands.

George F. Antonious, Anjan Nepal, Basanta Neupane

The application of animal manure and organic soil amendments as an alternative to expensive inorganic fertilizers is becoming more prevalent in the USA and worldwide. A field experiment was conducted on Bluegrass–Maury silty loam soil at the Kentucky State University Research Farm using the Kennebec variety of white potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i>) under Kentucky climatic conditions. The study involved 12 soil treatments in a randomized complete block design. The treatments included four types of animal manures (cow manure, chicken manure, vermicompost, and sewage sludge), biochar at three application rates (5%, 10%, and 20%), and native soil as control plots. Additionally, animal manures were supplemented with 10% biochar to assess the influence of combining biochar with animal manure on the accumulation of heavy metals in potato tubers. The study aimed to (1) determine the concentration of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Mn, Zn, Cu) and two essential nutrients (K and Mg) in soils treated with biochar and animal manure, and (2) assess metal mobility from soil to potato tubers at harvest by determining the bioaccumulation factor (BAF). The results revealed that Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Mn concentrations in potato tubers exceeded the FAO/WHO allowable limits. Whereas the BAF values varied among the soil treatments, with Cd, Cu, and Zn having high BAF values (>1), and Pb, Ni, Cr, and Mn having low BAF values (<1). This observation demonstrates that potato tubers can remediate Cd, Cu, and Zn when grown under the soil amended with biochar and animal manure.

Zhan Zhang, Daoyu Shu, Guihe Gu et al.

Semantic segmentation of ultra-high-resolution remote sensing (UHR-RS) imagery plays a critical role in land use and land cover analysis, yet it remains computationally intensive due to the enormous input size and high spatial complexity. Existing studies have commonly employed strategies such as patch-wise processing, multi-scale model architectures, lightweight networks, and representation sparsification to reduce resource demands, but they have often struggled to maintain long-range contextual awareness and scalability for inputs of arbitrary size. To address this, we propose RingFormer-Seg, a scalable Vision Transformer framework that enables long-range context learning through multi-device parallelism in UHR-RS image segmentation. RingFormer-Seg decomposes the input into spatial subregions and processes them through a distributed three-stage pipeline. First, the Saliency-Aware Token Filter (STF) selects informative tokens to reduce redundancy. Next, the Efficient Local Context Module (ELCM) enhances intra-region features via memory-efficient attention. Finally, the Cross-Device Context Router (CDCR) exchanges token-level information across devices to capture global dependencies. Fine-grained detail is preserved through the residual integration of unselected tokens, and a hierarchical decoder generates high-resolution segmentation outputs. We conducted extensive experiments on three benchmarks covering UHR-RS images from 2048 × 2048 to 8192 × 8192 pixels. Results show that our framework achieves top segmentation accuracy while significantly improving computational efficiency across the DeepGlobe, Wuhan, and Guangdong datasets. RingFormer-Seg offers a versatile solution for UHR-RS image segmentation and demonstrates potential for practical deployment in nationwide land cover mapping, supporting informed decision-making in land resource management, environmental policy planning, and sustainable development.

Karl R. Haapala, Fu Zhao, J. Camelio et al.