Hasil untuk "Chemical engineering"

F. Rouquerol, J. Rouquerol, K. Sing

E. Cussler

M. Morari, E. Zafiriou

Chuan Liu, Yong Xu, Yong‐Young Noh

Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are promising for numerous potential applications but suffer from poor charge injection, such that their performance is severely limited. Recent efforts in lowering contact resistance have led to significantly improved field-effect mobility of OFETs, up to 100 times higher, as the results of careful choice of contact materials and/or chemical treatment of contact electrodes. Here we review the innovative developments of contact engineering and focus on the mechanisms behind them. Further improvement toward Ohmic contact can be expected along with the rapid advance in material research, which will also benefit other organic and electronic devices.

Xiang-kui Ren, Yakai Feng, Jintang Guo et al.

Sun Mi Zo, Ankur Sood, So Yeon Won et al.

Cultured meat is emerging as a sustainable alternative to conventional animal agriculture, with scaffolds playing a central role in supporting cellular attachment, growth, and tissue maturation. This review focuses on the development of gel-based hybrid biomaterials that meet the dual requirements of biocompatibility and food safety. We explore recent advances in the use of naturally derived gel-forming polymers such as gelatin, chitosan, cellulose, alginate, and plant-based proteins as the structural backbone for edible scaffolds. Particular attention is given to the integration of food-grade functional additives into hydrogel-based scaffolds. These include nanocellulose, dietary fibers, modified starches, polyphenols, and enzymatic crosslinkers such as transglutaminase, which enhance mechanical stability, rheological properties, and cell-guidance capabilities. Rather than focusing on fabrication methods or individual case studies, this review emphasizes the material-centric design strategies for building scalable, printable, and digestible gel scaffolds suitable for cultured meat production. By systemically evaluating the role of each component in structural reinforcement and biological interaction, this work provides a comprehensive frame work for designing next-generation edible scaffold systems. Nonetheless, the field continues to face challenges, including structural optimization, regulatory validation, and scale-up, which are critical for future implementation. Ultimately, hybrid gel-based scaffolds are positioned as a foundational technology for advancing the functionality, manufacturability, and consumer readiness of cultured meat products, distinguishing this work from previous reviews. Unlike previous reviews that have focused primarily on fabrication techniques or tissue engineering applications, this review provides a uniquely food-centric perspective by systematically evaluating the compositional design of hybrid hydrogel-based scaffolds with edibility, scalability, and consumer acceptance in mind. Through a comparative analysis of food-safe additives and naturally derived biopolymers, this review establishes a framework that bridges biomaterials science and food engineering to advance the practical realization of cultured meat products.

Xiao-jie LI, Kai-xuan TAN, Long-cheng LIU et al.

Granite is considered an ideal medium for geological disposal of nuclear waste due to its unique stability and wide distribution. When the repository media barrier fails, granite serves as the peripheral rock medium. The porous nature of intact granite in the deep subsurface provides a basis for groundwater storage and radionuclide migration, allowing radionuclides to migrate and diffuse to the biosphere along with groundwater flow, ultimately affecting the ecological environment. In this study, an advection-dispersion model for primary kinetic adsorption was developed, introducing a primary adsorption rate coefficient β to describe the kinetic adsorption phenomenon. The model also considered important mechanisms affecting the movement of nuclide ions, including electromigration, electroosmosis, and dispersion. Using the Laplace transform, combined with the nonlinear adsorption process of the nuclide ion tracer between solid-phase granite and liquid-phase water-saturated pores, the first-order reversible kinetic reaction equation was introduced into the total continuity equation to obtain an analytical solution for the standardized concentration of nuclides in the intact granite porous medium. The computational program was coded in MATLAB. The non-adsorbed nuclides I− and the moderately strongly adsorbed nuclides Sr2+ were selected as the analytical objects during the simulation process. The diffusion and adsorption in the matrix domains of the studied granite rock samples were analyzed in conjunction with basic parameters such as the porosity and the dry weight of the studied granite rock samples to obtain the relevant key migration parameters. The conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) The new model is based on the advection-dispersion model with linear adsorption and introduces a first-order adsorption rate coefficient β. The first-order adsorption kinetic advection-dispersion model has been successfully established. (2) The sensitivity analysis of the new model proves that the primary adsorption rate coefficient β affects the output of the model. When the partition coefficient Kd between the solution phase and the solid phase is fixed and β is large to a certain extent, the new model reaches a linear adsorption state. (3) Using this model to analyze the electromigration experimental data of I− and Sr2+, the \begin{document}$D_{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{e}} $\end{document} of I− without electric field is （2.25±0.35）×10−14 m2/s, and the \begin{document}$D_{\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{e}} $\end{document} of Sr2+ without electric field is （4.80±0.31）×10−13 m2/s. Additionally, this model can estimate the first-order adsorption rate coefficient β, and explain the adsorption retardation mechanism of nuclide ions in intact granite. By analyzing the slope and curvature of the breakthrough curve, the migration mechanism of nonlinear adsorption can be deeply understood.

Aashish K Moses, Srinath Ranjan Tripathy, Saroj Sundar Baral

Abstract The existing energy-wastewater nexus may be resolved using metal oxide semiconductor photocatalysts in photocatalytic hydrogen production and pollutant degradation, which is a clean and sustainable process. SnO2 is one such well-researched and proven photocatalyst that is now in use, although it only works with ultraviolet light, which only makes up 4% of the total solar energy received. The present research aims to use iron as a dopant to make SnO2 active under visible light, enhancing reactions like water splitting and dye degradation. The sol-gel method was used to synthesize the photocatalysts. XRD, BET, UV diffuse reflectance spectra, PL spectra, XPS, and SEM micrographs were used to characterize the synthesized photocatalysts. For 7.5 wt% Fe-doped SnO2, a remarkable hydrogen generation rate of 18.81 µmol/hr under sunlight was achieved, nearly three times that of pure SnO2 (5.71 µmol/h). The nanocomposites display excellent photoreactivity towards RhB dye degradation with an optimal concentration of 7.5 wt% Fe-doped SnO2. This optimal composite photocatalyst removes 93% of RhB dye on 0.1 g/L photocatalysts in only 60 min under sunlight. Pristine SnO2 removes 36% of the dye under similar reaction conditions. The photoluminescence spectra of Fe-doped SnO2 had lower peak locations than the pristine SnO2, indicating a decreased rate of charge recombination and increased life duration of the active species. As a result, hydrogen generation rates and dye degradation efficiencies have increased significantly. The photocatalyst’s recyclability study revealed that the photocatalysts can be used efficiently for four cycles without significant reduction in the yield.

Antonio Zuorro, Roberto Lavecchia, Karen A. Moncada-Jacome et al.

Cyanobacteria are a prolific source of bioactive metabolites with expanding applications in sustainable agriculture and biotechnology. This work explores, for the first time in thermotolerant Colombian isolates, the impact of light spectrum, photoperiod, and irradiance on the co-production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Six strains from hot-spring environments were screened under varying blue:red (B:R) LED ratios and full-spectrum illumination. <i>Hapalosiphon</i> sp. UFPS_002 outperformed all others, reaching ~290 mg L⁻¹ EPS and 28 µg mL⁻¹ IAA in the initial screen. Response-surface methodology was then used to optimize light intensity and photoperiod. EPS peaked at 281.4 mg L⁻¹ under a B:R ratio of 1:5 LED, 85 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, and a 14.5 h light cycle, whereas IAA was maximized at 34.4 µg mL⁻¹ under cool-white LEDs at a similar irradiance. The quadratic models exhibited excellent predictive power (R² > 0.98) and a non-significant lack of fit, confirming the light regime as the dominant driver of metabolite yield. These results demonstrate that precise photonic tuning can selectively steer carbon flux toward either EPS or IAA, providing an energy-efficient strategy to upscale thermotolerant cyanobacteria for climate-resilient biofertilizers, bioplastics precursors, and other high-value bioproducts.

Yu Miao, Alexandre Yokochi, Goran Jovanovic et al.

Non-thermal plasma as a tool in chemical reaction engineering has been studied for many years. The temperature of electrons in non-thermal plasma far exceeds other particles, which leads to its high efficiency. Besides the well-studied destruction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the reaction environment generated by non-thermal plasma is also suitable for the activation of many significant gas-phase chemical reactions, e.g., as methane coupling, reduction of carbon dioxide, ammonia synthesis, nitrogen fixation, as well as some liquid phase chemical reactions such as the treatment of contaminated water. Material synthesis is another target field of non-thermal plasma. Plasma in micro scale with several enhanced properties makes it an even more promising tool for plasma-chemical processing. This work summarizes different types of non-thermal plasmas and their performance in commonly studied chemical reactions. The advantages gained by generating non-thermal plasma in micro scale with constricted spaces, reduced timescales, and micro-/nano-structured electrodes are also discussed.

Xiaowei He, Sifei Zhuo, Lidong Tian et al.

Abstract To follow up on the performance of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), transition metal sulfides (TMSs) have been developed as promising carbon alternatives for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Although attractive, it is still a great challenge to fulfill their capacity utilization with high cycling performance. Herein, a nanoemulsion‐directed method has been developed to control the spherical arrangement of ZnS@C units with both penetrating macropores from the center to the surface and inner mesopores distributed among the bulks. With respect to ion diffusion, the penetrating macropores could serve as the built‐in ion‐buffer reservoirs to keep a steady flow of electrolyte, while the inner mesopores facilitate the ion diffusion across the whole bulks. In terms of stability, the radical porous structure could work as self‐supported vertical bones to accommodate the volume change from both lateral and vertical sides. Besides, the localized carbon distributed among the ZnS nanoparticles not only acts as binding agents to join the numerous ZnS nanoparticles but also endows the radical bones with effective electron transmission capability. As a proof of concept, such hydrangea‐like ZnS@C nanospheres deliver sodium storage performance with high‐rate and long‐cycling capability. This nanoemulsion‐directed approach is anticipated for other TMSs with penetrating pores for post‐lithium‐ion batteries applications.

Jing Yang, Zhehong Lu, Xin Zhou et al.

Energetic composite materials (ECMs) are the basic materials of polymer binder explosives and composite solid propellants, which are mainly composed of explosive crystals and binders. During the manufacturing, storage and use of ECMs, the bonding surface is prone to micro/fine cracks or defects caused by external stimuli such as temperature, humidity and impact, affecting the safety and service of ECMs. Therefore, substantial efforts have been devoted to designing suitable self-healing binders aimed at repairing cracks/defects. This review describes the research progress on self-healing binders for ECMs. The structural designs of these strategies to manipulate macro-molecular and/or supramolecular polymers are discussed in detail, and then the implementation of these strategies on ECMs is discussed. However, the reasonable configuration of robust microstructures and effective dynamic exchange are still challenges. Therefore, the prospects for the development of self-healing binders for ECMs are proposed. These critical insights are emphasized to guide the research on developing novel self-healing binders for ECMs in the future.

Laura Sofía Mora-Flórez, Daniel Cabrera-Rodríguez, María Hernández-Carrión

Aromatic plants represent about 0.7% of all medicinal plants. The most common are peppermint (main active ingredient: menthol) and chamomile (main active ingredient: luteolin), which are usually consumed in “tea bags” to make infusions or herbal teas. In this study, menthol and luteolin encapsulates using different hydrocolloids were obtained to replace the conventional preparation of these beverages. Encapsulation was carried out by feeding an infusion of peppermint and chamomile (83% aqueous phase = 75% water − 8% herbs in equal parts, and 17% dissolved solids = wall material in 2:1 ratio) into a spray dryer (180 °C-4 mL/min). A factorial experimental design was used to evaluate the effect of wall material on morphology (circularity and Feret’s diameter) and texture properties of the powders using image analysis. Four formulations using different hydrocolloids were evaluated: (F1) maltodextrin-sodium caseinate (10 wt%), (F2) maltodextrin-soy protein (10 wt%), (F3) maltodextrin-sodium caseinate (15 wt%), and (F4) maltodextrin-soy protein (15 wt%). The moisture, solubility, bulk density, and bioavailability of menthol in the capsules were determined. The results showed that F1 and F2 presented the best combination of powder properties: higher circularity (0.927 ± 0.012, 0.926 ± 0.011), lower moisture (2.69 ± 0.53, 2.71 ± 0.21), adequate solubility (97.73 ± 0.76, 98.01 ± 0.50), and best texture properties. Those suggest the potential of these powders not only as an easy-to-consume and ecofriendly instant aromatic beverage but also as a functional one.

Hongguo Lu, Minghui Yang, Li Zhou et al.

The effect of solution treatment and intermediate heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of a new cast nickel-based high-Cr superalloy was investigated in this paper. The results indicate that the tensile strength and elongation at 900 °C increase when the solution temperature increases from 1160 °C to 1180 °C and then decrease when the solution temperature changes from 1180 °C to 1200 °C and 1220 °C. The stress rupture test results of the high-Cr superalloy under conditions of 900 °C/275 MPa shows that the rupture time, elongation, and reduction of area initially increased and then decreased with the increase in solution treatment temperatures. The results of stress rupture tests for the alloy after intermediate heat treatment followed by furnace-cooling, air-cooling, and water-cooling show that the morphology and distribution of γ’ phase have a great influence on the tensile test results at 900 °C of the alloy but no obvious influence on the test at 900 °C/275 MPa. The microstructure analysis of the superalloy after heat treatment shows that: when the solution treatment temperatures are at 1200 °C and 1220 °C, the incipient melting appears in the interdendritic region, which can severely deteriorate mechanical properties; the morphology of γ′ phase changes gradually from cube to spherical; and a large number of fine γ’ phase precipitates in the γ channel are found with increasing cooling rate after intermediate heat treatment.

T.F. Adepoju, E. Victor, E.I. Ekop et al.

This study critically examined the visibility of Asimina triloba oil for synthesis of biodiesel in the presence of ethanolic CaO–K2O –SiO2 base catalyst developed from residual wood ash powder. The oil was extracted using continuous extraction method. The physicochemical properties of the oil was determined for its production routes Two steps reaction process were adopted; first to lower the acid value of Asimina triloba oil by considering three factors namely; HClO3 conc., M-OH/Oil molar ratio, and reaction time. The second step convert the esterified oil to biodiesel by considering three variables namely: reaction time: X1, catalyst amount: X2, and E-OH/oil molar ratio: X3 as variables constraint using I-Optimal design by. Catalyst obtained from (RWA) was characterized using SEM, FTIR, XRF-FT, BET isothermal adsorption, and qualitative analysis. Catalyst reusability, and economical appraisal of the biodiesel synthesized were also examined. The results showed that Asimina triloba seed is rich in oil with 40.34%, and the oil is highly unsaturated with 88.90%, having high acid value of 3.80 mg KOH/g oil. Based on first step, the acid value of the oil was reduced to 1.20 mg KOH/g oil which was used as esterified oil in the second stage. A maximum experimental biodiesel yield of 98.73% (vol/vol) was obtained, but I-optimal design predicted 98.93% (vol/vol) yield at the following variables conditions; X1 = 59.976 (min), X2 = 3.204 (% wt.); X3 = 6.979 (vol/vol) which was validated as 98.87% (vol/vol). Catalyst characterization showed that the RWA contained high amount of CaO of 42.516 (% wt.), K2O of 12.168 (% wt.), and SiO2 of 23.942 (% wt.) which serve as base catalyst. Catalyst reusability showed that the catalyst RWA degradation effects start at 8th cycles, and the economic appraisal showed the production of biodiesel using Asimina triloba oil is cost effective fuel properties in line with biofuel standard.

Andrea Fernández-Nieto, Sagrario Muñoz, Vicenta María Barragán

The alcohol permeability of anion exchange membranes is a crucial property when they are used as a solid electrolyte in alkaline direct alcohol fuel cells and electrolyzers. The membrane is the core component to impede the fuel crossover and allows the ionic transport, and it strongly affects the fuel cell performance. The aim of this work is to compare different anion exchange membranes to be used as an electrolyte in alkaline direct alcohol fuels cells. The alcohol permeability of four commercial anion exchange membranes with different structure were analyzed in several hydro-organic media. The membranes were doped using different types of alkaline doping agents (LiOH, NaOH, and KOH) and different conditions to analyze the effect of the treatment on the membrane behavior. Methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol were analyzed. The study was focused on the diffusive contribution to the alcohol crossover that affects the fuel cell performance. To this purpose, alcohol permeability was determined for various membrane systems. The results show that membrane alcohol permeability is affected by the doping conditions, depending on the effect on the type of membrane and alcohol nature. In general, heterogeneous membranes presented a positive correlation between alcohol permeability and doping capacity, with a lower effect for larger-size alcohols. A definite trend was not observed for homogeneous membranes.

Jeremy D. DeBarry, Jessica C. Kissinger, Mustafa V. Nural et al.

Projects in the life sciences continue to increase in complexity as they scale to answer deeper and more diverse questions. They employ technologies that generate increasingly large ‘omic’ datasets and research teams regularly include experts ranging from animal care technicians, veterinarians, human health clinicians, geneticists, immunologists, and biochemists to computer scientists, mathematical modelers, and data scientists, often located at different institutions. Providing the cyberinfrastructure support framework (IT, data management, communication, documentation, and aspects of project management related to these areas) for these projects requires a diverse set of technical tools and soft skills. These skills must be able to meet both the broad needs of data generators and consumers within the project and the needs of the larger scientific community. Here we describe recommendations for cyberinfrastructure support teams responsible for systems biology research programs. Recommendations are based on lessons learned while establishing and leading a complex, transdisciplinary, host-pathogen malaria systems biology consortium involving many institutions, a variety of disciplines, animal infectious disease models, and clinical studies. While some technical suggestions are included, the primary foci are situational and sociological challenges and tips for handling them.

Cong Gao, Yucai Shen, Tingwei Wang

A cost-efficient and practical strategy was developed for preparing high thermal conductive epoxy packaging composites. The effective conductive network was constructed by the bridging effect between boron nitride (BN) and spherical silica (SiO _2 ). Compared to the epoxy (EP) composites with randomly dispersed BN and SiO _2 , the EP/SiO _2 @BN showed a great enhancement in thermal conduction. The thermal conductivity of EP/SiO _2 @BN reached to 0.86 W m ^−1  K ^−1 with 60 wt% content of hybrid filler, which was 91% higher than that of EP/SiO _2 samples and was around 12% higher than that of epoxy composites with unmodified BN and SiO _2 . In addition, the EP/SiO _2 @BN exhibited lower thermal interface resistance in comparison with EP/SiO _2 &BN composites according to the effective medium theory (EMT). The encapsulation of BN on the surface of SiO _2 greatly enhanced the thermal transfer efficiency of the epoxy matrix and showed great potential in the epoxy packaging practical application.

Rochelle Irene G. Lucas, Kathleen B. Aviso, Michael Angelo B. Promentilla et al.

Process Integration provides an excellent engineering toolbox for optimising industrial systems to achieve sustainability gains. However, effective large-scale use of such tools depends on effective education of new generations of engineers with the correct training and mind-set. Learning strategies refer to the different combinations of activities the learners utilise in their process of learning. Chemical engineering students often face the challenges in processing key concepts integral in the understanding of Process Integration, optimisation and sustainability. A preliminary survey of students from the undergraduate program from the Philippines identifies learning strategies they employ in better understanding Process Integration, optimisation and sustainability. These strategies help learners in analysing concepts, monitoring the learning process, linking concepts with one another, inferring meanings from context, and managing their behaviour towards learning. Educational best practices are suggested based on insights drawn from the responses.

Yang Y, Hu Y, Du H et al.

Yamin Yang,1 Yue Hu,2 Henry Du,3 Lei Ren,4 Hongjun Wang5 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; 2Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; 3Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA; 4Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; 5Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA Introduction: In recognition of the potentials of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer, it is desirable to further understand the shape-dependent surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) properties of various gold nanostructures and evaluate their performances in PDT. Materials and methods: Monodispersed colloidal spherical solid Au NPs were synthesized by UV-assisted reduction using chloroauric acid and sodium citrate, and hollow gold nanorings (Au NRs) with similar outer diameter were synthesized based on sacrificial galvanic replacement method. The enhanced electromagnetic (EM) field distribution and their corresponding efficiency in enhancing singlet oxygen (1O2) generation of both gold nanostructures were investigated based on theoretical simulation and experimental measurements. Their shape-dependent SPR response and resulted cell destruction during cellular PDT in combination with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) were further studied under different irradiation conditions. Results: With comparable cellular uptake, more elevated formation of 1O2 in 5-ALA-enabled PDT was detected with the presence of Au NRs than that with Au NPs under broadband light irradiation in both cell-free and intracellular conditions. As a result of the unique morphological attributes, exhibiting plasmonic effect of Au NRs was still achievable in the near infrared (NIR) region, which led to an enhanced therapeutic efficacy of PDT under NIR light irradiation. Conclusion: Shape-dependent SPR response of colloidal Au NPs and Au NRs and their respective effects in promoting PDT efficiency were demonstrated in present study. Our innovative colloidal Au NRs with interior region accessible to surrounding photosensitizers would serve as efficient enhancers of PDT potentially for deep tumor treatment. Keywords: gold nanoparticles, colloidal gold nanorings, surface plasmonic resonance, photodynamic therapy