Hasil untuk "Biography"

Richard Keeble

EN. This essay examines the representation of Marie Colvin (1956-2012), the distinguished war reporter, as a case study in the depoliticization of celebrity. It first outlines the major features of her career, stressing her remarkable bravery (amounting at times to recklessness) and her genuine commitment to the victims of war and violent oppression. The essay moves on to consider, in particular, both the contents of In Extremis (Hilsum, 2018), the biography of Colvin written by her friend and fellow war correspondent Lindsey Hilsum and its reception by the international media. More specifically, it examines in detail the failure of both Hilsum and the book’s reviewers to acknowledge the deep political underpinning of Colvin’s reporting and celebrity status. The essay, then, highlights the power of the dominant ideology to silence certain political perspectives. At one point in her biography, Hilsum claims that Colvin never practiced “partisan journalism” of the kind that “adopts a cause and reports only the facts that advance it”. Yet, as this essay concludes, her reporting was profoundly political and partisan, in fact, for it tended to favor the “humanitarian” interventions of Western powers. In contrast, the reporting of John Pilger, Robert Fisk, Michael Kelly, Janine di Giovanni, Tom Engelhardt and Jonathan Steele over this period incorporated appropriate critiques of Western militaristic adventures, highlighting the myths and lies on which the “human rights” rhetoric was based. Moreover, the conclusion highlights the way in which, throughout the period in which Colvin’s reporting helped her acquire celebrity status, the newspaper for which she worked, the Rupert Murdoch-owned Sunday Times, also gave rabid editorial support for all those military interventions. *** FR. Cet article propose une analyse de la représentation de Marie Colvin (1956-2012), grande reporter de guerre, en tant qu’étude de cas de la dépolitisation de la célébrité. Il retrace d’abord les principaux traits de sa carrière, mettant en lumière son courage exceptionnel – parfois à la limite de l’inconscience – ainsi que son engagement sincère envers les victimes de guerre et d’oppression violente. L'article s’attarde ensuite sur le contenu de In Extremis (Hilsum, 2018), biographie de Colvin rédigée par son amie et collègue correspondante de guerre Lindsey Hilsum, ainsi que sur la réception de cet ouvrage par les médias internationaux. Il met particulièrement en évidence l’incapacité, tant de l’autrice que des critiques, à reconnaître les fondements politiques profonds du travail journalistique de Colvin et de sa célébrité. Cet article souligne ainsi le pouvoir des idéologies dominantes à occulter certaines lectures politiques. Dans sa biographie, Hilsum affirme que Colvin ne pratiquait pas un « journalisme partisan », entendu comme une forme d’engagement où seules sont retenues les informations allant dans le sens d’une cause. Pourtant, nous arrivons à la conclusion que son journalisme était bel et bien profondément politique et partisan, dans la mesure où il tendait à soutenir les interventions dites “humanitaires” des puissances occidentales. Par contraste, les travaux de journalistes contemporains tels que John Pilger, Robert Fisk, Michael Kelly, Janine di Giovanni, Tom Engelhardt ou encore Jonathan Steele intégraient une critique des interventions militaires occidentales, en déconstruisant les mythes et les mensonges sur lesquels reposait la rhétorique des “droits humains”. Enfin, l’article rappelle qu’au moment même où Colvin gagnait en notoriété grâce à ses reportages, le journal pour lequel elle travaillait – The Sunday Times, propriété de Rupert Murdoch – soutenait ardemment, sur le plan éditorial, l’ensemble de ces interventions militaires. *** ES. Este artículo analiza la representación de Marie Colvin (1956-2012), reconocida corresponsal de guerra, como estudio de caso del proceso de despolitización de la celebridad. En primer lugar, se repasan los principales aspectos de su trayectoria profesional, destacando su valentía excepcional –a veces cercana a la temeridad– así como su compromiso genuino con las víctimas de la guerra y de la opresión violenta. A continuación, el artículo se centra en el contenido de In Extremis (Hilsum, 2018), biografía de Colvin escrita por su amiga y también corresponsal de guerra Lindsey Hilsum, así como en la recepción de la obra por parte de los medios internacionales. Se examina, en particular, la incapacidad tanto de Hilsum como de los críticos del libro para reconocer los profundos fundamentos políticos del trabajo periodístico de Colvin y del carácter político de su notoriedad. El artículo destaca el poder de las ideologías dominantes para invisibilizar determinadas perspectivas políticas. En un pasaje de la biografía, Hilsum afirma que Colvin no practicaba un "periodismo partidista", entendido como aquel que “adopta una causa y presenta únicamente los hechos que la favorecen”. No obstante, este ensayo concluye que su trabajo periodístico era, en realidad, profundamente político y partidista, ya que tendía a favorecer las intervenciones “humanitarias” de las potencias occidentales. En contraste, el trabajo de periodistas contemporáneos como John Pilger, Robert Fisk, Michael Kelly, Janine di Giovanni, Tom Engelhardt o Jonathan Steele incorporaba críticas pertinentes a las intervenciones militares occidentales, desenmascarando los mitos y las falsedades en los que se apoyaba la retórica de los “derechos humanos”. Por último, el artículo destaca que, durante el mismo periodo en que Colvin alcanzó el estatus de celebridad gracias a sus reportajes, el periódico para el que trabajaba –The Sunday Times, propiedad de Rupert Murdoch– brindaba un apoyo editorial incondicional a todas esas intervenciones militares. *** PT. Este artigo analisa a representação de Marie Colvin (1956-2012), uma renomada correspondente de guerra, como um estudo de caso do processo de despolitização da celebridade. Primeiramente, traçam-se as principais características de sua carreira, destacando sua coragem excepcional – às vezes beirando a imprudência – e seu engajamento genuíno com as vítimas da guerra e da opressão violenta. Em seguida, o artigo se debruça sobre o conteúdo de In Extremis (Hilsum, 2018), a biografia de Colvin escrita por sua amiga e colega correspondente de guerra Lindsey Hilsum, bem como sobre a recepção da obra pela mídia internacional. Em particular, examina-se detalhadamente como tanto Hilsum quanto os críticos do seu livro falharam em reconhecer o profundo fundamento político do trabalho jornalístico de Colvin e de sua notoriedade. O artigo, portanto, ressalta o poder das ideologias dominantes de silenciar certas perspectivas políticas. Em um trecho da biografia, Hilsum afirma que Colvin nunca praticou o “jornalismo partidário”, entendido como aquele que “adota uma causa e relata apenas os fatos que a promovem”. No entanto, chegamos aqui à conclusão de que suas reportagens eram, de fato, profundamente políticas e partidárias, pois tendiam a apoiar as intervenções “humanitárias” das potências ocidentais. Em contraste, os trabalhos de jornalistas contemporâneos como John Pilger, Robert Fisk, Michael Kelly, Janine di Giovanni, Tom Engelhardt e Jonathan Steele incorporavam críticas pertinentes às investidas militares ocidentais, desvendando os mitos e as mentiras em que se baseava a retórica dos “direitos humanos”. Por fim, o artigo lembra como, em todo o período em que Colvin ganhava notoriedade por meio de suas reportagens, o jornal para o qual trabalhava – The Sunday Times, de propriedade de Rupert Murdoch – apoiou com veemência, em sua linha editorial, todas essas intervenções militares. ***

Katarzyna Spurgjasz

Roughly around the same time when Johannes Scheffler was converting from Lutheranism to Catholicism for ideological reasons, many Lutheran inhabitants of Silesia were forced to undergo a similar process for political reasons. After the ruinous Thirty Years’ War, when religious differences often served as an excuse for new phases of the conflict, the cuius regio, eius religio principle was reinstated, resulting in many subjects of the Holy Roman Emperor being forced to, at least officially, convert to his faith. Evangelical churches were being closed by the way of committees, only to be reopened soon after, this time for the Catholic communities that, predominantly, consisted of exactly the same people. Exchange of repertoire would often take place long before the appropriate imperial decree was even issued, and afterward the newly appointed Catholic cantors would simply utilise the music left behind by their Protestant predecessors, often finding among it works of Catholic composers. Songs based on Angelus Silesius’ poetry, occurring in Protestant and Catholic songbooks alike, are, up to this day, an example of interconfessional repertoire exchange. In the early modern period, they were also sung across different religious communities, across territories affected by recatholicisation as well. Two case studies presented in the article are both focused on the reception of Angelus Silesius’ songs in such communities. The first case study deals with Martin Schneider’s print of Erster Theil Neuer Geistlicher Lieder, published in 1667 in Zacharias Schneider’s printing house in Legnica. The text contains 36 songs based on Angelus Silesius’ writings and four songs based on other authors’ works. The article contains new information regarding the biography of the composer from Jelenia Góra, as well as a discussion with the preexisting state of knowledge regarding the musical layer of these compositions and their possible contexts of performance. The other case study includes five songs based on the Angelus Silesius works from the collection Heilige Seelen-Lust with musical arrangements by a still unnamed composer. These songs come from the collection of Joannes Chrysostomus Zalaski, a cantor who worked in recatholicised churches in Prusice, Namysłów, and Brzeg in the second half of the 17th century. Presentation of the personal nature of the relationship between the soul and God, with emphasis on its nuptial nature – typically present both in the baroque Catholic religiousness and among groups such as pietists – is made not only through lyrics, but also through music. Solo vocals (with varying levels of difficulty in each song) are accompanied by a solo bowed string instrument – violin, soprano viola, or viola d’amore – the role of which is clearly decorative, exploring various tones through tuning and the use of multitones. Harmonious construction is completed by organs, in case of arrangements performed outside of the church space, likely substituted with another keyboard or string instrument. The article provides a characterisation of the songs from a musical perspective, as well as from the perspective of their historical and cultural context.

Catherine R. Ettinger

Reseña a: Georg Leidenberger, Architect Hannes Meyer and Radical Modernism. A Biography  

Sergei Lvovich Bekhterev, Lyudmila Nikolaevna Bekhtereva

Referring to regional material, this article actualizes the tradition of studying the biographies of historical figures in the context of an institutional concept, which makes it possible to describe and explain the controversial facts of political history of the new time in the era of mass social movements. The authors aim to reconstruct the later imperial period (until October 1917) of the life of Grigorii Kondratyevich Ozhigov, a representative of the national revolutionary cohort, who took an active part in the events that occurred in the Urals, Ukraine, the Baltics, Finland, and other areas of the former Russian Empire in the late twentieth century. Methodologically, the work relies on the modernization paradigm, the “new social history”, and related everyday discourse, including the anthropological approach, historical, and biographical methods. Since G. K. Ozhigov’s biography studied by a few Ural historians is replete with inaccuracies, the study is based on sources which have never been referred to previously, including official documents, periodicals, sources of personal origin, autobiographies, and memoirs by Ozhigov himself. The documents kept in the fund of the Ozhigov family of the Central State Archive of the Udmurt Republic are characterized by a complex nature. The study demonstrates that Ozhigov, who came from a peasant family, a worker of Izhevsk factories, managed to rise first to the interregional, and in 1917, to the all-Russian level, reaching the status of a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the first convocation. In the political sphere, he passed a difficult path of evolution from a militant of the Ural Lbovtsy partisans during the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907, to a member of the RCP(b) and an active participant in the implementation of the project of the proletarian state.

Mikhail V. Bryantsev

Background. Despite numerous works devoted to the study of National Socialism and the biography of A. Hitler, in domestic historiography there are no works devoted to how the process of the formation of fascism in Germany and, in particular, the phenomenon of the “Beer Hall Putsch” was reflected in Soviet periodicals. This historiographical situation determines the purpose of this article – to study the process of depicting the most im-portant episode in the development of National Socialism on the pages of Soviet newspapers. Materials and methods. To answer the questions posed in the work, materials from Soviet newspapers of 1923 were used. Moreover, not only reports and a few analytical ma-terials from central newspapers, but also provincial publications were analyzed. Results. As a result of the study, the author came to the conclusion that Soviet newspapers formed their idea of the “Beer Hall Putsch” in Munich based on information from Western agencies, newspapers and radio intercepts. The Soviet press told readers that in the autumn of 1923 the threat of the fascists seizing power began to be embodied in concrete actions. At the beginning of November, Bavaria presented an ultimatum to the imperial government. The newspapers described the unfolding events in detail. The first news of the “putsch” was transmitted to Moscow by “Pravda” own correspondent in Berlin around midday on November 9, and the first reports appeared in the newspapers a day later. The newspapers devoted much attention to the reasons for the failure of the coup. First of all, the treacherous role of Gustav von Kahr and Otto von Lossow was noted. The most combat-ready part of the fascists, Hermann Ehrhardt’s brigade, did not support Hitler’s speech, and neither did parts of the Reichswehr, as Hitler had counted on. Hitler’s speech did not find support among his supporters throughout Germany. The all-German government was supported by the Social Democrats. An important factor was the position of France, which declared the inadmissibility of the formation of a nationalist dictatorship. Conclusions. In general, it can be noted that Soviet newspapers, drawing mainly on information from Western media, cov-ered the events of the “Beer Hall Putsch” quite objectively and in detail.

Sadiq Korshed

This research article focuses on Kadei Ayiad Al-Muhadith and what he has added to the field of modern industry in terms of form and content through his book AL-Shifa. Moreover it sheds light on his singular contributions regarding handling of diversity of knowledge resources, and informed reading and correct transmission.

Mario César Islas Flores

En este artículo se intenta ilustrar el vínculo existente entre Viena: otra ficción de Andreas Kurz y el concepto de ensayismo formulado por el también escritor austriaco Robert Musil en textos ensayísticos y también en su novela El hombre sin atributos. Tanto Kurz como Musil consideran que la escritura ensayística conjuga a partes iguales y con idéntico rigor la dimensión autobiográfica y el análisis histórico, la literatura y la historiografía, de ahí que se torne colmado de sentido el intento de establecer una analogía entre ambas escrituras que se inscriben, además, en la añeja y luminosa tradición intelectual austriaca. El fin último de esta aproximación investigativa sería abonar a una reflexión de largo aliento sobre el papel que la memoria juega en la redefinición de los límites intelectuales y éticos de la escritura ensayística. / This article analyzes what is the connection between Vienna: another fiction of Andreas Kurz, and the concept of essayism enunciated by the Austrian writer Robert Musil in his essays papers and his novel The Man without Qualities. Both Kurz and Musil consider that in essay writing combine by half and with the same rigor, biographical dimension and historical analysis, literature and historiography, therefore the attempt to establish an analogy between both scriptures that are inscribed becomes full of meaning, in addition, in the aged and luminous Austrian intellectual tradition. The finally purpose from this paper is add to lengthy reflection that exist about role of memory in the redefinition of intellectual and etic limits of essay writing.

Anja Katharina Peters

In 1919 the International Midwives Union (IMU) was founded in Belgium. For two decades it was dominated by Professor Frans Daels from Belgium (1881-1974), a gynaecologist from Gent. Its main assembly was the bi-annual international congress, e.g. 1934 in London and 1936 in Berlin. In Berlin, the congress passed a resolution by which the chairing congress president would automatically become the IMU’s president for the following two years. Thus, Nanna Conti (1881-1951), the chairwoman of the German Midwives Association, became the first president of the IMU. After the congress in Paris in 1938 Clémence Mosse (d. 1949) became the next president. However, during the Second World War Mosse was unable to influence the IMU significantly. In 1942 Conti succeeded Daels as secretary general of the IMU and moved IMU headquarters to Berlin. At least from 1942-1945 the IMU was led by a Nazi functionary. This paper shows how the IMU reacted to the sometimes benevolent, sometimes dictatorial leadership of Nanna Conti and the spreading of Nazi propaganda among the European midwives. The situation between Czech and German midwives serves as a case example. The paper is based on the author’s biography of Nanna Conti.

Gabriel M. Ingo, Cristina Riccucci, Giuseppe Guida et al.

Finja Grospietsch, Jürgen Mayer

Transferring current research findings on the topic of learning and memory to “brain-based” learning in schools is of great interest among teachers. However, numerous international studies demonstrate that both pre-service and in-service teachers do not always succeed. Instead, they transfer numerous misconceptions about neuroscience, known as neuromyths, into pedagogical practice. As a result, researchers call for more neuroscience in teacher education in order to create a professional understanding of learning and memory. German pre-service science teachers specializing in biology complete neuroscientific modules (human biology/animal physiology) during their studies because they are expected to teach these topics to their students. Thus, they are required to demonstrate a certain degree of neuroscience literacy. In the present study, 550 pre-service science teachers were surveyed on neuromyths and scientific concepts about learning and memory. Pre-service science teachers’ scientific concepts increased over the course of their training. However, beliefs in neuromyths were independent of participants’ status within teacher education (first-year students, advanced students, and post-graduate trainees). The results showed that 10 neuromyths were endorsed by more than 50% of prospective science teachers. Beliefs in the existence of learning styles (93%) and the effectiveness of Brain Gym (92%) were most widespread. Many myths were endorsed even though a large share of respondents had thematically similar scientific concepts; endorsement of neuromyths was found to be largely independent of professional knowledge as well as theory-based and biography-based learning beliefs about neuroscience and learning. Our results suggest that neuromyths can exist in parallel to scientific concepts, professional knowledge and beliefs and are resistant to formal education. From the perspective of conceptual change theory, they thus exhibit characteristic traits of misconceptions that cannot simply be counteracted with increased neuroscientific knowledge. On the basis of our study’s findings, it can be concluded that new teacher programs considering neuromyths as change-resistant misconceptions are needed to professionalize pre-service science teachers’ neuroscience literacy. For this, an intensive web of exchange between the education field and neuroscientists is required, not just to deploy the latest scientific insights to refute neuromyths on learning and memory, but also to identify further neuromyths.

Mateusz Skucha

The article concerns Zofia Nałkowska’s book that had been never finished and is dedicated to her father Wacław Nałkowski. It starts with the memory of his last living moments which are placed in the context of other similar memories noted by feminist writers (Nancy K. Miller, Grażyna Borkowska, Inga Iwasiów, Erica Jong and Susan Faludi). Next I mention about the relationship between Nałkowska and her father. And followingly – about the method of working on the book effected in several articles. Contents of the book about the father publicated in press are interesting texts due to text categorization. Most of all they constitute biography, but also autobiography. The textual diversity makes them closer to silva rerum and essay too.

Geoffrey Swain

Trotskii’s autobiography My Life is a lively and fascinating account of his childhood on a Jewish farm in Ukraine, his schooling and early revolutionary activity, his dramatic escape from Siberia in 1906, and his exploits at the front during the Russian Civil War. Yet it is an autobiography written with a special mission, the mission to defeat Stalin. So there are self-serving moments, misinterpretations and in particular silences, silences on pre-revolutionary disagreements with Lenin and silences on his disagreements with Lenin during the course of the revolution and in its aftermath

Daniele STASI

In this paper the author aims to present some aspects of Królikowski’s political thought with regard to his biography. The first part of the paper concerns Królikowski’s life, and in particular his vicissitudes and efforts to realize a form of community inspired by Christian values. In the second part his conception of history and social order in which private property and the traditional model of family must be replaced by a communist organization of collective life, are highlighted. The Polish utopian thinker rejects every kind of political and religious institution derived from the past and could represent an obstacle to the construction of a prefect theological order.

Arcea Zapata de Aston

En este artículo proponemos una lectura de la poesía de Alfonsina Storni considerando el eje articulador escritura/biografía como la vía que pone en diálogo su experiencia y un escenario político, social y económico atravesado por las dinámicas propias del discurso patriarcal. En esa encrucijada la autora despliega una práctica escritural donde el cuerpo genera su propia pedagogía, con el fin de revelar las herramientas necesarias para, según Alicia Salomone, “con máscaras o sin ellas”, constituirse en una sujeto femenina “dominantemente sujetomujer crítica”. In this article, we propose a reading of the poetry of Alfonsina Storni, considering writing/ biography as the backbone that guides and regulates a dialogue between her experience and a political, social, and economic scene penetrated by the own dynamics of the patriarchal discourse. It is at this juncture that the author manifests a writing approach that enables the body to generate its own pedagogy aimed at unveiling the necessary tools to, as Alicia Salomone states “with masks or without them,” becoming a female subject “predominantly a critical woman-subject”.

Lucas Patschiki

In this article we will analyze the two autobiographical volumes by Miguel Reale (1910-2006)—Memórias: Destinos cruzados (Memoirs: Crossed destinies) and Memórias: A balança e a espada (Memoirs: The balance and the sword), published in 1986 and 1987 by Editora Saraiva—seeking to understand Reale’s tactics and discursive strategies in his (re)construction of a public biography. In addition to being an articulator and civilian theoretician of the 1964 Brazilian coup d’état, Reale was a constant collaborator with the dictatorship. During the process of the democratic reorganization of the autocratic-bourgeois State, Reale was a legal counselor to João Figueiredo. In that capacity, he fought for a conservative political opening to be abided and understood by the people as a “gift.” This proximity created numerous issues because if Reale could not deny his old commitments, he could not likewise publicly admit his defense of the regime. Seeking to secure his position as an intellectual, Reale took several coordinated actions, the most important of which was to publish his memoirs.

Creative biography of the known Russian surgeon and scientist – doctor of medical sciences, Honoured Physician of Russia, Honoured Science Worker of Russia, State Prize Winner of RF, Honourary Citizen of Tomsk , professor B.I. Alperovich is present-ed in the article.

Anna Morlan

“As a book about the spell exerted by the past, Lolita is Nabokov's own parodic answer to his previous book, the first edition of Speak, Memory” (xxiii), notes Alfred Appel, Jr. in his introduction to The Annotated Lolita, after bringing our attention to the “extent to which Nabokov consciously projected his own life in his fiction” (xxi). This statement should not be taken to imply an existence of a correlation between Lolita's characters or plot and Nabokov's biography, but the possibility to approach the novel as another version of the author's autobiography that focuses on Nabokov's experiences of loss and his struggle to recapture and preserve his past, granting himself—as well as the people and places of his past—a sort of immortality, over which he has the final word. Once fictionalized, these themes stop being a part of the random and uncontrollable fate that governs Nabokov, and become a part of his creation, “safely solipsized” (60), like Humbert Humbert's Lolita, and thus, supposedly manageable. However, just as Lolita, once created, gains agency and escapes her creator, questioning his authorship and his power over her, Lolita the novel may suggest that the past can never be tamed and will continue, instead, to hold the author in its grip.

Joanna Nalewajko-Kulikov

The article presents a profile of Bernard Mark (1908–1966), a Holocaust historian and the director of the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw. Mark’s biography is based on various materials, both published and unpublished, from his pre-war involvement in the Communist Party of Poland, through the war years spent in the Soviet Union, to his various activities in post-war Poland: a researcher and socio-cultural activist, including his publications on the Holocaust

T. P. Hughes, M. Josephson

W. Kock, D. W. Krüger, C. Beyers