Hasil untuk "Competition"

H. Godfray, J. Beddington, I. Crute et al.

Y. Koren, Robert M. Bell, C. Volinsky

DW MacKenzie Ramapo

Marc J. Melitz, G. Ottaviano

We develop a monopolistically competitive model of trade with firm heterogeneity—in terms of productivity differences—and endogenous differences in the “toughness” of competition across markets—in terms of the number and average productivity of competing firms. We analyse how these features vary across markets of different size that are not perfectly integrated through trade; we then study the effects of different trade liberalization policies. In our model, market size and trade affect the toughness of competition, which then feeds back into the selection of heterogeneous producers and exporters in that market. Aggregate productivity and average mark-ups thus respond to both the size of a market and the extent of its integration through trade (larger, more integrated markets exhibit higher productivity and lower mark-ups). Our model remains highly tractable, even when extended to a general framework with multiple asymmetric countries integrated to different extents through asymmetric trade costs. We believe this provides a useful modelling framework that is particularly well suited to the analysis of trade and regional integration policy scenarios in an environment with heterogeneous firms and endogenous mark-ups.

E. Glaeser, Hédi Kallal, J. Scheinkman et al.

M. Porter

M. Hannan, John A. Freeman

Bengt R. Holmstrom

Rob J Hyndman, A. Koehler

Margaret A. Peteraf

W. Hamilton

J. Weiner, S. Thomas

Vahe S. Davtyan

The article explores key challenges in the formation and development of digital sovereignty across the South Caucasus region. Adopting a political science perspective, it outlines the conceptual framework of the study, which focuses on assessing the level of digital advancement and sovereignty in the context of emerging regional security risks and threats. The analysis examines the institutional foundations underpinning digital infrastructure development in the region, offering an assessment of national readiness for digital transformation. Particular emphasis is placed on the legislative regulation of the digital sector, as well as on strategic approaches to digital development and sovereignty as reflected in national policy documents. The study demonstrates that the ongoing strategic competition between the “North-South” and “East-West” transport and logistics corridors in the South Caucasus also shapes the logic and geography of emerging digital routes. In this context, multilateral integration into international internet traffic corridors is identified as a critical challenge for diversifying access routes, enhancing national digital security, and strengthening digital sovereignty. The analysis of the logistical architecture of digital corridors - at both regional and macro-regional levels - enables the identification of the main barriers and prospects for digital integration in the South Caucasus. Methodologically, the study employs a cross-country comparative approach alongside quantitative measures of digitalization, including the Network Readiness Index, mobile and fixed internet penetration, and related indicators.

J. Cyster, S. Hartley, C. Goodnow

Hamid Sharifi Esfahani, Nasser Shahsavari Pour, Mohammad Hossein Sharifi Fini et al.

As competition among marketing companies and retailers intensifies, segmenting customers and recommending suitable products has become a critical strategy for maintaining a competitive edge. With the rapid growth of online shopping, customers often make purchasing decisions based on their needs and desires. Salespeople play a crucial role in influencing customers, making a product recommendation system essential. Such a system has various applications and can also encourage customers to purchase additional products. In this study, we present a method for recommending products to customers that utilizes the K-means clustering algorithm and the RFM (Recency, Frequency, Monetary) model to segment customers and make personalized product recommendations. To evaluate the performance of the proposed system, we conducted experiments using data collected from Digikala, an online shopping company. The results show that clustering based on the RFM features has better results for cluster number zero, which represents loyal customers. Therefore, to encourage these customers to purchase higher-priced goods, companies can offer special discounts to cluster number zero. Our approach provides a customer-centric solution for increasing sales and customer satisfaction.

Kenny Jandausch, Jan Michels, Alexander Kovalev et al.

Traumatic insemination describes an unusual form of mating during which a male penetrates the body wall of its female partner to inject sperm. Females unable to prevent traumatic insemination have been predicted to develop either traits of tolerance or of resistance, both reducing the fitness costs associated with the male-inflicted injury. The evolution of tolerance traits has previously been suggested for the bed bug. Here we present data suggesting that tolerance traits also evolved in females of the twisted-wing parasite species Stylops ovinae and Xenos vesparum. Using micro-indentation experiments and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we found that females of both investigated species possess a uniform resilin-rich integument that is notably thicker at penetration sites than at control sites. As the thickened cuticle does not seem to hamper penetration by males, we hypothesise that thickening of the cuticle resulted in reduced penetration damage and loss of haemolymph and in improved wound sealing. To evaluate the evolutionary relevance of the Stylops-specific paragenital organ and penis shape variation in the context of inter- and intraspecific competition, we conducted attraction and interspecific mating experiments, as well as a geometric-morphometric analysis of S. ovinae and X. vesparum penises. We found that S. ovinae females indeed attract sympatrically distributed congeneric males. However, only conspecific males were able to mate. In contrast, we did not observe any heterospecific male attraction by Xenos females. We therefore hypothesise that the paragenital organ in the genus Stylops represents a prezygotic mating barrier that prevents heterospecific matings.

Alana N Seaman, Alexia Franzidis

Sports stadiums represent important hospitality entities that generate billions and act as both powerful memorials of and contributors to place and destination image for visitors and locals alike. With increasing entertainment competition and waning fan attendance, many sport facilities are elevating gastronomic options available at events by integrating local foods, drinks and hospitality brands into concession environments, particularly as concessions are a central source of revenue for many sport entities. The use of local in this capacity is often viewed as beneficial — satisfying fans’ expectations for unique experiences and tastes. However, the neolocal practice of integrating local eateries and watering holes into stadium concession environments may have other unanticipated impacts outside the facility or venue, potentially limiting the values and benefits typically associated with neolocalism. Despite the popularity of concessions at sporting events, these aspects of the gastro trend have received little scholarly attention. Thus, this study sought to examine the relationship between local and sport concessions using a deconstructive approach to explore the phenomena in major league baseball (MLB). Data collected at four MLB games at four different stadiums in 2019, utilising a case study methodology, revealed that the concessions now offered enhanced the visitor experience whether through nostalgia or perceived insight into the host city’s culinary scene. Yet, when deconstructed, the local foods and drinks, through hospitality vendors within sport concession experiences may undermine in some ways the values and benefits associated with neolocalism.

Yuliia Horiashchenko

The purpose of this study is to analyze the state of implementation of modern eco-innovations and assess their impact on improving the competitiveness of enterprises. Methodology. The main research methods were analysis and synthesis in the study of economic processes that accompanied innovation in enterprises; statistical analysis in the study of the dynamics of waste by type of economic activity and in households; comparative analysis in assessing the world practice of eco-innovation in production; specific and abstract comparative characteristics – in presenting the results, providing conclusions and suggestions for research. Results. Interactive links between innovation and greening are identified. It is emphasized that eco-innovation means a special form of innovation aimed at significantly improving the environment. A critical analysis of the regulatory framework governing sustainable development in Ukraine is made. A statistical assessment of the waste generation process by regions of Ukraine in 2019, including hazard classes I-III, is provided. A secondary statistical observation was conducted, based on the results of which it can be concluded that today three out of twenty people in the world prefer ecological products. It is stated that modern enterprises face a large number of challenges, among which the leading place is occupied by environmental protection and digitalization. The importance of digital, blue and green entrepreneurship (circular business) in Ukraine and the world is proved. The competitive advantages of “digital”, “green” (“blue”) business are obvious: environmental friendliness today is a global trend, and digitalization is the content and benchmark of entrepreneurship; there is currently little competition in green and blue business; their products are in growing demand among consumers; in these types of business there are endless opportunities for the manifestation of creative innovative ideas; these types of business are supported by the public, the state and the world community; eco-innovation can significantly reduce business costs, create conditions for investment and access to foreign markets. Practical implications. These practical recommendations can be applied not only in the Ukrainian business space, but also in the business of countries that have chosen sustainable development. Value/originality. The conducted research can become a theoretical basis for practitioners who aim to provide competitive advantages by greening activities. It is established that the competitive advantages of business today are formed under the influence of globalization processes, digitalization, increasing capital mobility, informatization, and most importantly – improving environmental living standards.

Khalil Mohammad Usman Gbodofu

تتناول هذه الدراسة الجهود التي قام بها آدم عبد الله الإلوري نحو الموازنات الأدبية التي تعتبر عن مهمة في النقد الأدبي العربي. وأستهلها بلمحة تعريفية عن نشأة عبد الله الإلوري وأعماله الفنية وغير الفنية، ثم أسلط الضوء على المنهج انتهجه في عملية الموازنة، وتم تقسيم موازناته من ناحية التطبيق إلى ثلاثة أقسام. الأول: الموازنة فيما انفرد به كل واحد أو طرف عن غيره، الثاني: الموازنة فيما كان طرف يفوق طرفا آخر، ويرجحه في المستوى العلمي والأدبي، الثالث: الموازنة فيما يتساوى فيه الطرفان أو الاثنان، بحيث لا يستطيع أحدهما أن يدّعي المفاضلة أو الترجيح. وفي هذا العمل نستشهد بالأمثلة الملائمة مع ربط هذا الاستشهاد بالمراجع والمصادر الخارجية والداخلية. والله يوفقنا إلى الصواب. This paper aims to study the ideas employed by Adam Abdullah Al-Iloriy in carrying out the literary criticism themes in Arabic. Detailed biography of the author with his literary and scientific works was documented while light was shed into his works which are sub-divided into three; a) wreath self-balancing; b) literary works competition whereby the scientific and literary proofs were cited; and c) literary balancing between two or more literature. This study established appropriate examples to prove the works capability for international recognition as the art of literary balancing is concerned.

Tomoo Marukawa

This study examines two aspects of trade, dependence and competition, between China and Asian countries. The study first outlines China’s evolution from a small trading nation that is highly dependent on the Soviet Union to the world’s largest trading nation with a diversified trade structure. After being dependent on the Soviet Union during the 1950s, China was dependent on Japan in terms of trade from the 1970s to the 1990s. However, during the first two decades of the 21st century, the relationship between the two countries completely changed. This study further examines bilateral trade relationships of South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Indonesia, vis-à-vis China. The study shows that Asian countries have become increasingly dependent on China in terms of trade, at the expense of trade with their conventional partners, namely Japan and the United States. Intra-ASEAN trade is also eclipsed by the growth of trade with China. Additionally, the study reveals, competition in export markets between China and Asian countries has intensified. The high-income countries in Asia have been caught up by China, while the low-income countries are also facing increasing competitive pressure from China.