The textile dyeing industry is a crucial sector in global manufacturing, but it is also one of the most resource-intensive, consuming significant amounts of water, energy, and chemicals. This research paper presents an experimental evaluation of various dyeing techniques aimed at improving efficiency while minimizing environmental impact. Laboratory tests were conducted on low-liquor ratio dyeing, ultrasonic and plasma-assisted dyeing, enzymatic treatments, and digital printing. The study compares these techniques based on dye uptake, water and energy consumption, and environmental impact. The findings suggest that advanced dyeing technologies significantly reduce resource usage while maintaining fabric quality. The paper concludes by recommending sustainable practices and future directions for enhancing dyeing efficiency.
Douglas G. Caetano, Hector G. Kotik, Juan E. Perez Ipiña
et al.
This paper investigates the effect of mean shear stress on short-beam shear fatigue in a GLARE 1-3/2 commercial fiber–metal laminate (FML). This study explores three shear stress ratios (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">τ</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5) and two material orientations (longitudinal and transversal) under constant amplitude fatigue. Different stress levels for each <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">τ</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> value were explored to obtain failures between 10<sup>3</sup> and 10<sup>6</sup> load cycles. The experimental results reveal anisotropy, with transversal specimens exhibiting lower performance and increased scatter. The mean shear stress effect is discussed herein, with insights into the critical role of mean shear of fatigue performance. <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">τ</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> 0.1 was the most severe condition and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">τ</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> 0.5 was the least severe. The <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="bold-italic">τ</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> 0.3 condition produced steeper S-N curves, indicating that the combined effect of mean shear stress and shear stress amplitude led to a higher rate of damage accumulation. The fractographic analysis investigated the failure modes and confirmed the damage dominated by Mode II, supporting the test methodology employed.
Chemicals: Manufacture, use, etc., Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Femiana Gapsari, Indradi Wijatmiko, Andoko Andoko
et al.
Environmental contamination poses a significant threat to the integrity of materials, including metals and composites. Addressing the degradation of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites necessitates effective management strategies, particularly in mitigating UV and water-induced deterioration. This study explores the efficacy of Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil (AESO) coating treatment following alkali treatment as a potential solution. Alkali treatment of Kapok fiber (KF) combined with polymer coating yielded composites exhibiting superior mechanical properties, particularly in tensile and flexural strength, following a 30-day aging period. Remarkably, the application of alkali and coating treatments led to a substantial enhancement in the mechanical strength of polyester composites, with the highest tensile strength recorded at 96.04 MPa. This represented a notable increase of 31.97% compared to untreated KF specimens. The observed enhancement in composite performance underscores the critical role of interfacial adhesion between fibers and the matrix, particularly under conditions of UV exposure and water immersion. Importantly, the study demonstrates that alkali treatment and polymer coating effectively mitigate degradation in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites, thereby offering promising avenues for enhancing their durability and longevity.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Giant reed (Arundo donax L.) is a plant species with a high growth rate and low requirements, which makes it particularly interesting for the production of different bioproducts, including natural fibers. This work assesses the use of fibers obtained from reed culms as reinforcement for a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix. Two different lignocellulosic materials were used: i) shredded culms and ii) fibers obtained by culms processing, which have not been reported yet in literature as fillers for thermoplastic materials. A good stress transfer for the fibrous composites was observed, with significant increases in mechanical properties; composites with 20% fiber provided a tensile elastic modulus of almost 1900 MPa (78% increase versus neat HDPE) and a flexural one of 1500 MPa (100% increase), with an improvement of 15% in impact strength. On the other hand, composites with 20% shredded biomass increased by 50% the tensile elastic modulus (reaching 1560 MPa) and the flexural one (up to 1500 MPa), without significant changes in impact strength. The type of filler is more than its ratio; composites containing fibers resulted in a higher performance than the ones with shredded materials due to the higher aspect ratio of fibers.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Md. Sobuj, Rabea NIshat, Mohammad Ashraful Alam
et al.
The apparel industry in Bangladesh produces rejected garments while manufacturing high-quality exportable garments. This industry faces challenges in managing rejected garments as they contribute to waste generation. The purpose of this study was to explore the current policy of managing rejected garments and look for a more sustainable business model or policy. This research collected opinions and information from 18 different garment manufacturing industries regarding rejected garments and buyers’ and manufacturers’ existing policies for managing the rejected garments. The results of the study show that there is no particular guideline from the buyers for managing rejected garments; consequently, the manufacturers handle these garments in their own way. A novel and more sustainable business model for the clothing business was proposed to align the business with the Sustainable Development Goal 12 (responsible consumption and production). This model urges collaborative efforts between buyers and manufacturers to capture more value from rejected garments and extend their lifecycle. The proposed framework will benefit relevant stakeholders, minimise waste generation and reduce the impact of fast fashion.
In this paper, we combine electrospinning with laminar flow theory to verify the influence of the spinning needle length on the internal structure of PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) nanofibers. The long spinning needle is referred as a reference like long ducts in the body of spiders. We also discussed the effect of different needle length on the micro-morphology, mechanical properties, electrical properties, porosity, and hydrophobic properties of PVDF nanofiber membranes. The results showed that when the needle length increased, more PVDF macromolecular chains will have sufficient time to be straightened and aligned, resulting in an increasingly ordered internal structure of the prepared PVDF nanofibers. The different length of the long needle has a certain influence on the morphology, mechanical properties, electrical properties, porosity, and hydrophobic properties of PVDF nanofiber membrane obtained by electrospinning. The more ordered the internal structure of nanofibers, the worse the membrane’s mechanical properties, but the lower its electrical resistivity.
Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, Chemical technology
Jan Lukas Storck, Liska Steenbock, Marius Dotter
et al.
A first limited approach for the automated production of crocheted fabrics was introduced in 2019. However, the knowledge on crocheted fabrics is very scarce and only few technical applications are presented in the literature. To provide a basis for possible future technical applications, the general tensile properties of crocheted fabrics are explored, and a promising application as composite reinforcement is introduced. Due to the early development state of the crochet machine prototype, conventionally hand-made crocheted fabrics are studied and the benefit of improving the machine is evaluated. The mechanical properties of crocheted fabrics depend significantly on the individual crocheter, but fabrics produced from the same person are sufficiently reproducible for reasonable investigations. Anisotropic properties with a trend toward higher resisted forces in course compared to wale direction were identified with crochets constructed from single crochet (sc) and from half double crochet (hdc) stitches. Furthermore, a tendency toward higher possible loads at larger elongations was revealed for crocheted fabrics compared to knitted ones. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time crocheted aramid fabrics were used in epoxy composites. With a crocheted reinforcement in a non-cut composite produced by vacuum-assisted hand lay-up, significantly higher ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus were recorded compared to a knitted one with comparable fracture modes.
Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, Chemical technology
Vijay Raghunathan, Jafrey Daniel James Dhilip, Mohan Ramesh
et al.
By hybridizing fibers, natural fibers are widely employed to substitute synthetic fibers in all feasible applications. The present study focuses on the development and characterization of hybrid Areca-Pineapple fiber epoxy composites with varied stacking sequences. Using the hand lay-up method, four types of stacking sequence-based epoxy composites were developed. ASTM standards were used to evaluate the mechanical and water absorption characteristics of the developed composites. Test results revealed that the ultimate tensile (53.433 MPa), flexural (60 MPa), compression (16.591 MPa), and Shore-D hardness (91) values were higher for three layers of pineapple fibers-based epoxy composites. At the same time, the three layers of areca fibers-based epoxy composites showed better impact (0.8 J) and water absorption properties (2.4%) due to the high amorphous contents of the fibers. Morphological studies carried out by a scanning-electron-microscope revealed stronger fiber-matrix bonding, resulting in higher mechanical test results.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
Hybrid composites containing natural fibers are widely used for various applications due to their superior mechanical properties over synthetic fibers. The mechanical behavior of such hybrid composites under dynamic loading is a key concern. In the present study, a six-layered hybrid composite fabricated with four different layers of natural (sisal, flax, jute, and hemp) fibers, with top and bottom layers of synthetic glass fiber, is investigated for the impact strength and strain rate effects. The fractography at different strain rates has been analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. From the investigation, it is found that the strength bearing capacity of the hybrid composite increases as the strain rate is increased from 0.00022 s−1 to 0.0888 s−1. It is observed that there is an enhancement of 8.21% in the tensile strength, with average hardness and impact energy, which are 48.5 HV and 8 J, respectively. It is concluded that the developed composite is suitable for high strain rate applications.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
The use of vegetable fibres as a sustainable alternative to non-natural sources of fibres applied for concrete reinforcement has been studied for over three decades. The main issues about plant-based fibres pointed out by other authors are the variability in their properties and concerns about potential high biodegradability in the alkaline pH of the concrete matrix. Aiming to minimise the variability of flax and hemp fibres, this research compares a range of chemical surface treatments, analysing their effects on the behaviour of the fibres and the effects of their addition to concrete. Corroborating what has been found by other authors, the treatment using NaOH 10% for 24 h was able to enhance the properties of hemp fibre-reinforced concrete and reduce the degradability in alkaline solution. For flax fibres, a novel alternative stood out: treatment using 1% of stearic acid in ethanol for 4 h. Treatment using this solution increased the tensile by 101%, causing a minor effect on the elastic modulus. Concrete mixes reinforced with the treated flax fibres presented reduced thermal conductivity and elastic modulus and increased residual tensile strength and fracture energy.
Chemicals: Manufacture, use, etc., Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
The use of virgin and recycled plastic macro fibers as reinforcing elements in construction materials has recently gained increasing attention from researchers. Specifically, recycled fibers have become more attractive owing to their large-scale availability, negligible cost, and low environmental footprint. In this work, we investigate the benefits related to the use of fully-recycled synthetic fibers as dispersed reinforcement in Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites (FRCCs). In light of the reference performance of FRCCs including virgin polypropylene (PP) fibers only, the mechanical response of composites reinforced with polyolefin filaments treated with a sol-gel silica coating and polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/polyethylene (PE) cylindrical draw-wire fibers is here assessed through three-point bending tests. Remarkably, recycled polyolefins lead to a notable enhancement in terms of peak strength and post-crack energy dissipation capability. This improvement is ascribed to both the flattened shape of fibers and the surface coating, which turns out to be very effective at strengthening the fiber-to-matrix bond. On the other hand, PET/PE fibrous reinforcement generally leads to a lower toughness, if compared to the virgin fibers. However, no reduction in terms of peak stress is evidenced. Balancing the significance of mechanical performance and environmental sustainability in the framework of a circular economy approach, both fully-recycled fibers at hand can be regarded as promising candidates for innovative structural applications.
Chemicals: Manufacture, use, etc., Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
The modern business of the textile and clothing industry implies product fragmentation, which is followed by the defragmentation of the production cycle on a global level, which today is facilitated by technical and technological innovations. The dominance of the corporate entity in the modern economy means that every company must constantly monitor changes, in order to actively engage in the continuous generation of competitive advantages. It can be said that the basis of modern competitiveness today is quality, flexibility, the existence of raw materials, degree of automation, organizational innovation, human resources and cluster business, while creativity - original design, specialization, diversification, technical and technological innovation, e-business and circular economy are key factors in maintaining a competitive position in the global market. Coexistence with the new global rules is the inevitability of modern strategies for the work and development of the textile and clothing industry, which requires, among other things, continuous investment in raising productivity or product credibility, using internationally accepted certification methods, launching new product lines and expanding markets by conquering new segments on different basis (branding, online shopping, recycling, fast fashion, etc.). It should be noted that in addition to all the above factors companies (part - 1, 2 and 3) influencing the work and development of textile and clothing industry, which should be an integral part of new strategies, there are other factors that may be important or even crucial for successful and efficient operation, development and operation of textile and clothing industry companies.
Krzemińska Sylwia, Cieślak Małgorzata, Kamińska Irena
et al.
Aerogels are characterized by excellent insulation properties and a good resistance to high and low temperatures. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of silica aerogel on thermal properties of textile–polymer composites. Aerogel was applied in protective clothing fabric to improve its heat resistance. The composites were produced by coating a fabric made of meta-aramid (polyamide–imide) yarns with a dispersion of polychloroprene latex and synthetic resins or an acrylic–styrene dispersion with aerogel (100–700 μm particle size). The composites were subjected to thermal radiation (20 kW/m2) and their thermal properties were determined by thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG). Scanning electron microscopy/X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) was used to characterize the microstructure and study the elemental composition of materials. The thermal conductivity and resistance of composites were measured with an Alambeta apparatus. The tests indicated an increase in resistance to thermal radiation by approximately 15–25%. In TG/DTG analysis, the initial temperature for an unmodified fabric was 423.3°C. After modification, it decreased to 361.8° and 365.3°C for composites with 7 and 14% of aerogel, respectively. SEM images revealed a reduction in aerogel particle size.
Mohd Shabbir, Luqman Jameel Rather, Mohd Nadeem Bukhari
et al.
Associated environmental hazards with the use of synthetic dyes and toxic metal mordants in the textile industry lead to concerns for alternatives. Natural dyes and biomordants are the new eco-friendly and biocompatible resources for textile coloration obtained from never-ending natural flora. The coloration potential of naphthoquinone-based colorants from Alkanna tinctoria roots on wool was investigated in this study with the application of both metallic mordants as well as biomordants. Color characteristics were evaluated on a spectrophotometer under the D65 illuminant, 10° standard observer, and fastness properties by using standard methods. A wide range of shades was obtained with good color characteristics and fastness results. Iron among metallic mordants, pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and babool among biomordants increased the color yield of dyed wool. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the undamaged physical structure and surface morphology of dyed wool.
Science, Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.
This work examines the possibility of using leaves from the invasive plant species Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) as a source of dye for the natural dyeing of cotton. To achieve a higher uptake of extracted dye, a cationic agent instead of a classical mordant was used to treat the cotton prior to dyeing. Distilled water and 0.5 M NaOH were used as extraction mediums to produce natural dyebaths with different concentrations (10, 20 and 50 g/L) of Fallopia japonica leaves. The colorimetric measurements revealed that a higher concentration of extract, the extraction of leaves in NaOH and a cationic pretreatment of cotton yield a dark-brown-coloured cotton with good wash stability.
The cotton ring spinning preparatory is confronting the serious issue of combed sliver handling during sliver storage and processing. Combed sliver is more liable to stretching and failure due to low interfibre cohesion during the processing on a drawframe and speedframe. The combed sliver quality deteriorates if stored in older storage cans of decreased spring stiff ness due to prolonged fatigue loading. The bottom position combed sliver processed from older cans results in sliver stretching and sometimes failures at speedframe creel due to high inter-sliver coils adhesion with adjacent sliver coils. The study deals with investigating the influence of the sliver coils position, storage can-spring stiff ness and finisher drawframe delivery speed on combed cotton yarn unevenness, imperfections, breaking tenacity, breaking elongation and S3 hairiness. The experimental work and statistical analysis suggest that the sliver coils position and can-spring stiff ness play a vital role in deciding combed yarn quality characteristics.
Abstract This research followed design as a research paradigm to apply zero-waste principles to 3D printing in efforts to ensure sustainable applications of 3D technology in the apparel and fashion industry. Researchers used Rhinoceros 5, Tinkercad, MakerBot Replicator 2 desktop 3D printer, and polylactic acid filament to create elaborate designs. This design research is the first successful attempt at 3D printing for biodegradable zero-waste fashion notions and accessories. The researcher employed design thinking and strategies to create objects without the use of rafts and supporters removing waste creation. Multiple attempts resulted in an acceptable outcome of five pendant designs for necklaces, two earring designs, and nine layer-designed buttons. The buttons were attached to a draped cape design utilizing 95% of the fabric. There is a considerable potential to use this disruptive technology in designing and creating fashions that are unique, sustainable (zero-waste), and made on demand.
Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc., Social Sciences
Jelena Peran , Sanja Ercegović Ražić , Ivan Kosalec
et al.
In order to obtain antibacterial properties, the possibility of deposition of silver particles from silver nitrate (AgNO3) solutions by plasma deposition process using argon as a carrier gas (PDP-Ar) was explored. Hexamethyldisiloxane and acrylic acid were used as precursors and were deposited by plasma enhanced-chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD). The processes were carried out on lyocell and modal fbrics and antimicrobial efficacy was determined on E. coli and S. aureus using time kill assay method. The results of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) show that higher antimicrobial efficacy on E. coli is exhibited by the solution of (AgNO3) in ethylene-glycol (0.066 μg/ml) rather than in absolute ethanol (0.265 μg/ml). For S. aureus, minimal inhibitory concentrations of AgNO3 solutions in both absolute ethanol and ethylene-glycol as solvents are obtained at the same value (0.132 μg/ml). Overall, the best antibacterial eff ect for both modal and lyocell samples has been achieved against E. coli using treatments with precursors (AAC and HMDSO) and Ag-NO3 in ethylene-glycol as solvent, with prolonged incubation time.
Vijaya Raghavan, Gopu Raveendran Nair, Malgorzata Zimniewska
et al.
Flax stems of Modran variety were subjected to water retting under laboratory conditions and its physical properties were compared with non-retted fibers. Physical properties including percentage of impurities, weighted average length, linear density, tenacity and elongation were analyzed and the results were compared. The analysis of retted and non-retted flax fibers showed that retting is the most important step in the processing of flax fibers and it directly affects quality attributes like strength, fineness, and homogeneity. Scanning Electron microscope images of fibers were also analyzed and the retted fibers showed much cleaner surface when compared to decorticated non-retted fibers.
Chemicals: Manufacture, use, etc., Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc.