E. V. Shevchenko, E. A. Kovaleva, Kh. V. Korigova
et al.
Relevance. The ideas about the mechanisms of stroke development have changed over the centuries, being influenced not only by the level of technology, but also by the scientific and philosophical thought of the corresponding era.Objective of the study: to analyze the evolution of ideas about the causes, methods of diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke from the Ancient World to the present day.Materials and Methods. A historical analysis of medical literature, scientific works and clinical practice of different eras associated with the study and treatment of stroke was carried out.Results. The transformation of the concept of ischemic stroke from the ancient Greek "apoplexy" to the modern understanding of the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia is traced. Two main historical periods in the study of stroke are distinguished, separated by the discoveries of European scientists of the 19th century. The evolution of diagnostic methods from clinical observation to modern neuroimaging technologies, as well as the development of therapeutic approaches from symptomatic treatment to reperfusion therapy and the organization of specialized care are described. Conclusions. Knowledge of the historical path of development of ideas about ischemic stroke allows us to understand modern approaches to its diagnosis and treatment, to evaluate the contribution of outstanding researchers and the role of scientific and technological progress in improving care for patients with cerebrovascular pathology.
The Bronze Age (BA) in Central Europe witnessed significant transformations in various aspects of human activities. This study focuses on changes in subsistence strategies during the BA, represented by the assortment of edible plants. We examined charred macroremains from 39 archaeological sites in the Czech Republic. Our aims include providing an overview of crop records, determining the dating of new crop introductions, and identifying spatial patterns of the assortment changes. The results indicate a complex agricultural transformation. Emmer and einkorn dominated in the Early Bronze Age (EBA), while the broomcorn millet was widespread in the Middle Bronze Age (MBA). The Late Bronze Age (LBA) saw increased cereal and pulse diversity, whereas the Final Bronze Age (FBA), characterised by coexisting cereals, represented a terminal stage of the process of gradually evolving subsistence strategies. The study highlights the sudden introduction of broomcorn millet in the MBA and expanding the range of crops, which allowed more flexible responses to local conditions and a better distribution of field work throughout the year.
This paper analyzes the ways of reconstruction and conceptualization of the traditional organization of society and power of Kabarda in the 16th–18th centuries. This work studies features of the presentation in the generalizing works of the stage-typological characteristics of the traditional society of Kabardians in the complex of socio-spatial, socio-economic and potestary-political conditions of development. Demographic, territorial and economic factors of social and political development are emphasized as key problems, being the focus of the research attention. The inconsistency of the characteristics of the social system of medieval North Caucasian societies in historiography, presented in a summary picture of the history of “mountain feudalism”, is noted. There is a tendency to reduce the analysis of the social organization of Kabardians to the problems of “features” and “level” of development of “Kabardian feudalism”. Potestary-political identification of Kabarda in the 16th–18th centuries in the sense of organizational and governance forms of institutionalization of power is emphasized as a problem that is difficult to solve. Also, attention is drawn to the development of fruitful traditions of domestic and foreign historiography associated with the study of ancient forms of statehood and institutional alternatives and analogues to the state. Successful interpretations of the social organization of traditional Kabardian society and forms of institutionalization of power are associated with modern political anthropological concepts, within which an assessment is made of the level of development of the considered traditional and archaic communities in studying complexity of the ideological, economic, social, demographic, and territorial components.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
Mars has held large amounts of running and standing water throughout its history, as evidenced by numerous morphologies attributed to rivers, outflow channels, lakes, and possibly an ocean. This work examines the crater Antoniadi located in the Syrtis Major quadrangle. Some parts of the central area of the crater exhibit giant polygonal mud cracks, typical of endured lake bottom, on top of which a dark, tens of kilometers-long network of dendritic (i.e., arborescent) morphologies emerges, at first resembling the remnant of river networks. The network, which is composed of tabular sub-units, is in relief overlying hardened mud, a puzzling feature that, in principle, could be explained as landscape inversion resulting from stronger erosion of the lake bottom compared to the endured crust of the riverine sediments. However, the polygonal mud cracks have pristine boundaries, which indicate limited erosion. Furthermore, the orientation of part of the network is the opposite of what the flow of water would entail. Further analyses indicate the similarity of the dendrites with controlled diffusion processes rather than with the river network, and the presence of morphologies incompatible with river, alluvial, or underground sapping processes, such as overlapping of branches belonging to different dendrites or growth along fault lines. An alternative explanation worth exploring due to its potential astrobiological importance is that the network is the product of ancient reef-building microbialites on the shallow Antoniadi lake, which enjoyed the fortunate presence of a heat source supplied by the Syrtis Major volcano. The comparison with the terrestrial examples and the dating of the bottom of the crater (formed at 3.8 Ga and subjected to a resurfacing event at 3.6 Ga attributed to the lacustrine drape) contribute to reinforcing (but cannot definitely prove) the scenario of microbialitic origin for dendrites. Thus, the present analysis based on the images available from the orbiters cannot be considered proof of the presence of microbialites in ancient Mars. It is concluded that the Antoniadi crater could be an interesting target for the research of past Martian life in future landing missions.
While most productivity on the surface of the Earth today is fueled by oxygenic photosynthesis, for much of Earth history it is thought that anoxygenic photosynthesis-using compounds like ferrous iron or sulfide as electron donors-drove most global carbon fixation. Anoxygenic photosynthesis is still performed by diverse bacteria in niche environments today. Of these, the Chlorobi (formerly green sulfur bacteria) are often interpreted as being particularly ancient and are frequently proposed to have fueled the biosphere during late Archean and early Paleoproterozoic time before the rise of oxygenic photosynthesis. Here, we perform comparative genomic, phylogenetic, and molecular clock analyses to determine the antiquity of the Chlorobi and their characteristic phenotypes. We show that contrary to common assumptions, the Chlorobi clade is relatively young, with anoxygenic phototrophy, carbon fixation via the rTCA pathway, and iron oxidation all significantly postdating the rise of oxygen ~2.3 billion years ago. The Chlorobi therefore could not have fueled the Archean biosphere, but instead represent a relatively young radiation of organisms which likely acquired the capacity for anoxygenic photosynthesis and other traits via horizontal gene transfer sometime after the evolution of oxygenic Cyanobacteria.
AbstractAncient Near Eastern treaties were contractual agreements between two political entities, in most cases between two kings. Numerous treaties survive in written form, and others are known indirectly from other types of source, such as royal inscriptions, historiographic compositions, and letters. They date from the twenty‐fourth until the seventh centurybce, but the best‐preserved and largest group dates to the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1550–1200bce) and was recovered in the archives of Hattusa, the capital of the Hittite kingdom.
Hiro Shimai, Hiroaki Setoguchi, David L Roberts
et al.
Earlier phylogenetic studies in the genus Pinguicua (Lentibulariaceae) suggested that the species within a geographical region was rather monophyletic, although the sampling was limited or was restricted to specific regions. Those results conflicted with the floral morphology-based classification, which has been widely accepted to date. In the current study, one nuclear ribosomal DNA (internal transcribed spacer; ITS) and two regions of chloroplast DNA (matK and rpl32-trnL), from up to ca. 80% of the taxa in the genus Pinguicula, covering all three subgenera, were sequenced to demonstrate the inconsistency and explore a possible evolutionary history of the genus. Some incongruence was observed between nuclear and chloroplast topologies and the results from each of the three DNA analyses conflicted with the morphology-based subgeneric divisions. Both the ITS tree and network, however, corresponded with the biogeographical patterns of the genus supported by life-forms (winter rosette or hibernaculum formation) and basic chromosome numbers (haploidy). The dormant strategy evolved in a specific geographical region is a phylogenetic constraint and a synapomorphic characteristic within a lineage. Therefore, the results denied the idea that the Mexican group, morphologically divided into the three subgenera, independently acquired winter rosette formations. Topological incongruence among the trees or reticulations, indicated by parallel edges in phylogenetic networks, implied that some taxa originated by introgressive hybridisation. Although there are exceptions, species within the same geographical region arose from a common ancestor. Therefore, the classification by the floral characteristics is rather unreliable. The results obtained from this study suggest that evolution within the genus Pinguicula has involved; 1) ancient expansions to geographical regions with gene flow and subsequent vicariance with genetic drift, 2) acquirement of a common dormant strategy within a specific lineage to adapt a local climate (i.e., synapomorphic characteristic), 3) recent speciation in a short time span linked to introgressive hybridisation or multiplying the ploidy level (i.e., divergence), and 4) parallel evolution in floral traits among lineages found in different geographical regions (i.e., convergence). As such, the floral morphology masks and obscures the phylogenetic relationships among species in the genus.
En el presente estudio analizamos cómo las jerarquías eclesiásticas señalaron siempre el baile como una actividad pecaminosa y del todo condenable, y lo convirtieron en un signo más de alteridad religiosa, aun cuando amplias capas de la población cristiana lo habían adoptado ya como una parte más de su acervo cultural. El problema resultaba más grave cuando el pueblo incorporaba dichas danzas a las fiestas efectuadas en honor de los santos, lo cual, para los predicadores, suponía contaminar de idolatría estas solemnidades. Sin embargo, lo que para las autoridades de la Iglesia era una pervivencia del paganismo, para los fieles constituía una expresión más de su forma de entender la religión y se convertía en una manifestación más de la religiosidad popular ajena a la religión normativa; en otras palabras, se erigía como un componente imprescindible de la lived religion.
Na África, durante a Antiguidade, populações migravam por razões políticas, econômicas e naturais. O continente havia igualmente acolhido vários estrangeiros que haviam deixado seus países pelas mesmas razões. Essas migrações tiveram impactos sobre as relações entre os povos autóctones e os migrantes. Hoje, torna-se importante revisitar este passado migratório da África para melhor compreender os problemas dos migrantes no continente.
<p>Four gold coins were found during the 2008 excavations in the Roman fort at Răcari (Oltenia), in <em>latus dextrum</em>, allegedly used as <em>praetorium</em>. As they were minted in the time of Vespasian, the fact could cast doubts for the chronology of the first phase of the fort, as stated before.</p><p>The paper is resuming the basics known about the phases of the fortification and their date, giving some details about the conditions of the discovery. The coins themselves are depicted as they were before cleaning, but missing a proper catalogue, as the numismatist left the publication project.</p><p>The work is concluded by some commentaries about the type of the enclosure of the first phase, compared with the most common traits of a marching camp, as well as some historical remarks, as, for instance, the value of that lost deposit.</p>
Mostafa Khaled Mohamed, Amal Abdou, Doaa Abouelmagd
Disability is one of the greatest challenges faced by the societies. Recent statistics from the World Health Organization indicated that the percentage of people with special needs with different disability problems is around 13% globally and exceeds 10% at the local level.
Despite the many national laws and codes that seek to make people with special needs have corresponding life to that of others, there are still barriers to their involvement in the society adequately, especially their use of the social infrastructure, and public and cultural buildings like museums.
Museums are one of the most important establishments that must be suitable for the use of every person including people with special needs. They are catalysts for culture, history, art and science as well as their representation of the progress and renaissance of countries and societies.
The Egyptian Museum with its 19th century neoclassical style has been one of the most prominent landmarks of downtown Cairo for more than 100 years. It has the largest collection of works of ancient Egyptian history and art. Despite its status as one of the most important museums in the world, it has suffered a great deterioration over several decades, which reflected the building and the exhibits negatively. As a result, “The Revival of the Egyptian Museum Initiative” was launched in May 2012 to define the national and international future role of the museum. It aimed to study the current situation of the museum and develop a comprehensive plan for rehabilitation.
The paper discusses and assesses “The Revival of the Egyptian Museum Initiative” and its suitability for the people with special needs as an approach to achieve social sustainability. Moreover, the paper analyzes the appropriateness of the Egyptian Museum for the use of people with special needs and its comparison with a similar global example to come up with a set of recommendations to increase the efficiency of the Egyptian museum and it’s surrounding area.
This text consists of an interpretive essay about the meaning(s) of the “mirror” as an object in Mainland and Aegean Greece (in contrast to Western/Colonial Greece), based on iconography. I take into consideration two distinct repertoires of images: the paintings of Attic vases (late sixth – early fourth century B.C.) and the figurative decoration on the mirrors themselves, in relief or engraved (late fifth – early third century B.C.). The central focus of the analysis is the iconography registered on mirrors produced in the four main manufacturing centers of Greece (Athens, Corinth, Chalcis, Ionia). Greeks produced three types of mirrors between Late Archaic and Early Hellenistic times: hand-mirrors with handle, table mirrors with stand, and round box mirrors, the latter being the most important to this study. Box mirrors may bear iconography on their folding cover, in relief on the external surface (repoussé) or engraved on the interior surface. In contrast to the iconography of the vases of Magna Graecia, in which the mystic component stands out from the other symbolic aspects, in the case of the iconography of Greek mirrors erotic symbolism and the relation with the goddess Aphrodite predominate. This goddess protects all categories of women (hetaerae and "citizen-women", married or brides) and all modalities of eroticism. Under the auspices of love and desire, the symbolic power of the mirror can be related to an inclusive eroticism, which unites, that which society separates.
Ardengo Soffici’s engagement with African art was mediated by French modernism and led him to articulate a painterly aesthetic at once ‘primitive’ and classical. Soffici moved to Paris in 1900, and after his return to Florence in 1907 devoted himself to updating Italian art by promoting French modernism. Specifically, the artist created a modern style that incorporated these advances as well as elements from the early Italian Renaissance. This paper analyzes his fresco cycle, The Room of the Mannequins (1914), which demonstrates his temporary adoption of the Parisian scene’s primitivism while recalling the decoration of ancient Roman and Renaissance villas.
While Pablo Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907) shattered academic conventions by relying on primitive art’s ‘savage’ nature, in Soffici’s murals, the female figures are playful and non-threatening, bringing to mind the pastoral landscapes that informed both Henri Rousseau and Henri Matisse’s works. Though the Italian artist substituted African references in his later work with alusions to Tuscan folk paintings, his brief use of the former demonstrates the ways in which non-Western references interacted with Italian art even in the absence of direct colonial links to their places of origin. Finally, this consideration of Soffici’s frescoes and writings on primitivism serves as a pre-history of the ways in which art and visual culture under Fascism appropriated African sources to legitimize its colonial project by presenting them as inferior to classical culture.
AbstractEcclesiastical (Church) history blossomed in Greek and Syriac between the late fourth and late sixth centuriesCE: its “Father”was the pro‐Arian Eusebius (early 260s–339CE), bishop of Caesarea, while the lawyer Evagrius Scholasticus was writing in 593CE.
RESUMEN: La constitutio CTh 16,5,9, promulgada por Teodosio en 382, fue redactada con un deliberado propósito de aterrorizar a los maniqueos. Con este fin se encadenan en el texto de la ley modos y medios distintos de atemorizar que incluyen la estigmatización social, la vinculación entre maniqueísmo y prácticas sospechosas de magia, la amenaza penal del suplicio hasta la muerte y la autorización y el estímulo de la delación. La denuncia contra el maniqueo es presentada como un medio de liberar al Estado de abominables criminales y de acabar con el predicamento social de quienes pretendían constituir comunidades al margen de la Iglesia nicena y se negaban a su sustento económico, convirtiéndose así en disidentes del régimen teodosiano. En el tenor de la ley teodosiana se percibe más el miedo a un grupo secreto que cuestionaba el orden social, que la intolerancia hacia las doctrinas maniqueas. El emperador defendía su propia seguridad y el ordenamiento jurídico en materia de transmisión de bienes y de creación de patrimonios eclesiásticos. En consecuencia, las razones que inspiraron la legislación de Teodosio contra los maniqueos fueron más pragmáticas y políticas que ideológicas.<br /><br />ABSTRACT: The constitutio CTh 16,5,9, promulgated by Theodosius in 382 A.D., was deliberately written for frightening the Manicheans. We can find in the text of the law different ways and means to scary like the social stigmatization, the attaching between the Manicheism and ways suspected of being sorcery, the penal threat of torture to the death, and the authorization and incentive of accusation. The report against the Manicheans is showed like a manner to free the State from abominable criminals and to put an end to the social predicament of those who pretended to form some communities in the verge of the Nicean Church, refusing to support it and becoming dissidents of the Theodosian regimen. In this law, the dread for a secret group which questioned the social order is perceived, more than the intolerance towards the Manichean doctrines. The Emperor defended his own security and the legal regulation in the matter of goods transference and making ecclesiastic patrimonies. Therefore, the reasons which inspired Theodosius' legislation against Manicheans were pragmatic and politic better than ideological.