Hasil untuk "Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes"

Yaser Hoseini

Abstract Due to the high cost of constructing a hydrometric station, it is not possible to measure water level on all rivers. Therefore, the estimation of water flow of these rivers is one of the basic needs of water resources projects. In this research, various experimental methods presented to estimate the annual flood discharge in the basins, including the regression, Inglis and De’Souza and the Indian Department of Irrigation (IDOI), Turc, Coutagine, Khosla, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Justin and Lacey methods were examined and evaluated in a number of sub-basins of the Dareh-Rood in Ardabil province. In this research, the discharge data of 7 hydrometric stations with a common statistical period of 15 years were collected during 1380–94 and the incomplete data related to the stations were completed using statistical methods. Then, using ArcGIS and WMS software, the physiographic characteristics of the sub-basins, including the area, slope, shape factor and average height of the sub-basins were extracted. The root mean square error, relative percentage error (ε), mean absolute error (MAE), Coefficient of residual mass and model efficiency (EF) were calculated to evaluate the models. The results showed that the order of the accuracy of the methods decreases from the regression method, Coutagine, Turc, IDOI, ICAR, Lacey, JUSTIN, Inglis and De’Souza and Khosla, respectively. For the regression model, these statistics were estimated as 21.9 21.09, 0.01 and 0.1, respectively. The results showed that except for the regression model, none of the experimental methods provided reliable results and amount of runoff estimated by the regression model for different basins is in good agreement with the observed runoff data.

Lynette de Silva, Jahan Taganova, Jalal Naser Faqiryar et al.

This study explores pathways to transformation through a focus on water relations among states, examining the intersection of water resources management, political conflicts, and historical grievances: (1) Ukraine and Russia regarding North Crimea Canal; and (2) Afghanistan and Pakistan in Kabul River Basin. Using these cases to support water conflict prevention, this study explores water interactions (disputes, arrangements, and agreements) from the time of respective sovereign statehoods: Afghanistan (1919), Pakistan (1947), and Ukraine and Russia (1991) through to 2022. The design of this study incorporates the Transboundary Waters Interaction Nexus (TWINs) framework to assess past water interactions; with the Four Stages of Water Conflict Transformation framework, used to assess 2022 state-level relations to determine collaborative skills to cultivate water transformation. Findings indicate that while Ukraine- Russia water relations are adversarial, and Afghanistan-Pakistan are in the reflective negotiation stage—territorial disputes and political economic dynamics hamper cooperation, though points of leverage (such as neutral third-party mediation, shared environmental and economic interests, and water diplomacy and legal frameworks) exist. This research provides value through broadening preventative and transformative strategies in politically sensitive and geopolitically unstable regions—showing that water can be a catalyst for equity and regional securitization.

Jacqueline Janssen, Frank Jülicher, Christoph A. Weber

In this work, we propose a theory for the kinetics of emulsions in which a continuous supply of matter feeds droplet growth. We consider cases where growth is either limited by bulk diffusion or the transport through the droplets' interfaces. Our theory extends the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner (LSW) theory by two types of matter supply, where either the supersaturation is maintained or the supply rate is constant. In emulsions with maintained supersaturation, we find a decoupling of droplets at all times, with the droplet size distribution narrowing in the diffusion-limited regime and a drifting distribution of a fixed shape in the interface-resistance-limited case. In emulsions with a constant matter supply, there is a transition between narrowing and broadening in the diffusion-limited regime, and the distribution is non-universal. For the interface-resistance-limited regime, there is no transition to narrowing, and we find a universal law governing coarsening kinetics that is valid for any constant matter supply. The average radius evolves according to a power law that is independent of the matter supply, and we find a closed-form expression for the droplet size distribution function. Our theory is relevant to biological systems, such as biomolecular condensates in living cells, since droplet material is not conserved and the growth of small droplets is proposed to be interface-resistance-limited.

Dana Kadadou, Thanigaivelan Arumugham, Lina Tizani et al.

Abstract The need for antifouling membranes is substantial due to fouling’s negative impact on the effectiveness and durability of ultrafiltration membranes. In recent times, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as effective additives for crafting ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. However, to harness their benefits and mitigate their drawbacks, a well-considered approach is imperative. In this work, polyethersulfone (PES) UF membranes were tailored with polydopamine (PDA)-modified cerium (Ce)-MOF (PDA@Ce-MOF) to achieve satisfactory antifouling properties and to remove biological macromolecules such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) and humic acid (HA) from wastewater. The non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method was used to simultaneously fabricate the membrane and modify it with different PDA@Ce-MOF concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.50 wt.%. Results showed significant improvements on the membrane’s morphology, hydrophilicity, porosity and pore size at 0.10 wt.% loading of PDA@Ce-MOF. The synergistic effect of the PDA and Ce-MOF on the membrane improved the pure water flux (337 L m−2 h−1) and filtration performance in the filtration of Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and humic acid (HA) reporting 145 L m−2 h−1 and 98% rejection, and 164 L m−2 h−1 and 88% rejection; respectively. Further, water-attracting functional moieties of PDA@Ce-MOF hindered the deposition of BSA protein on the membrane surface, resulting in an excellent flux recovery ratio (FRR) of ~87%, alongside mitigated irreversible fouling.

Margarita Garfias Royo, Himanshu Parikh, Luiza Campos et al.

Abstract The influx of refugees, population growth and current agricultural practices have led to an increase in water demand in Jordan, placing pressure on existing water provision. Climate change further exacerbates declining water availability. Against this backdrop, the techno-economic feasibility of four water supply and sanitation alternatives for small and medium scale cities in Jordan were explored, using local unit costs and Al-Mafraq as a case study. City level piped network combined with household rooftop rainwater harvesting and surface runoff collection into local ponds and piped networks with treatment using the nature-based solution of root-zone for sanitation were demonstrated to provide the highest benefits in terms of cost, convenience and water conservation. Our work highlights the need to invest in long-term urban infrastructure networks to promote sustainable future growth of cities. This is vital to address severe water scarcity challenges that ultimately impact those at the urban fringes most.

Seyed Ashkan Seyed Ebrahimi, Abuzar Nekuie, Mahmoud Reza Mollaeinia

AbstractIntroduction: An artificial neural network (ANN) is a powerful data-driven tool capable of learning the linear and nonlinear relationships governing different systems. However, determining the best-performing algorithm in terms of convergence speed and accuracy for a particular problem is still a fundamental challenge for users of artificial neural networks.Methods: We investigated the most effective algorithm among widely used processes to simulate and estimate nonlinear water quality parameters. For this purpose, we constructed 42 models combining artificial neural network topology (single or multilayer) and training processes. The quality parameters’ data acquired at 107 wells throughout the aquifer of Qorveh-Dehgolan plain were used for training (data from 1996 to 2013) and to test (data from 2014 to 2016) each model.Findings: The results showed that artificial neural networks with a hidden layer that benefits from the optimal number of neurons could simulate the aquifer behavior with high accuracy and in less time. Also, increasing the number of hidden layers while increasing the response accuracy increases the number of optimal network neurons and the duration of the problem analysis. Finally, artificial neural networks based on the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb (BFG) method had the highest efficiency in simulating aquifer behavior, although the performance of the Levenberg Marquart (LM) method is very close to BFG. BFG is more efficient than LM due to its lower Mean Square Error and Standard Deviation (3.46 and 3.09, respectively).

Anton Pichler, Jan Hurt, Tobias Reisch et al.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022 entailed the threat of a drastic and sudden reduction of natural gas supply to the European Union. This paper presents a techno-economic analysis of the consequences of a sudden gas supply shock to Austria, one of the most dependent countries on imports of Russian gas. Our analysis comprises (a) a detailed assessment of supply and demand side countermeasures to mitigate the immediate shortfall in Russian gas imports, (b) a mapping of the net reduction in gas supply to industrial sectors to quantify direct economic shocks and expected relative reductions in gross output and (c) the quantification of higher-order economic impacts through using a dynamic out-of-equilibrium input-output model. Our results show that potential economic consequences can range from relatively mild to highly severe, depending on the implementation and success of counteracting mitigation measures. We find that securing alternative gas imports, storage management, and incentivizing fuel switching represent the most important short-term policy levers to mitigate the adverse impacts of a sudden import stop.

Jaewoo Kim, Jaemyung Ahn, Taehyun Sung

This paper proposes a novel inventory management model for the replenishment strategy of a satellite mega-constellation incorporating dual supply modes: normal and auxiliary. The proposed framework employs an indirect channel for normal supply, wherein spare satellites are initially injected into a parking orbit before transferring to the target orbital plane via propulsion systems and orbital perturbations. Conversely, the auxiliary supply mode utilizes a direct channel, injecting spare satellites immediately into their designated orbital planes. The inventory management model is constructed using parametric replenishment policies: $\left(s,Q\right)$ and $\left(R_1,R_2,Q_1,Q_2\right)$ with a time window. Following this model, two optimization problems are addressed to construct the supply chain for satellite mega-constellation replenishment and to evaluate its performance. These are decision-making contexts from the perspectives of constellation operators and launch service providers. The case study showcases the practical applicability of the proposed model and optimization problems, yielding valuable insights for stakeholders in the spaceborne industry.

Mohammad Faryabi

The saline water intrusion to aquifers in arid regions is one of the major challenges in the development of water resources. In this research, the risk of saline water intrusion near a salt playa in Sirjan plain was evaluated by modifying and optimizing the GALDIT model. Parameters such as aquifer type, aquifer hydraulic conductivity, groundwater level, distance to salt playa, current status of saline water intrusion and aquifer thickness were used to zoning the risk of saline water intrusion. To modify and optimize the GALDIT model, single parameter sensitivity analysis method, analytical hierarchy process and fuzzy logic were used. According to the different models results, the Sirjan plain has been classified into three saline water intrusion risk zones namely: low, moderate and high. Groundwater electrical conductivity and chloride ion concentration were employed for the validation of the results of the models. Achieving results show that the fuzzy logic is the best method for optimizing the GALDIT model. So that the correlation coefficients between the results of Fuzzy GALDIT model results and parameters of electrical conductivity and chloride ion concentration are equal to 0.88 and 0.90 respectively

Molly Milmo, Jeremy McDowell, Monica Yesildirek et al.

This paper describes the results of a study that was done by the USGS to assess recent (2017) water availability, forecast long-term trends in water availability, assess changes in water availability, and forecast future water availability in the Trinity River Basin in Texas. The Trinity River Basin surface water model and Trinity River alluvium aquifer (TRAA) groundwater model were created to evaluate future conditions under different global climate models (GCM). The results of this study show minimal overall changes in water availability for both surface water and groundwater. Trend analyses using historical data (1900–2017) indicated an increase of annual precipitation on the watersheds that drain into the reservoirs in Regional Water Planning Group C. However, the Trinity River Basin surface water model GCM ensemble mean annual precipitation indicates a downward trend, resulting in a downward trend in surface runoff. Additionally, the GCM ensemble mean for the Trinity River Basin surface water model and the TRAA groundwater model both indicate a downward trend in recharge while the TRAA model GCM ensemble mean indicates an upward trend in the amount of groundwater leaving the aquifer to rivers and streams resulting in an upward trend of cumulative storage change.

Xiao Zhang

Beijing is a megacity with a population of over 20 million. It has a massive demand for water and electricity and is responsible for achieving carbon neutrality. However, Beijing is in a highly arid region, and its local electricity production supply is less than 30% of the demand. The city's carbon neutrality goal also faces enormous challenges. To address these problems, this paper proposes a plan to cover the Beijing area's surface reservoirs and water channels with solar panels. The results show that the plan is expected to save an average of 383 million m3 of water per year (which can meet the annual water needs of 2.13 million households), generate 72.6 billion kWh of electricity (which can meet the annual electricity needs of 25.23 million households), reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 6.84 billion kg (equivalent to the annual carbon dioxide absorption of 3.1 billion mature trees), and reduce the concentration of one carcinogenic substance, microcystin, by 97.3%, while also addressing the issue of bromate. The results strongly suggest the potential social and economic value of using solar panels to cover surface reservoirs and water channels. Field control experiments and related research should be actively promoted.

Narayan Subramanian, Atharva Joshi, Daksh Bagga

The food supply chain has a number of challenges, including a lack of transparency and disengagement among stakeholders. By providing a transparent and traceable digital ledger of transactions and movements for all supply chain actors, blockchain technology can provide a resolution to these problems. We propose a blockchain-based system for tracking a product's full path, from its raw components to the finished item in the store. Many advantages of the offered system include improved quality assessment, increased product transparency and traceability, and sophisticated fraud detection capabilities. By reinventing the way transactions are carried out and enabling stakeholders to obtain a complete record of each product's journey, the system has the potential to completely alter the food supply chain. Also, by minimising inefficiencies, waste, and fraudulent activities that have a negative influence on the supply chain, the deployment of this system can remove limits imposed by the current supply chain. Overall, the suggested blockchain-based system has the potential to significantly increase the efficiency, transparency, and traceability of the food supply chain.

Cristiana L. Lara, John Wassick

This paper discusses the broad challenges shared by e-commerce and the process industries operating global supply chains. Specifically, we discuss how process industries and e-commerce differ in many aspects but have similar challenges ahead of them in order to remain competitive, keep up with the always increasing requirements of the customers and stakeholders, and gain efficiency. While both industries have been early adopters of decision support tools based on machine intelligence, both share unresolved challenges related to scalability, integration of decision-making over different time horizons (e.g. strategic, tactical and execution-level decisions) and across internal business units, and orchestration of human and computer-based decision-makers. We discuss future trends and research opportunities in the area of supply chain, and suggest that the methods of multi-agent systems supported by rigorous treatment of human decision-making in combination with machine intelligence is a great contender to address these critical challenges.

Ramazan Şenol, Osamah Salman, Zekeriya Kaya

Abstract Nowadays, with the rapid increase in world population, potable water shortage has started to create serious problems. Many factors such as increased water consumption, environmental problems and climate change cause the decrease in potable water resources. In this study, a fully automatic system which produces water from ambient humidity developed to provide solutions especially in areas where access to clean and potable water resources is difficult. Moisture and salt are used for raw material. CaCl2 salt is not very good for moisture absorption, but when compared with other salts, it can provide a great advantage under human health and cost. The machine is also reinforced with electrical equipment and measures the ambient temperature, pressure values and humidity, consumed energy and prints it on the memory card (SD card) in real time. While the system is running, it can be controlled and read over the phone. Experiments have been carried out and the changes in the amount of water produced and the amount of salt consumed depending on the ambient humidity and temperature have been investigated. The amount of energy consumed by the system was also analyzed. It was observed that the amount of water produced was directly proportional to the ambient humidity.

Daniel Kosmas, Thomas C Sharkey, John E Mitchell et al.

We consider a new class of multi-period network interdiction problems, where interdiction and restructuring decisions are decided upon before the network is operated and implemented throughout the time horizon. We discuss how we apply this new problem to disrupting domestic sex trafficking networks, and introduce a variant where a second cooperating attacker has the ability to interdict victims and prevent the recruitment of prospective victims. This problem is modeled as a bilevel mixed integer linear program (BMILP), and is solved using column-and-constraint generation with partial information. We also simplify the BMILP when all interdictions are implemented before the network is operated. Modeling-based augmentations are proposed to significantly improve the solution time in a majority of instances tested. We apply our method to synthetic domestic sex trafficking networks, and discuss policy implications from our model. In particular, we show how preventing the recruitment of prospective victims may be as essential to disrupting sex trafficking as interdicting existing participants.

Gordon Ross, Dominic Anwar, Daniel Sedgwick et al.

A relatively simple experiment, which has been proven to be fully reproducible, shows that in solutions of water and deuterated water, sensible quantities of fluorine are generated when a triggering energy is supplied in form of electric field with suitable characteristics leading to discharges in the material between the electrodes. The novelty of the experiment is the simplicity of the layout, the full reproducibility and the concrete proof of the events based on simple techniques to detect elements that, as it was accurately checked, were not present in the system before energy supply. Modularity is another interesting feature of the solution presented here. The experimental apparatus used (named STORM REACTOR(R) and described here for the first time in scientific literature) consists of reaction chamber, control system and instrumentation to detect fluorine. It is illustrated together with the measured results and with discussions on the issue of reproducibility and on possible application areas, including energy production. The case of fluorine production is of potential major importance at industrial level being fluorine widely employed in medical, materials and agrochemical sciences (in particular artificial radioactive fluorine isotopes in medical diagnosis). Moreover, its production with traditional methods can be considered difficult and expensive as compared to generation in a safe and inexpensive way using the device presented here.

Michael Paul Schramm

Water quality monitoring programs commonly use the Mann-Kendall test or linear regression to identify statistically significant monotonic trends in fecal indicator bacteria concentrations (typically Escherichia coli [E. coli]). The statistical power of these tests to detect trends of different magnitudes (effect size) is rarely communicated to stakeholders, and it is unlikely they are considered when designing monitoring schedules. The statistical power for detecting trends in surface water E. coli bacteria concentrations using Mann-Kendall and linear regression at water quality monitoring sites across Texas was estimated using Monte Carlo simulation. The probability that an individual water quality monitoring site in Texas had adequate statistical power was also estimated using logistic regression. Mann-Kendall and linear regression trend tests show similar statistical power. Both tests are unlikely to achieve adequate statistical power when E. coli concentrations decrease by 20% or less over 7 years under most sampling frequencies. To adequately detect concentration decreases of 30% to 40% over 7 years, monthly sampling is required. Because many sites across Texas are sampled quarterly, monotonic trends tests will not be powerful enough to detect trends of moderate magnitudes. To better facilitate stakeholder decision-making, it is important to communicate the relative power of statistical tests and detectible magnitudes of changes. I suggest data analysts conduct power analyses to improve monitoring program designs and improve communication of trend test limitations. Software and training for water quality analysts could facilitate communication of power and effect sizes. Alternative trend assessment methods may be more reliable for describing changes in fecal indicator bacteria concentrations.

Jaydeep Jivani, Meka Srinivasarao, Anand P. Dhanwani

Multiproduct batch plants are seriously affected by improper production schedules and inefficient wastewater handling. These batch process industries consume massive amounts of fresh water for process and multiple washings of process equipment. Primary objective of the present work is to minimize freshwater intake through proper handling and reuse of wastewater. This paper proposes an optimal methodology of wastewater recycle to address the environmental and economic issues. We explore the possibility of recycling reusable water before sending it to Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) for treatment. We formulated a constraint, mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) optimization model, to simultaneously address environmental and economic issues for a multiproduct batch plant. The model applied to a process involving multiple washes and multiple storage tanks having pre-specified concentration limits. This model provides the amount of recyclable wash water, overall freshwater demand and effluent generation. The reported case study suggests that the freshwater reduction is in the range of 40–60%. We also performed dynamic simulations using the MATLAB-GAMS interface to monitor dynamic variation in the height of waste water in segregation tanks due to dynamic variation in wash water generation.

Hashem Amini, Ali Sanayei, Hamidreza Talaei et al.

On the eve of the year 2021, about a century has passed since the establishment of municipalities, and more than half a century has passed since the establishment of development planning laws and the beginning of the implementation of urban planning projects. The purpose of creating these laws and establishing structures and organizations to implement them was to monitor the creation and development of cities to provide suitable conditions for citizens in life. The results of the implementation of urban development projects show that these projects, despite spending a lot of money and energy, in many cases do not achieve their goals. Despite these problems, for many years, the lack of coordination of organizations related to urban management, the lack of appropriate methods for preparing and implementing urban plans and the lack of technical and financial capacity in the organs have been raised as important issues in project inefficiency. But the importance of not paying attention to the infrastructure that can affect urban management and planning has been overlooked and among all the factors, water has the most fundamental role as the main source of life and the basis of development. This grounded theory method first examines the causes and known factors of inefficiency of urban planning in Iran, explains the relationship between this issue and the critical factors of inefficiency and then identifies the effect of paying attention to the pivotal role of water in eliminating many of these factors , By presenting a local model for using the basics of water-sensitive city design in urban planning, offers a proposal for operationalizing and making more practical the methods of urban planning, which, if used in the future, can solve the problems of urban planning in the country. Sensibly reduce and eliminate.

Azita Behbahaninia, Alireza Mashayekhi, Ali Azimi

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the important organic pollutants in the aquatic ecosystems generally generated by natural and human processes. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration and distribution of PAHs and the origin of these compounds in the surface sediments of the Protected Chalous River in Mazandaran Province. Sampling of surface sediments of the riverbed was performed at four stations located along the river (Darkala, first ring bridge, Chalous fountain bridge and estuary). The extraction and analysis of PAHs was performed using standard Soxhlet method in two stages: column chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The highest and lowest total amount of these compounds (∑PAHs) was observed in the surface sediments of the riverbed at the estuary and Darkala stations (903.8±144.30 and 51.71±19.33 ng/g) respectively. The trend of accumulation of PAHs in the surface sediments showed that the ∑PAHs concentration increased from the upstream to downstream in the river. Determining the origin of PAHs in surface sediments of the riverbed using isomeric diagnostic ratios showed that the origin of PAHs in the river was a mixture of petrogenic and pyrogenic sources with petrogenic dominance. According to the NOAA sediment quality standard, the sediments samples were in the range of moderate pollution in the studied stations, except at Darkala station, located upstream of Chalous river and had low pollution. The influx of agricultural effluents from the surrounding farms, the increase in population and vehicles in the area has led to an increase in the composition of PAHs in river sediments.