Hasil untuk "Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration"

Nina Valbousquet

This article examines the Vatican’s assistance to displaced persons in Italy between 1944 and 1949. A key player in faith‑based humanitarian aid, the Vatican, through its field organizations, conditioned its assistance on moral standards and Catholic norms. The intrinsically religious dimension of this normative framework led to intense proselytism in the camps, a call to moralize the lives of DPs, the stigmatization of behaviors deemed deviant, and the confessionalization of categories of displaced persons such as women and Jews. The Vatican's humanitarian approach thus extended religion to political, social, and gender issues.

Linn Bohler, Haakon E. Meyer, Hein Stigum et al.

Background: Women of Somali background in Norway have a high prevalence of overweight and obesity, compared with women in the general Norwegian population. For lifestyle interventions to be applicable for immigrants to Norway, it is important to culturally tailor interventions in collaboration with relevant communities. The primary outcome was a difference in weight change between the intervention and control groups. Methods: In this interventional study, Somali women living in one borough of Oslo Municipality in Norway with body mass index (BMI) ≥27.0 kg.m-2 received a co-created, culturally tailored 12-month weight loss intervention consisting of 24 interactive sessions during the first three months, and monthly sessions for the next nine months, compared to a control group. Both groups were measured at baseline and 12 months. Results: A total of 169 participants were recruited, and 101 participants completed the follow-up. After multiple imputation, the mean difference in weight change adjusted for baseline weight, age, education, employment, marital status, number of children in the household and length of Norwegian residency was -1.6 kg (95 % CI -3.57, 0.43, p = 0.12) in the intervention compared to the control group. Conclusion: This culturally tailored intervention study demonstrated a modest non-significant effect on weight change after 12 months, possibly due to the short intervention duration and COVID-19. Further studies of a longer duration and considering the provision of childcare are needed to understand whether this approach can be transferred to other immigrant groups and genders.Trial registration: The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov NCT04578067, 2020-09-29.

Josué Villarreal-Puga, Karen Eloina Araujo-Albarrán

Resumen Este estudio examina la integración de estudiantes migrantes venezolanos en el sistema educativo ecuatoriano, analizando desafíos y perspectivas. Mediante un enfoque mixto, se identifican factores influyentes en su rendimiento académico y adaptación. Se revela que, a pesar de los desafíos significativos, los resultados académicos de estos estudiantes no difieren sustancialmente de las medias nacionales, siendo especialmente destacable su desempeño en Lengua y literatura. Se identifican barreras burocráticas y discriminación que dificultan su inserción, y se evidencia la presencia de violencia hacia los estudiantes migrantes en el entorno escolar. Se resalta la necesidad de políticas inclusivas y programas de apoyo para garantizar un ambiente educativo seguro y promover el éxito académico y socioemocional de los estudiantes migrantes. Estos resultados ofrecen puntos de partida importantes para futuras investigaciones y destacan la necesidad de abordar los desafíos que enfrentan los estudiantes migrantes en el sistema educativo ecuatoriano.

Loredana Panariti

The research reconstructs the employment conditions of Bangladeshis in Monfalcone and Bosnians in Slovenia and left-wing trade union positions toward migrant work. Bangladeshis work mainly under subcontract in constructing large cruise ships at Monfalcone’s Fincantieri, while Bosnians work in Slovenia’s building, transportation, and storage sectors. This exploratory work addresses two case studies viewed through the lens of the relationship between trade unions and migrant workers, identifying the new challenges it poses. The research also describes the geography of the different positions and their relationship with the type of work carried out by immigrants.

Tackson Makandwa

Given South Africa’s historical and contemporary realities of both internal mobility and migration from other countries, this paper argues that engaging with space, place, and migration is pivotal to understanding and strengthening public health-care provision in South Africa. This paper views place as emerging from and relating to space. A mutually reinforcing and reciprocal relationship between people and place over time shapes health-care delivery and health outcomes in South Africa. Therefore, this paper argues that engaging with a place-based approach is required to understand the local context in which diverse groups are situated. There is, however, a lacuna in studies situating South(ern) African public health-care challenges within such a place-based approach. This paper presents findings from a mixed-methods study that was designed to fill this gap. The research team conducted fieldwork in six health-care facilities across two provinces in South Africa – four in Gauteng and two in the Vhembe district of Limpopo province – representing urban, peri-urban, and rural settings. The study included exploratory in-depth interviews with 77 health-care providers (including nursing and administrative staff), a survey conducted with 229 health-care users, and site visits. The findings show how diverse spaces shape and are shaped by different migrant profiles, producing diverse places, which in turn present particular demands to the public-health system. It is crucial to understand the pathways, behaviors, and meanings associated with such mobility if we are to strengthen the provision of health-care services in South Africa.

Priyamvada Paudyal, Sharada Prasad Wasti, Pimala Neupane et al.

Introduction: Migrant workers support low- and middle-income economies through remittances, often bearing considerable health risks with long-term consequences. This study aims to understand the health and wellbeing issues of Nepalese migrant workers in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, a major destination for low-skilled Nepalese workers. Methodology: We conducted a mixed-methods study in Dhading district of Nepal. A pilot survey was carried out with returnee migrants from GCC countries to understand key health and wellbeing issues faced by workers. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted with a subset of these returnee migrants and their families, and related stakeholders. These aimed to understand broader societal and policy implications in relation to labour migration. Quantitative data from the survey were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis was used for qualitative interviews. Results: 60 returnee migrants (58 males, 2 females) took part in the survey (response rate, 100%). Median age of the survey participants was 34 (IQR, 9) years and 68% had completed school level education. Returnee migrants reported suffering from various physical and mental health issues during their stay in GCC countries including cold/fever (42%), mental health problems (25%) and verbal abuse (35%). 20 participants took part in the qualitative study:10 returnee migrants (8 males, 2 females), four family members (female spouses) and six key stakeholders working in organizations related to international migration. Interview participants reported severe weather conditions resulting in physical health problems (e.g. pneumonia, dehydration and kidney disease) as well as mental health issues (including anxiety, loneliness and depression). Participants raised concerns about the usefulness and appropriateness of pre-departure training, and the authenticity of medical tests and reports in Nepal. Female migrants reported facing stigma after returning home from abroad. Language difficulties, alongside issues related to payment, insurance and support at work were cited as barriers to accessing healthcare in destination countries. Conclusion: Our study shows that Nepalese migrant workers experience severe weather conditions and suffer from various physical and mental health issues, including workplace abuse and exploitation. The study highlights an urgent need for strategies to enforce compulsory relevant pre-departure orientation and appropriate medical screening in Nepal, and fair employment terms and full health insurance coverage in destination countries. Greater collaboration between the Nepalese government and GCC countries is needed to ensure necessary legislation and regulatory frameworks are in place to safeguard the health and wellbeing of migrant workers.

Alexandre Massé

Micael Alvino da Silva

Brazil and Paraguay have great asymmetries. In bilateral relations, issues such as Itaipu, immigration and border space management are essential and shared between both countries. These and other topics are addressed in this book, which aims to contribute to rethinking Paraguayan foreign policy in relation to Brazil.

Armen Samuel Karamanian

Since Armenia’s independence in 1991, thousands of diasporans have made the decision to return and settle in the ancestral homeland. The returnees, who speak Western Armenian, one of the two standardised forms of modern Armenian, are switching to the use of Eastern Armenian, the official variant of the homeland. Using two determinants of language perception—standardisation and vitality—this paper analyses the reactions received by thirty returnees who emigrated from nine countries, when speaking Western Armenian to an Eastern Armenian-speaking society. The vitality of the language shows signs of increasing through an encouragement by locals aware of the language’s historical significance, and an admiration of its ‘beauty’ and terminology. A heightened vitality has led returnees to feel confident about its use during social interactions and the possibility of the standard being incorporated into the nation’s linguistic narrative. However, confusion and ridicule due to a differing pronunciation, vocabulary, terminology, and the inability to be understood by some in Armenian society, has led to discomfort by returnees who are shifting to the usage of Eastern Armenian. At present, the use of Western Armenian in the homeland remains within the confines of family, friends and returnee circles. Despite the changing status of Western Armenian through a notable welcoming of the language into the linguistic narrative of the country, some segments of Armenian society do not perceive Western Armenian as an acceptable standard for broader use in Armenian society and national institutions. The homeland’s  inconsistent, and at times questionable, acceptance of the language perpetuates the status quo that Western Armenian remains an unacceptable standard within the homeland and for use only in the diaspora.

Miklós Hadas

Book review

Eduardo Meinberg de Albuquerque Maranhão Filho

Neste artigo, procuro identificar e verticalizar grandezas e referenciais teórico-conceituais sobre o domínio da História do Tempo Presente, e tangenciar alguns aspectos metodológicos que auxiliem em uma possível carpintaria – uma dentre outras possíveis – deste campo de investigação. Entendo aqui que, quando ensaiamos, antes de tudo ensaiamos a nós mesmos, e, da mesma maneira, escrever sobre o tempo presente é procurar uma grade de análise e inteligibilidade a nosso respeito. Palavras-chave: história do tempo presente, metodologia, teoria.

Sébastien Rozeaux

Donato Amado Gonzales

Joan Lacomba Vázquez, Jesús Sanz Abad

The central position currently occupied by remittances in the economic fi eld has largely restricted its scope on the monetary dimension of them, setting aside their hidden complexity and the variety of forms, uses and meanings that they can take. In fact, the social dimension of different types of remittances, as mainly own social remittances, should be considered more as one of the most signifi cant effects of migration in relation to human development. The purpose of this paper is try to contribute to the field of remittances, both in studying the socia dimensions that they contain, and in trying to make a more precise onceptualization on them.

Alissa Tolstokorova, Hannelore Roos, Alan Desmond et al.

Dominique Trimbur

Matthew Allen

Using the case of women coal miners from a remote Kyushu district, this paper attempts to highlight some of the difficulties associated with an occupying power introducing major labour reforms. In this case I look at women’s employment in the mines during the 1930s-40s, and examine how and why women resisted the proscription against women’s mining labour, introduced by the Occupation in 1947, through the years of US control. The resistance to the edict by both small-medium sized coal mining management and women coalminers demonstrates that even when an occupation power appears in total control of a nation, the culture of the occupied is a significant factor that must not be overlooked. It is clear that many companies continued to operate in defiance of Occupation edicts for many years after 1945; the culture of the coalfields – the total Panopticon-like control of small mining towns and villages by mining companies – plays an important part in understanding how this situation came about. The removal of women from the mines did take place, but for reasons that were not within the ambit of the Occupation’s motivations.

A.A. Afolayan

This article is a theory‐based attempt to present the issues and challenges of emigration dynamics in developing countries. The topic is discussed within several basic assumptions: first, that emigration dynamics in developing countries have certain features that are different from those in developed countries; second, that countries in the regions covered by the study (sub‐Saharan Africa, Central America and the Caribbean, and South Asia) are representative of developing countries.The article has been considerably facilitated by two recently concluded and reported projects: the IOM/UNFPA project, “Emigration dynamics in developing countries: sub‐Saharan Africa, Central America and the Caribbean, and South Asia”(Appleyard, 1998, 1999), and the UAP/CEIFO project on “International migration in and from Africa: dimensions, challenges and prospects”(Adepoju and Hammar, 1996). Any serious academic study of emigration dynamics in developing countries must acknowledge these landmark scholarly studies if they hope to advance understanding of the essential features of emigration dynamics in developing countries.A prime objective of the present article is to focus attention on aspects of the emigration process that will enable policy makers to utilize emigration for development, especially through national and international cooperation at regional and global levels.The article is predicated upon the need for a theory or model of emigration dynamics in developing countries that meets both internal and external dimensions. The adequacy of such a theory can be measured at three different levels: observation, description and explanation (Chomsky, 1965).

Reginald Appleyard

Nada Antić

The paper describes the evolution of Zagreb's population and its geographical distribution in the city during the last ten years. Emphasis is placed on the role of migration (involving essentially the settling in of new inhabitants) and on the influence of the armed conflict in the 1990s. The author also outlines some predictions regarding future developments. The paper uses primarily the results of the last censuses, including those of the recent census of 2001, as well as statistical data on the current population, on displaced persons and refugees, information in the possession of the municipality, etc. As to migration, since the last census was lacking in regard to migration indicators and there is no population registry, vital-statistical methods were applied to obtain a net migration balance. In the past, especially after WWII, Zagreb experienced considerable demographical growth, owing to its attractiveness for migration flows from other regions in Croatia and in neighbouring Bosnia and Herzegovina. The natural component in the evolution of the population was equally positive, yet a tendency towards reduction appeared in the 1980s. The first part of the paper reviews the demographic expansion of Zagreb in the earlier period (1857−1991), which was accompanied by an extension of the city. The results of the last census (2001) indicate a notable slowing down of population growth in Zagreb (arriving at a growth rate of 0.39%), for although war-induced migrations in the period 1991−1995 did direct the majority of the refugees and displaced persons to Zagreb, this flow was not accompanied by permanent settlement. Most migrants originated from Bosnia and Herzegovina (mainly refugees), after which followed migrants from regions in Croatia. Studies also show that during the most recent period there was a clear increase of out-migration from Zagreb to the outer suburbs and of emigration abroad. The second part of the paper offers indicators on the global transformation of the Zagreb population in the period 1991−2001, along with parallel data for the outer suburbs and Croatia, as well as an explanation of the increasingly dynamic growth in the peripheral urban area. It turns out that, at the present level of development, the process of sub-urbanisation is extending itself and being reinforced under the influence of the metropolis. Based on the data presented, which indicate an ever increasing decentralisation of the population in the region as well as of social and economic facilities in the broad peripheral area, it seems that Zagreb, or rather the Zagreb metropolitan region (a constellation of small or medium-sized agglomerations and about 200 more or less urbanised localities) is undergoing a phase of development that could be termed accelerated decentralisation. The third part of the article describes and explains the role of migration, or rather of the net migration balance and of natural population development in regard to global population growth in Zagreb in the period between the two previous censuses, as compared to earlier developments. The author concludes that population growth in this period was entirely the result of a positive net migration balance, since the number of persons that settled in the city surpassed the number that departed from it (by about 31,000). However, a negative natural growth rate (-2222) appeared for the first time between the last two censuses, owing to a fall in the birth rate, which was influenced by the war and also by economic difficulties brought on by the war. The author lays out some basic goals pertaining to the demographic development of Zagreb and its outer suburbs until 2015, along with the desired rate of demographic growth. Besides giving an evaluation of the origin of the newly settled population (based on statistical analysis of migration flows) and examining the development of localities in which this population settled, the author points out the need to implement policy measures and to define planned orientations, favouring certain parts of the city.