Hasil untuk "Archaeology"

Jaden Levine, Catherine Manea, Keith Hawkins et al.

Barium stars are unusually enriched in barium ([Ba/Fe] >= 1.0 dex) and not predicted by current Galactic chemical evolution models. Previous observations of barium stars have found evidence that they form through mass transfer from a companion asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star or through radiative levitation. The chemical abundance and kinematic information of barium stars may help constrain AGB stellar nucleosynthesis, binary star evolution, and internal evolutionary processes that affect surface abundances. Using ~450,000 stars from the GALactic Archaeology with Hermes (GALAH) survey, we identify nearly 3000 new barium-rich stars and separate them into hot (Teff > 6000 K) and cool (Teff < 6000 K) populations. Cross-matching with Gaia DR3, we find that 47.7% of our barium stars within 1 kpc have elevated re-normalized unit weight error (RUWE >= 1.4), compared to 16.3% of a comparable sample of the GALAH field, suggesting multiplicity plays an important role in the formation of both populations of barium stars. A subset of hot barium stars exhibit low RUWE (RUWE < 1.2) and [alpha/Fe] < -0.2, supporting radiative levitation as an origin as well. We determine Galactic memberships using both kinematics and chemistry and find that barium stars exist in the thin disk, thick disk, and halo though they are slightly more prevalent at lower metallicities. Overall, we show evidence for barium stars produced by mass transfer and for those produced by radiative levitation, with both formation mechanisms occurring ubiquitously across the Galaxy.

Mengmeng Zhang, Yude Bu, Siqi Wang et al.

Determining precise stellar ages and masses for evolved giants is crucial for Galactic archaeology but challenged by spectral degeneracies. Gaia's low-resolution XP spectra offer a unique opportunity to infer these parameters on a massive scale using data-driven methods. We extend a transformer-based astronomical foundation model to evolved stars, establishing a unified framework to simultaneously predict atmospheric parameters ($T_{\mathrm{eff}}$, $\log g$, $[\mathrm{M}/\mathrm{H}]$) and evolutionary labels (mass, age) with physical consistency. Treating spectra as token sequences, we integrated mass and age into the model's vocabulary. The model is trained on Gaia XP spectra cross-matched with the APOGEE DR17 DistMass catalog. Our generative approach enables flexible input handling, including spectral inpainting and parameter-to-spectrum generation. On an independent test set, the model achieves a prediction scatter of $σ\approx 0.114 \, M_{\odot}$ for mass and $σ\approx 1.334$ Gyr for age. Beyond numerical accuracy, it successfully reproduces the giant branch's mass-luminosity relation and autonomously disentangles interstellar extinction from intrinsic temperature variations without explicit physical priors. It also robustly recovers missing spectral data and estimates reliable uncertainties. Validating that foundation models can internalize stellar physics from data, this physically-aware, probabilistic framework offers a powerful tool for unraveling Milky Way history using large-scale spectroscopic surveys.

Deusalete Vilar, Diogo Souto, Katia Cunha et al.

Open clusters are one of the best astrophysical laboratories we have available for stellar astrophysics studies. This work presents metallicities and individual abundances for fourteen M dwarfs and six G dwarfs from two well-known open clusters: Hyades and Coma Berenices. Our analysis is based on near-infrared (1.51--1.69 $μ$m), high-resolution ($R \sim 22,500$) spectra obtained from the SDSS IV/APOGEE Survey. Using one-dimensional, plane-parallel MARCS model atmospheres, the APOGEE line list, and the Turbospectrum radiative transfer code in local thermodynamic equilibrium, we derived spectroscopic stellar parameters for the M dwarfs, along with abundances of 13 elements (C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, and Fe) for both M and G dwarfs. We find a high degree of chemical homogeneity within each cluster when comparing abundances derived from M and G dwarfs: $δ$[M/H] (M dwarfs -- G dwarfs) of 0.01$\pm$0.04, and 0.02$\pm$0.03 for the Hyades and Coma Berenices, respectively. The overall cluster metallicities derived from M dwarfs (Hyades: 0.16$\pm$0.03 and Coma Berenices: 0.02$\pm$0.06) are consistent with previous literature determinations. Finally, we demonstrate the value of M dwarfs as key tracers in galactic archaeology, emphasizing their potential for studying galactic metallicity gradients and chemical evolution.

Fabrizio Barone, Marco Casazza

This study proposes a new approach to the interpretation of Greek Doric-style temples, based on the integration of its tangible and intangible dimensions as a cultural heritage asset. Rooted on the Greek concept of techne, the work considers a unifying design principle, integrating both structural and functional aspects within the architectural style. A multidisciplinary perspective was adopted, combining archaeological, documentary, and metrological analysis of 41 Doric temples from the 6th to the 4th century BC, located in Greece and Magna Graecia. Starting from the evidence of a statistical correlation among key geometric parameters, these quantitative data are re-interpreted through a geometrical physics vibroacoustic model. The results demonstrate that structural elements act as acoustic attenuators, minimizing environmental forces (particularly wind) on the temple cell's walls. The study also suggests that slight deviations from the classic East-West orientation were adopted to reduce the acoustic coupling with prevailing local winds. The Archaeological Park of Paestum (Salerno, Italy) provides significant evidence for this hypothesis, as its temples, despite their different construction periods, share a consistent orientation, distinct from the city's street grid. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of Greek know-how, being a part of the intangible dimension of cultural heritage and traditional ecological knowledge related to the architectural design in relation to the environmental factors.

Rixin Zhou, Peiqiang Qiu, Qian Zhang et al.

Bronze inscriptions (BI), engraved on ritual vessels, constitute a crucial stage of early Chinese writing and provide indispensable evidence for archaeological and historical studies. However, automatic BI recognition remains difficult due to severe visual degradation, multi-domain variability across photographs, rubbings, and tracings, and an extremely long-tailed character distribution. To address these challenges, we curate a large-scale BI dataset comprising 22454 full-page images and 198598 annotated characters spanning 6658 unique categories, enabling robust cross-domain evaluation. Building on this resource, we develop a two-stage detection-recognition pipeline that first localizes inscriptions and then transcribes individual characters. To handle heterogeneous domains and rare classes, we equip the pipeline with LadderMoE, which augments a pretrained CLIP encoder with ladder-style MoE adapters, enabling dynamic expert specialization and stronger robustness. Comprehensive experiments on single-character and full-page recognition tasks demonstrate that our method substantially outperforms state-of-the-art scene text recognition baselines, achieving superior accuracy across head, mid, and tail categories as well as all acquisition modalities. These results establish a strong foundation for bronze inscription recognition and downstream archaeological analysis.

Ibrahim Elassal, Andrea Chávez Triviño, Iván Darío Chávez Triviño

Reviving both the tangible and intangible aspects of lost heritage is essential to preserve awareness for future generations. The 9th-century city of Al-Qaṭāʾi in Egypt has been repeatedly destroyed during the conflicts between the Tulunids and the Abbasids. Virtual technologies and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction serve to digitally raise awareness of the city and its historical significance, especially since it no longer exists. The challenge of digital revival in this project's framework is to imagine how life unfolded in the city during the 9th century. Our goal in this project is to leverage the advancements in 3D modelling technologies to reconstruct the lost historical Egyptian city. The methodology report begins with a description of the foundation for the 3D model reconstruction of the historically lost city, which serves as the main case study for this project. The methodology for this reconstruction is achieved through scope definition, wherein the main structures and complementary elements of the scene are identified. This is followed by the documentation phase, during which all available information on the scene is gathered through sketches, engravings, photographs, plans, and other sources. The next phase involves establishing hypotheses, where 2D and 3D sketches are produced to propose the general volumes of structures and elements. Finally, the creation of 3D models brings the structures and associated elements to life through the texturing process, as well as the inclusion of terrain, vegetation, fauna, characters, and other components, allowing the complete scene to emerge. The objective of the article is to revive the destroyed architecture of the non-existent city and communicate its value to the public through interactive virtual exploration. This study aims to demonstrate how the combination of digital methods for virtual reconstruction is valuable for both knowledge dissemination and research, through the case study of Al-Qaṭāʾi in Egypt.

Paola Nicita

IONUȚ COJOCARU

The history of the Court of Accounts is part of Romania's history. The Court of Accounts is representative among the state institutions, having a role of control and balance. Maintaining balance in the country's budget means great responsibility. Therefore, we consider it useful and necessary for the activity of the Court of Accounts to be known to the citizens it honorably represents. The institution's history begins with the consolidation process of the modern Romanian state. We could say that the Court of Accounts institution is older than the country's first Constitution. In a state where Alexandru Ioan Cuza, together with the elites of that period, started the construction process based on the Western model and the ideas of the 1848 revolution, the Court of Accounts could not be missing from this democratic system. The need to establish an institution to oversee the spending of public money was natural. We are talking about an institution established 158 years ago, during the reign of Alexandru Ioan Cuza, in 1864, on a symbolic day for all Romanians. The birth certificate of the Court of Accounts is dated January 24, 1864.Symbolically, the Court of Accounts is linked to this historic day, a longawaited day, a day when the ideal of Romanians took shape.

Emanuele Bonetti, Serena Pellegatta, Nayma Rosati et al.

Abstract Identification of a pathogenic variant in NF1 is diagnostic for neurofibromatosis, but is often impossible at the moment of variant detection due to many factors including allelic heterogeneity, sequence homology, and the lack of functional assays. Computational tools may aid in interpretation but are not established for NF1. Here, we optimized our random forest-based predictor RENOVO for NF1 variant interpretation. RENOVO was developed using an approach of “database archaeology”: by comparing versions of ClinVar over the years, we defined “stable” variants that maintained the same pathogenic/likely pathogenic/benign/likely benign (P/LP/B/LB) classification over time (n = 3579, the training set), and “unstable” variants that were initially classified as Variants of Unknown Significance (VUS) but were subsequently reclassified as P/LP/B/LB (n = 57, the test set). This approach allows to retrospectively measure accuracy on prediction with insufficient information, reproducing the scenario of maximal clinical utility. We further validated performance on: (i) validation set 1: 100 NF1 variants classified as VUS at the time of RENOVO development and subsequently reclassified as P/LP/B/LB in ClinVar; (ii) validation set 2: 15 de novo variants discovered in a prospective clinical cohort and subsequently reclassified per ACMG criteria. RENOVO obtained consistently high accuracy on all datasets: 98.6% on the training test, 96.5% in the test set, 82% in validation set 1 (but 96.2% for missense variants) and 93.7% on validation set 2. In conclusion, RENOVO-NF1 accurately interprets NF1 variants for which information at the time of detection is insufficient for ACMG classification and may overcome diagnostic challenges in neurofibromatosis.

Mahsa Mousavi‐Derazmahalleh, Niels Haue, Marie Kanstrup et al.

Abstract An excavation of an Early Iron Age village near Aalborg in Denmark uncovered the jaws and skull fragments from a small mammal that were morphologically identified to the genus Crocidura (white‐toothed shrews). Three Crocidura species are known from prehistoric continental Europe but none of them are distributed in Scandinavia, which is why this surprising finding warranted further analyses. The bone was radiocarbon‐dated to 2840–2750 calibrated years before present (cal. BP), corresponding to the Late Bronze Age and hence earlier than the Iron Age archeological context in which it was found. Using highly optimized ancient DNA protocols, we extracted DNA from one tooth and shotgun‐sequenced the sample to reconstruct a near‐complete mitochondrial reference genome (17,317 bp, 32.6× coverage). Phylogenetic analyses determined this specimen as a bicolored shrew (Crocidura leucodon) but with a phylogenetic position basal to the clade of known sequences from this species. The confirmation of Crocidura presence in Denmark by the Late Bronze Age sheds new light on the prehistoric natural history of Scandinavia. We discuss the implications of this finding from both zoo‐archeological and ecological perspectives. Furthermore, the mitochondrial genome reconstructed in this study offers a valuable resource for future research exploring the genetic makeup and evolutionary history of Eurasian shrew populations.

George Volanis, Demitrios Galanakis, Nikolaos Bolanakis et al.

The stability of rock cliffs is a longstanding issue and is of practical significance. This case study demonstrates the application and use of advanced 3D modeling techniques, concentrating on the geological formations of the Xrobb l-Ġħaġin peninsula on the south-east coast of Malta, where the Xrobb l-Ġħaġin Neolithic site is located. In order to utilize a static and dynamic analysis of the investigated scenario, a 3D finite element model (FEM) of the geological formation in which the monument is set had to be created. To this end, 3D scanning, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and oblique photogrammetry were first used with state-of-the-art commercial packages for mesh reconstruction. As a result, a geometric and finite element model (FEM) was created, suitable for both static and dynamic analysis. In the second stage, a parametric investigation of the material properties of the structural system of the geological substrate was sought. The structural response of the system was evaluated for different loading scenarios assuming nonlinear finite element analysis. Collapse case scenarios were investigated for standard and weakened materials, predicting which components would collapse first and under which case of weakened materials the collapse occurs. Among other aspects, the main novelty of this paper lies in the integrated approach and multidisciplinary paradigm that supplement the available historical knowledge for this specific cultural heritage Neolithic site towards its conservation.

Raffaella Schneider, Rosa Valiante, Alessandro Trinca et al.

JWST is unveiling for the first time accreting black holes (BHs) with masses of 10^6 - 10^7 Msun at z > 4, with the most distant residing in GNz11 at z = 10.6. Are we really surprised to find them in the nuclei of z = 5 - 11 galaxies? Here we predict the properties of 4 < z < 11 BHs and their host galaxies considering an Eddington-limited (EL) and a super-Eddington (SE) BH accretion scenario, using the Cosmic Archaeology Tool (CAT) semi-analytical model. We calculate the transmitted spectral energy distribution of CAT synthetic candidates, representative of the BH/galaxy properties of GNz11. We also examine the possibility that the z = 8.7 galaxy CEERS-1019 could host an active BH. We find that the luminosity of high-z JWST detected BHs are better reproduced by the SE model, where BHs descend from efficiently growing light and heavy seeds. Conversely, the host galaxy stellar masses are better matched in the EL model, in which all the systems detectable with JWST surveys JADES and CEERS descend from heavy BH seeds. We support the interpretation that the central point source of GNz11 could be powered by a SE (lambda_Edd = 2 - 3) accreting BH with mass 1.5 10^6 Msun, while the emission from CEERS-1019 is dominated by the host galaxy; if it harbours an active BH, we find it to have a mass of M_BH = 10^7 Msun, and to be accreting at sub-Eddington rates (lambda_Edd = 0.5).

Jessica Schonhut-Stasik, Joel C. Zinn, Keivan G. Stassun et al.

We present a catalog of fundamental stellar properties for 7,673 evolved stars, including stellar radii and masses, determined from the combination of spectroscopic observations from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS), and asteroseismology from K2. The resulting APO-K2 catalog provides spectroscopically derived temperatures and metallicities, asteroseismic global parameters, evolutionary states, and asteroseismically-derived masses and radii. Additionally, we include kinematic information from \textit{Gaia}. We investigate the multi-dimensional space of abundance, stellar mass, and velocity with an eye toward applications in Galactic archaeology. The APO-K2 sample has a large population of low metallicity stars ($\sim$288 at [M/H] $\leq$ $-$1), and their asteroseismic masses are larger than astrophysical estimates. We argue that this may reflect offsets in the adopted fundamental temperature scale for metal-poor stars rather than metallicity-dependent issues with interpreting asteroseismic data. We characterize the kinematic properties of the population as a function of $α$-enhancement and position in the disk and identify those stars in the sample that are candidate components of the \textit{Gaia-Enceladus} merger. Importantly, we characterize the selection function for the APO-K2 sample as a function of metallicity, radius, mass, $ν_{\mathrm{max}}$, color, and magnitude referencing Galactic simulations and target selection criteria to enable robust statistical inferences with the catalog.

Shengguang Wu, Zhenglun Chen, Qi Su

Ancient artifacts are an important medium for cultural preservation and restoration. However, many physical copies of artifacts are either damaged or lost, leaving a blank space in archaeological and historical studies that calls for artifact image generation techniques. Despite the significant advancements in open-domain text-to-image synthesis, existing approaches fail to capture the important domain knowledge presented in the textual description, resulting in errors in recreated images such as incorrect shapes and patterns. In this paper, we propose a novel knowledge-aware artifact image synthesis approach that brings lost historical objects accurately into their visual forms. We use a pretrained diffusion model as backbone and introduce three key techniques to enhance the text-to-image generation framework: 1) we construct prompts with explicit archaeological knowledge elicited from large language models (LLMs); 2) we incorporate additional textual guidance to correlated historical expertise in a contrastive manner; 3) we introduce further visual-semantic constraints on edge and perceptual features that enable our model to learn more intricate visual details of the artifacts. Compared to existing approaches, our proposed model produces higher-quality artifact images that align better with the implicit details and historical knowledge contained within written documents, thus achieving significant improvements across automatic metrics and in human evaluation. Our code and data are available at https://github.com/danielwusg/artifact_diffusion.

Emanuele M. Ventura, Alessandro Trinca, Raffaella Schneider et al.

Modeling the 21cm global signal from the Cosmic Dawn is challenging due to the many poorly constrained physical processes that come into play. We address this problem using the semi-analytical code "Cosmic Archaeology Tool" (CAT). CAT follows the evolution of dark matter halos tracking their merger history and provides an ab initio description of their baryonic evolution, starting from the formation of the first (Pop III) stars and black holes (BHs) in mini-halos at z > 20. The model is anchored to observations of galaxies and AGN at z < 6 and predicts a reionization history consistent with constraints. In this work we compute the evolution of the mean global 21cm signal between $4\leq z \leq 40$ based on the rate of formation and emission properties of stars and accreting black holes. We obtain an absorption profile with a maximum depth $δ{\rm T_b} = -95$ mK at $z \sim 26.5$ (54 MHz). This feature is quickly suppressed turning into an emission signal at $z = 20$ due to the contribution of accreting BHs that efficiently heat the IGM at $z < 27$. The high-$z$ absorption feature is caused by the early coupling between the spin and kinetic temperature of the IGM induced by Pop III star formation episodes in mini-halos. Once we account for an additional radio background from early BHs, we are able to reproduce the timing and the depth of the EDGES signal only if we consider a smaller X-ray background from accreting BHs, but not the shape.

E. Spitoni, A. Recio-Blanco, P. de Laverny et al.

The recent Gaia Data Release 3 (DR3) represents an unparalleled revolution in Galactic Archaeology, providing us with numerous radial velocities chemical abundances for millions of stars, with all-sky coverage. We present a new chemical evolution model for the Galactic disc components (high- and low- $α$ sequence stars) designed to reproduce the new abundance ratios provided by the GSP-spec module for the Gaia DR3 and also constrained by the detailed star formation histories for both the thick and thin disc stars inferred from previous Gaia releases. Sophisticated modeling based on previous Gaia releases has found evidence for narrow episodes of enhanced SF inferred in recent time. Additionally, Gaia DR3 highlighted the presence of young (massive) low-$α$ disc stars which show evidence of a recent chemical impoverishment in several elements. Hence, in this study, we compare Gaia DR3 chemical abundances with the predictions of a three-infall chemical evolution model for the high- and low-$α$ components. The proposed three-infall chemical evolution model nicely reproduces the main features of the abundance ratio [X/Fe] versus [M/H] (X=Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, $α$) of Gaia DR3 stars in different age bins for the considered $α$ elements. Moreover, the most recent gas infall - which started $\sim$ 2.7 Gyr ago - allows us to predict well the Gaia DR3 young population which has experienced a recent chemical impoverishment.

Sebastian Fajardo, Jetty Kleijn, Frank W. Takes et al.

Technologies and their production systems are used by archaeologists and anthropologists to study complexity of sociotechnical systems. However, there are several issues that hamper agreement about what constitutes complexity and how we can systematically compare the complexity of production systems. In this work, we propose a novel approach to assess the behavioural and structural complexity of production systems using Petri nets. Petri nets are well known formal models commonly used in, for example, biological and business process modelling, as well as software engineering. The use of Petri nets overcomes several obstacles of current approaches in archaeology and anthropology, such as the incompatibility of the intrinsic sequential logic of the available methods with inherently non sequential processes, and the inability to explicitly model activities and resources separately. We test the proposed Petri net modelling approach on two traditional production systems of adhesives made by Ju hoan makers from Nyae, Namibia from Ammocharis coranica and Ozoroa schinzii plants. We run simulations in which we assess the complexity of these two adhesive production systems in detail and show how Petri net dynamics reveal the structural and behavioural complexity of different production scenarios. We show that concurrency may be prevalent in the production system of adhesive technologies and discuss how changes in location during the process may serve to control the behavioural complexity of a production system. The approach presented in this paper paves the way for future systematic visualization, analysis, and comparison of ancient production systems, accounting for the inherent complex, concurrent, and action and resource oriented aspects of such processes.

Z. Prudil, M. Hanke, B. Lemasle et al.

We present a chemo-dynamical study of the Orphan stellar stream using a catalog of RR~Lyrae pulsating variable stars for which photometric, astrometric, and spectroscopic data are available. Employing low-resolution spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we determined line-of-sight velocities for individual exposures and derived the systemic velocities of the RR~Lyrae stars. In combination with the stars' spectroscopic metallicities and \textit{Gaia} EDR3 astrometry, we investigated the northern part of the Orphan stream. In our probabilistic approach, we found 20 single mode RR~Lyrae variables likely associated with the Orphan stream based on their positions, proper motions, and distances. The acquired sample permitted us to expand our search to nonvariable stars in the SDSS dataset, utilizing line-of-sight velocities determined by the SDSS. We found 54 additional nonvariable stars linked to the Orphan stream. The metallicity distribution for the identified red giant branch stars and blue horizontal branch stars is, on average, $-2.13\pm0.05$ dex and $-1.87\pm0.14$ dex, with dispersions of 0.23 and 0.43dex, respectively. The metallicity distribution of the RR~Lyrae variables peaks at $-1.80\pm0.06$ dex and a dispersion of 0.25dex. Using the collected stellar sample, we investigated a possible link between the ultra-faint dwarf galaxy Grus II and the Orphan stream. Based on their kinematics, we found that both the stream RR~Lyrae and Grus II are on a prograde orbit with similar orbital properties, although the large uncertainties on the dynamical properties render an unambiguous claim of connection difficult. At the same time, the chemical analysis strongly weakens the connection between both. We argue that Grus II in combination with the Orphan stream would have to exhibit a strong inverse metallicity gradient, which to date has not been detected in any Local Group system.

Jack T. Warfield, Joel C. Zinn, Marc H. Pinsonneault et al.

We explore the relationships between the chemistry, ages, and locations of stars in the Galaxy using asteroseismic data from the K2 mission and spectroscopic data from the Apache Point Galactic Evolution Experiment survey. Previous studies have used giant stars in the Kepler field to map the relationship between the chemical composition and the ages of stars at the solar circle. Consistent with prior work, we find that stars with high [Alpha/Fe] have distinct, older ages in comparison to stars with low [Alpha/Fe]. We provide age estimates for red giant branch (RGB) stars in the Kepler field, which support and build upon previous age estimates by taking into account the effect of alpha-enrichment on opacity. Including this effect for [Alpha/Fe]-rich stars results in up to 10% older ages for low-mass stars relative to corrected solar mixture calculations. This is a significant effect that Galactic archaeology studies should take into account. Looking beyond the Kepler field, we estimate ages for 735 red giant branch stars from the K2 mission, mapping age trends as a function of the line of sight. We find that the age distributions for low- and high-[Alpha/Fe] stars converge with increasing distance from the Galactic plane, in agreement with suggestions from earlier work. We find that K2 stars with high [Alpha/Fe] appear to be younger than their counterparts in the Kepler field, overlapping more significantly with a similarly aged low-[Alpha/Fe] population. This observation may suggest that star formation or radial migration proceeds unevenly in the Galaxy.

H. Ibarra-Medel, V. Avila-Reese, I. Lacerna et al.

We apply stellar population synthesis analysis to obtain spatially-resolved archaeological inferences for a large sample of "red and dead" Elliptical galaxies (Classical Ellipticals; CLEs) from the MaNGA/SDSS-IV DR15 survey. From their 2D stellar light and mass maps, we explore the differences between the radial mass and light distributions in the rest-frame bands $g,$ $r,$ and $i$ as functions of look-back time, $t_{\rm lb}$, or redshift, $z$. We characterize these differences through the ratios between the following mass- and light-derived global properties: sizes, concentrations, and effective surface densities. We find that the mass-to-light ratios of these properties change with $t_{\rm lb}$, more the more massive the galaxies are. The CLE galaxy archaeological progenitors are, on average, less compact, concentrated, and dense in light than in mass as $z$ decreases. However, at later times, when also the evolution of the progenitors becomes passive at all radii, there is an upturn in these trends and the differences between mass and light in compactness/concentration decrease towards $z\sim 0$. The trends in the ratios of mass to light sizes agree qualitatively with results from direct observations in galaxy surveys at different redshifts. We discuss the caveats and interpretations of our results, and speculate that the strong structural evolution found in some previous studies for early-type galaxies could be explained partially by photometric changes rather than by intrinsic structural changes.