Yoshiki Horiguchi, Hiroaki Noro, Hiroaki Noro
et al.
IntroductionWe aimed to investigate the effect of Sorbothane insole insertion and foot strike patterns on shock attenuation during running.MethodsNine male students participated in the study. Running was performed on a 15 m runway at a constant speed of 3.33 m/s. Two types of insoles (EVA and Sorbothane) and two-foot strike patterns (forefoot and rearfoot) were used, creating four experimental conditions. The tibial acceleration and vertical ground reaction force (GRF) were measured, and their peak and loading rate were calculated. A two-way ANOVA (insole × foot strike pattern) was performed.ResultsTibial acceleration showed no significant interaction. However, the peak and loading rate of vertical GRF were significantly higher in the rearfoot strike pattern. The Sorbothane insole significantly reduced the loading rate only in the rearfoot strike condition. Ankle joint angles showed differences depending on foot strike and insole type.ConclusionThese findings suggest that the foot strike pattern may has a greater influence on impact characteristics than the difference in insole material under the present conditions. While Sorbothane insoles may offer some benefits in reducing impact loading during rearfoot strike, further studies with larger sample sizes are required to confirm these effects.
Background:
In the domains of forensic science, anatomy, archaeology, and sports medicine, morphometric data of long bones are important. The morphometry of the tibia is essential for the successful outcome of total knee arthroplasty. The lower end of the tibia, which forms the ankle joint, is commonly impacted in accidents and sports injuries.
Objective:
The present study aims to reappraise the morphometry of the adult dry tibia in South India.
Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 60 bones of adult human dry tibia obtained from the bone collection of the department of anatomy. Various parameters of the upper end, shaft, and lower end of the tibia were measured using a digital Vernier caliper.
Results:
The tibial length varied from 32.7 to 42.7 cm, with a mean length of 36.79 ± 2.24. The Cnemic index, Foraminal index, Length–thickness index, and Cross-section index were 72.57 ± 11, 32.1 ± 3.3, 75.7 ± 11.1, and 22.95 ± 1.53, respectively. According to the foraminal index, 75% of the bones belonged to Type-1 and 25% to Type-2, where the nutrient foramen was in the proximal and middle third of the bone, respectively.
Conclusions:
The present study gives observational morphometric data of the tibia, which will be helpful in clinical as well as in medicolegal cases. These parameters will help in the selection of the correct prosthesis for a successful surgery, and we hope this morphometric analysis will have substantial significance across various disciplines.
Mitchell Nicholson, Courtney Thompson, Dylan Poulus
et al.
Abstract Background Esports is competitive video gaming, performed within teams or individually, across multiple genres. Players are required to be sedentary for extended periods and require a high-level of cognitive skills for successful competitive performance. There are conflicting findings within the physical activity research in the esports industry. The aim of this research is to explore self-reported physical activity through accelerometer-assessed physical activity, to gain a better insight into the physical activity behaviours of international e’athletes. Method Participants (n = 796) across multiple popular esports games, holding any in-game rank, competing at any level, were recruited. The survey consisted of demographic details, esports experience, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Long Form (IPAQ-LF), and Behavioural Regulations towards Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-3). Within a convenience sample, local intervarsity e’athletes (n = 18) were recruited to wear a wrist-worn accelerometer to measure physical activity for 7-days and then complete the survey. Results from the accelerometers were compared to the survey results to explore physical activity reporting within this population. Results When comparing IPAQ-LF to accelerometer data, players significantly over-report moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and weekly MET-min− 1 (p = .018, r = .63 and p ≤ .001, r = .92). The BREQ-3 showed that e’athletes categorised as high physical activity displayed significantly higher levels of intrinsic motivation, when compared to players categorised as low and moderate physical activity. Conclusions E’athletes significantly over report physical activity time when measured through the IPAQ-LF, suggesting previous surveys may overestimate physical activity and further research is needed. Given the exponential growth of the industry and the level of physical inactivity, esports may contribute to global physical inactivity levels.
Sarah C. Martinez-Sepanski, Angie Bowman, Ketlon Mehls
The purpose of this study was to compare peak and mean surface electromyography (sEMG) in the rectus femoris (RF), gluteus maximus (GM), biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST) muscles, and GM:BF muscle co-activation ratio during front squat between resistance trained females with and without hip flexor tightness. Peak and mean sEMG was recorded during three repetitions of 75% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) front squat of resistance trained females who either had hip flexor tightness (n = 9) or did not have hip flexor tightness (n = 7). Observed mean sEMG of the GM and BF was used to calculate GM:BF muscle co-activation. The result of the independent samples t-test indicated a statistically significant difference in peak RF (p = .013), peak (p = .001) and mean (p = .045) BF, and GM:BF muscle co-activation (p = .042) between those with and without hip flexor tightness during the ascending phase of a 75% 1RM front squat. The results indicate the RF and BF to be more active in resistance trained females with hip flexor tightness than those without hip flexor tightness during the front squat, potentially lowering GM activation relative to the BF. Fitness professionals should consider providing a hip flexor stretching interventions to prevent over activation of the BF when selecting the front squat as a resistance training exercise.
Introduction
Inclusion and diversity have become increasingly important in the context of sport in recent years. Numerous sports organizations and sports policymakers are committed to enable more inclusive sport. Led by the idea of a sport for all, everyone should be able to participate in sport regardless of gender, sexuality, dis_ability, race, or class.
Inclusive sport does not only require specific structural conditions. It also demands social actors who have the skills to deal with the challenges of social diversity in an open, appreciative, and innovative way. Coaches, officials, teachers, journalists, and economists working in the field of sport need to be familiar with the topics of gender equity, diversity, and inclusion. This is where the project “Understanding and Experiencing Diversity” (funded by the Swiss Federal Office for Sport) comes in. It aims to develop and test a concept for promoting gender and diversity competence in sport-related higher education, thus enabling social actors to shape sport in a diversity-conscious and inclusive way.
Methods
The project is being carried out over a period of three years and consists of four project phases. After a phase of conceptual clarification regarding the theoretical framework and terminology, current approaches to gender and diversity competence (in the sport studies context) are being critically analysed. Against this background, phases three and four of the project will focus on the development of a sport-related teaching concept for gender and diversity competence and its testing at three different universities.
Results/Discussion
The understanding of gender and diversity competence developed in this project is theoretically based on the “trilemma of Inclusion” by Boger (2019). It thus refers to inclusion and non-discrimination as a complex structure of normalization, deconstruction, and empowerment. This is also linked to an intersectional perspective on social differentiation and discrimination (Degele & Winker, 2011).
Regarding the promotion of gender and diversity competence in higher education, the attitude of social actors towards diversity and inclusion proves to be particularly important. This aspect has not yet been systematically considered in the context of sport-related higher education in German-speaking countries. The teaching concept developed in this project therefore emphasizes the aspect of attitude (Rischke et al., 2017).
References
Boger, M. A. (2019). Theorien der Inklusion: Die Theorie der trilemmatischen Inklusion zum Mitdenken [Theories of inclusion: The theory of trilemmatic inclusion to think about]. Edition Assemblage.
Degele, N., & Winker, G. (2011). Intersektionalität als Beitrag zu einer gesellschaftstheoretisch informierten Ungleichheitsforschung [Intersectionality as a contribution to inequality research informed by social theory]. Berliner Journal für Soziologie, 21(1), 69–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11609-011-0147-y
Rischke, A., Heim, C., & Gröben, B. (2017). Nur eine Frage der Haltung? Eine empirische Analyse von personen- und institutionenbezogenen Einflussgrößen auf die Einstellungen von Sportlehrkräften der Sekundarstufe I zur schulischen Inklusion [Just a question of attitude? An empirical analysis of personal- and institutional-related variables of the attitudes of secondary school physical education teachers on school inclusion]. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 47(2), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-017-0437-4
Sylwia Nemeczek, Konrad Merkisz, Klaudia Walczak
et al.
Introduction: Trichotillomania is a mental disorder in which the patient persistently and recurrently pulls out his own hair, which results in varying degrees of hair loss. This causes considerable suffering and impairs quality of life, but patients rarely seek specialist help. It affects 0.5–3% of the general population, but data may be underestimated due to low reporting.
Aim of the study: The aim of our study is to summarize the current state of knowledge on the treatment of trichotillomania.
Materials and methods: The literature available in the PubMed and Google Scholar database was reviewed using the following keywords: "trichotillomania", "trichophagia", "trichobeozar", "trichotillomania treatment".
Results: Treatment of TTM is difficult and involves many methods. The division of therapeutic methods focuses mainly on psychotherapy and pharmacological treatment. The greatest effectiveness is attributed to cognitive-behavioral therapy, especially habit reversal training. Medications can help reduce symptoms, especially in the presence of other disorders, e.g. depression, anxiety disorders.
Conclusions: Trichotillomania contributes to significant suffering and negatively affects functioning in social and professional life. The basis of its treatment is psychotherapy, but there are many reports on the effectiveness of selected drugs (SSRIs, clomipramine, antipsychotics, N-acetylcysteine, naltrexone, lamotrigine, bupropion, dronabinol, inositol), but they require further research on a larger group of patients.
Walter R. Thompson, Robert Sallis, Elizabeth Joy
et al.
There is overwhelming evidence in the scientific and medical literature that physical inactivity is a major public health problem with a wide array of harmful effects. Over 50% of health status can be attributed to unhealthy behaviors with smoking, diet, and physical inactivity as the main contributors. Exercise has been used in both the treatment and prevention of a variety of chronic conditions such as heart disease, pulmonary disease, diabetes, and obesity. While the negative effects of physical inactivity are widely known, there is a gap between what physicians tell their patients and exercise compliance. Exercise is Medicine was established in 2007 by the American College of Sports Medicine to inform and educate physicians and other health care providers about exercise as well as bridge the widening gap between health care and health fitness. Physicians have many competing demands at the point of care, which often translates into limited time spent counseling patients. The consistent message from all health care providers to their patients should be to start or to continue a regular exercise program. Exercise is Medicine is a solution that enables physicians to support their patients in implementing exercise as part of their disease prevention and treatment strategies.
ObjectiveThe efficacy of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation(HIFU) combined with Transhepatic Arterial Chemotherapy And Embolization(TACE) versus TACE alone in the treatment of hepatoma was evaluated by meta-analysis and trial sequential analyses(TSA).MethodsPubmed, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, Scoups and CNKI, CQVIP, Wanfang Data(China National Knowledge Infrastructure) databases were searched from database construction to April 2022, and randomized controlled trials were included. Revman and Stata software were used for meta-analysis of tumor changes, survival rate, laboratory indicators and adverse reactions in the included studies, and TSA0.9 was used for sequential analysis. Grade Pro was also used to evaluate the included indicators.ResultsTwelve studies were included with a sample size of 1025 cases. Meta-analysis showed that the tumor response rate in the combined treatment group was 1.54 times higher than that in TACE alone (OR: 2.54; 95%CI:1.81-3.57) and the 6-month to 5-year survival rate was 1-4 times higher, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that country, pathological type and study type were the sources of heterogeneity. Egger results showed that there was no publication bias (95%CI: -1.333, 3.552; Ppublication=0.276), and the sensitivity analysis results were reliable. TSA results suggest that there may be false positive results, which need to be further confirmed by more studies. Grade evaluation results indicated that the quality of evidence for response rate and one-year survival was low.ConclusionHIFU combined with TACE has better efficacy in the treatment of hepatoma, which is worthy of promotion. However, there may be false positive results in this study, which needs to be further verified by more extensive and more tests.
Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens
Questionable research practices (QRPs) are intentional and unintentional practices that can occur when designing, conducting, analysing, and reporting research, producing biased study results. Sport and exercise medicine (SEM) research is vulnerable to the same QRPs that pervade the biomedical and psychological sciences, producing false-positive results and inflated effect sizes. Approximately 90% of biomedical research reports supported study hypotheses, provoking suspicion about the field-wide presence of systematic biases to facilitate study findings that confirm researchers’ expectations. In this education review, we introduce three common QRPs (ie, HARKing, P-hacking and Cherry-picking), perform a cross-sectional study to assess the proportion of original SEM research that reports supported study hypotheses, and draw attention to existing solutions and resources to overcome QRPs that manifest in exploratory research. We hypothesised that ≥ 85% of original SEM research studies would report supported study hypotheses. Two independent assessors systematically identified, screened, included, and extracted study data from original research articles published between 1 January 2019 and 31 May 2019 in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine, the American Journal of Sports Medicine, and the Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. We extracted data relating to whether studies reported that the primary hypothesis was supported or rejected by the results. Study hypotheses, methodologies, and analysis plans were preregistered at the Open Science Framework. One hundred and twenty-nine original research studies reported at least one study hypothesis, of which 106 (82.2%) reported hypotheses that were supported by study results. Of 106 studies reporting that primary hypotheses were supported by study results, 75 (70.8%) studies reported that the primary hypothesis was fully supported by study results. The primary study hypothesis was partially supported by study results in 28 (26.4%) studies. We detail open science practices and resources that aim to safe-guard against QRPs that bely the credibility and replicability of original research findings.
Claudio Melibeu Bentes, Pablo B. Costa, Monique Resende
et al.
Introduction: It is common for postmenopausal women to receive a vitamin D supplementation prescription to assist in preventing future falls and to maintain bone health. However, the association between vitamin D supplementation and physical fitness components has not been studied in older women with diabetes. Objective: We examined the influence of 12 months of vitamin D supplementation on the components of physical fitness in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Thirty-five postmenopausal women (62.48 ± 7.67 years; 154.6 ± 5.11 cm; 73.93 ± 15.43 kg; 31.13 ± 5.82 BMI) with a diagnosis of T2DM participated in this longitudinal study where participants were supplemented with 1000 IU/day of vitamin D over 12 months. Subjects performed fasting blood samples, anthropometric assessments, body composition, clinical exams, and physical tests at 6-month intervals (P0, P6, and P12). Results and Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation alone was effective in postmenopausal women in increasing serum vitamin D levels, altering muscle strength levels, promoting improvements in muscle function, as well as preventing and controlling fragility caused by T2DM and aging.
Yoo-Jeong Jeon, Seung Ku Lee, Jin-Young Kim
et al.
Objective:The general public recognizes the connections between obesity, family history of diabetes (FHD), and diabetes, but remains unaware of synergistic effects that occur due to their combination. In this study, we investigate the synergistic effects of event diabetes between snoring, FHD, and obesity.Materials and Methods:Study subjects were selected among participants in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study Ansan- Ansung cohort, an ongoing prospective population-based study. Ansan-Ansung cohort initiated in 2001 and 2002 and has been followed biennially. At baseline, the initial cohort of 10.030 subjects, aged 40 to 69 years. A total of 5.759 participants were included in this study. The relationships between diabetes and snoring, FHD, and obesity were estimated using Cox hazard regression models after adjusting for confounding factors. Snoring, obesity and FHD were significantly associated with diabetes in both males and females after adjustments for covariates. However, males were significantly more likely to have FHD and obesity.Results:A synergistic effect between these two risk factors showed that being female was associated with the all group after adjustment for covariates. Moreover, there was a high risk of having two risk factors among female patients, while males showed no such tendency. A significant synergistic effect between these three risk factors was seen in females. An exposure group with these three factors had higher diabetes risk than other groups [hazard ratio (HR): 6.27 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.93-13.41] p<0.01, but this was not seen in males. Especially, premenopausal women was showed significant with FHD, obese, habitual snorer [HR=5.69 (95% CI: 2.31-14.02) p<0.01]. But postmenopausal women was showed significant with FHD and habitual snorer both non-obese and obese [HR=7.22 (95% CI: 1.68-30.99) p=0.01 and HR=7.85 (95% CI: 1.88-32.82) p<0.01, respectively].Conclusion:The combination of obesity, FHD, and habitual snoring was associated with greater susceptibility to diabetes in female patients, while obesity and habitual snoring was associated with greater susceptibility to diabetes in males.
Macsue Jacques, Shanie Landen, Javier Alvarez Romero
et al.
Abstract Aim Observed effects of exercise are highly variable between individuals, and subject‐by‐training interaction (i.e., individual response variability) is often not estimated. Here, we measured mitochondrial (citrate synthetase, cytochrome‐c oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial copy‐number), performance markers (Wpeak, lactate threshold [LT], and VO2peak), and fiber type proportions/expression (type I, type IIa, and type IIx) in multiple time points during 12‐week of high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) to investigate effects of exercise at the individual level. Methods Sixteen young (age: 33.1 ± 9.0 years), healthy men (VO2peak 35–60 ml/min/kg and BMI: 26.4 ± 4.2) from the Gene SMART study completed 12‐week of progressive HIIT. Performance markers and muscle biopsies were collected every 4 weeks. We used mixed‐models and bivariate growth models to quantify individual response and to estimate correlations between variables. Results All performance markers exhibited significant (Wpeak 0.56 ± 0.33 p = 0.003, LT 0.37 ± 0.35 p = 0.007, VO2peak 3.81 ± 6.13 p = 0.02) increases overtime, with subject‐by‐training interaction being present (95% CI: Wpeak 0.09–0.24, LT 0.06–0.18, VO2peak 0.27–2.32). All other measurements did not exhibit significant changes. Fiber type IIa proportions at baseline was significantly associated with all physiological variables (p < 0.05), and citrate synthetase and cytochrome‐c oxidase levels at baseline and overtime (i.e., intercept and slope) presented significant covariance (p < 0.05). Finally, low correlations between performance and mitochondrial markers were observed. Conclusion We identified a significant subject‐by‐training interaction for the performance markers. While for all other measures within‐subject variability was too large and interindividual differences in training efficacy could not be verified. Changes in measurements in response to exercise were not correlated, and such disconnection should be further investigated by future studies.
Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete, Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete, Jesús G. Ponce-González
et al.
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week concurrent training intervention on cardiometabolic health in obese men. Twelve obese men (42.5 ± 5.3 years old) participated in the current 12−week randomized controlled trial with a parallel group design. The participants were randomly assigned to a concurrent training group or to a no-exercise control group. Anthropometry and body composition assessment were determined by electrical bio-impedance. Blood samples were obtained and a cardiometabolic risk Z-Score was calculated. Energy metabolism-related parameters [i.e., resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory quotient (RQ), and substrate oxidation in both resting conditions and during exercise] were determined by indirect calorimetry. Echocardiographic studies were performed using an ultrasound system equipped with a transducer to measure cardiac function. A significant decrease of weight (Δ = −4.21 kg; i.e., primary outcome), body mass index (Δ = −1.32 kg/m2), fat mass (FM; Δ = −3.27 kg), blood pressure (BP; Δ = −10.81 mmHg), and cardiometabolic risk Z-Score (Δ = −0.39) was observed in the exercise group compared with the control group (all P < 0.05), while no significant changes were noted in waist circumference (WC), lean mass (LM), bone mineral content, glycemic and lipid profiles, liver function, nor in energy metabolism-related parameters (all P > 0.1). Moreover, a significant increment of left ventricular (LV) end diastolic diameter (Δ = −4.35 mm) was observed in the exercise group compared with the control group (P = 0.02). A 12-week concurrent training intervention is an effective strategy to induce weight and fat loss with simultaneous reductions of BP and cardiometabolic risk, and improving cardiac function in obese men.
In the following article we have provided a data towards a comprehensive research of the pathomorphological features of the uterus’ wall structure in case of fetuses from mothers with HILGT comparing to ones in case of fetuses from healthy mothers.
The research methods: macroscopic, organometric, histological, immunohistochemical, morphometric, statistical.
On the basis of the organometric research we have revealed a probable decrease of the weight, length and thickness indexes likewise one of the main components of the uterus wall in case of fetuses from mothers with a complicated pregnancy comparing to ones in case of fetuses from healthy mothers.
By applying histological method we have revealed an increased growth of the connective tissue both in the endometrium and myometrium in case of fetuses from mothers with HILGT relatively to one in case of fetuses from mothers with a physiological pregnancy. Moreover, the massive growth of the collagen fibers leads to the disorder in the strucutral organization of the muscle component. The uterus’ endometrium in case of fetuses from the main group could be characterized by a few glands without features of the functional activity comparing to one in case of fetuses from the group of comparison. In the structure of the connective tissue in case of uterus of fetuses from mothers with a complicated pregnancy we have revealed mainly the collagen of the III type, while the collagen of the I type could be revealed in the form of small loci of reduced intensity of glow.
By applying the immunohistochemical method we have revealed an increase of the apoptotic index in the endometrium of fetuses from mothers with a chronic infection of the lower genital tracts comparing to one in case of fetuses from healthy mothers. By applying MCAT to endotheline-1 we have revealed an increased glow of the endtheliocytes in the vessels both of arterial and venous types, in case of fetuses from the main group comparing to one in case of fetuses from the group of comparison. In the uterus of fetuses from mothers with HILGT we could observe a decreased hormon producing activity comparing to one in case of fetuses from mothers with a physiological pregnancy. All changes, that were revealed in the uterus of fetuses from mothers with an infectious pathlogy declare an existance of the severe disorder in the implementation and formation of main organ’s components, as well as are caused mainly by a chronic hypoxia as well as influence of the infectious agent. All pathomorphological features of the uterus wall structure in case of fetuses from mothers with HILGT, that were revealed, could contribute subsequently to the complications in the pregnancy’s onset as well as could lead to the disruption of one.